英语国家概况-谢福之-课后答案-简答题(美国部分)

第三大题Chapter81.HowistheAmericanpopulationdistributed?ThedistributionoftheAmericanpopulationisratheruneventhemostdenselypopulatedregionisthenortheasternpartofthecountry.Thegreatplainshaveacomparativelysmallpopulation.thesouthalsohasapopulationofalmost57.5million.thewestisnotdenselypopulated,exceptforsomemetropolitancenterslikelosAngelesandsanFrancisco.ithasabout20%ofthenation’spopulation.2.Whywastheimmigrationactof1942instituted?Thenewimmigrantsintheunitedstates,beingpoorandaccustomedtopoverty,werewillingtoworkforverylowwages.thismadeotherworkersafraidthattheimmigrantswouldlsandtakejobsawayfromthem.thisoppositionledtotheimmigrationactof1942.Chapter91.WhydidAmericanchangeitspolicyandenterworldwarII?Becauseoftheformationoftheaxis,theAmericangovernmentfearedthattheaxiscountrieswerewiningthewaranditmightthreatenAmerica’ssecurityandinterests.itbegantoprovidewarequipmenttotheforeignnationsresistingtheaggressionoftheaxispower.theJapaneseairraidonpearlharborbecamethedirectcauseforAmerica’sentranceintothewar.2.WhatwereNixon’swell-knowncontributionsduringhispresidency?a)broughttheVietnamwartoacloseb)reestablishingU.S.relationswithchinac)negotiatingthefirststrategicarmslimitationtreatywiththeformersovietunion.3.WhatwerethecontentsofReagan’seconomicprogram?Reagan’seconomicprogramcalledforreductionsinincometaxesandbusinesstaxesinordertoencourageinvestment,anditalsorequestedthatmanygovernmentregulationsbeeliminatedsoastoreducethefederalgovernment’sroleintheday-to-dayoperationofbusiness.Chapter101.WhatarethetwocharacteristicsoftheU.S.constitution?Oneis“checksandbalances”,theotheristhatthepowerofthecentralgovernmentandthepowersofstategovernmentsarespecified.2.Whatarethequalificationsforasenatorandarepresentativerespectively?Asenatormustbeover30yearsold,aU.S.citizenforatleastnineyears,andaresidentinthestatewhichtheyrepresent.arepresentativeshouldbeatleast25yearsoldandaU.S.citizenfornolessthansevenyears.3.Whatarethemajorpowersofthesupremecourt?a)tointerpretlawsb)tohearappealsfromanyfederalcourtcases;c)tohearappealsfromstatecourtcasesthatinvolvetheconstitutionornationallawsd)maydeclarealawunconstitutionale)maydeclareapresidentialactunconstitutional.4.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthedemocratsandtherepublicansintermsofpoliticalopinions?Thedemocratswantthegovernmenttoplayanimportantroleintheeconomyandemphasizefullemploymentasamatterofnationalconcerntheyfavorcivilrightslaws,astrongsocialsecuritysystemwhichgivesenterprisesagreaterfreedomanddemandthatthegovernmentcontrolinflation.Theystresstheneedforlawandorder,andopposecompletegovernmentsocialprogramsandfreechoiceofabortiontheyalsofavorastrongmilitarypostureandassertivestandininternationalrelations.Chapter111.WhatindustrydevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica?Duringthecolonialperiod,thesecondaryindustriesdevelopedasthecoloniesgrew.avarietyofspecializedsawmillsandgristmillsappeared.Colonistsestablishedshipyardstobuildfishingfleetsandtradingvessels.theyalsobuiltsmallironforges.bythe18thcentury,regionalpatternsofdevelopmentinAmericahadbecomeclear.2.HowdidthecivilwaraffecttheAmericaneconomy?Afterthecivilwar,thelargesoutherncottonplantationsbecamemuchlessprofitable.northernindustries,whichhadexpandedrapidlybecauseofthedemandsofthewar,surgedahead.3.WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers?Becausetheunitedstateshasincreasinglyrealizedthatopenbilateraltradewillnotonlyadvanceitsowneconomicinterests,butalsoenhancedomesticstabilityanditspeacefulrelationshipwithothernations.Chapter121.HowdoesanAmericanuniversitychooseitsapplicants?a)theirhighschoolrecords;b)recommendationsfromtheirhighschoolteachers;c)theimpressiontheymakeduringinterviewsattheuniversity;d)theirscoresontheSAT.2.WhatfunctionsdoAmericanhighereducationinstitutionsperform?Highereducationinstitutionsintheunitedstateshavethreefunctions:teaching,researchandpublicservice,andeachhasitsownemphasiswithregardtoitsfunction.3.Whatsimilaritiesdofourfamousuniversityshare?Theyallhavealonghistory,theyallhaveanexcellentfaculty,alargenumberofstudentsandhavemadeextensiveacademicachievements.Someoftheirgraduatesareverysuccessfulorinfluentialinsomeareassuchaspolitics,artsandbusiness.4.Whataretheoriginsofthanksgivingday?ThanksgivingisassociatedwiththetimewhenEuropeansfirstcametothenewworld,in1620,themayflowerarrivedandbroughtabout150pilgrims.Lifeatthebeginningwasveryhardandtherewasnotenoughfood,somanyofthemdied.DuringthefollowingsummerthenativeAmericahelpedthemandthentheyhadabountifulharvest.SotheyheldabigcelebrationtothankgodandthenativeAmericans.第四大题Chapter81．WhyistheUnitedStatesregardedasa”meltingpot”anda”saladbowl”?TheUnitedStatesisnotmerelyanation,butanationofnations.Theimmigrantscameinwaves,includingtheEuropeans,theAfricansandtheAsians.Therefore,Americaisdescribedasa"meltingpot"wherevariousracialandethnicgroupsareassimilateintoAmericanculture.Recently,Americahasbeencalleda"saladbowl"inthatpeopleofdifferenceracesandethnicgroupsmixharmoniously,butatthesametimekeeptheirdistinctcultureandcustoms.2．Whatdoyouthinkisthebestwaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsociety?Thebestpossiblewaytohelpassimilationinamulticulturalsocietyistobeopenandtoleranttowarddifferentcultures.Peoplefromdifferentracialandethnicbackgroundsshouldrespecteachother.Societyshouldcreateopportunitiestohelpimmigrantsbecomeassimilated.Atthesametimetheimmigrantsshouldkeeptheirownlanguage,customsandreligion,contributingtothediversityofamulticulturalsociety.Chapter91.WhatwasthecauseoftheAmericanCivilWar?TheSouthernplantersofAmericaneededalargenumberofblackAfricanslavestomanagetheirplantationsandtheyregardedtheslavesastheirproperty.IntheNorth,withthedevelopmentofindustry,therewasagrowingdemandforfreelabor.What’smore,theNorthernersdemandedalawtoprotecttariffsandaskedthegovernmenttofinancethebuildingofrailwaysandroads.ButtheSouthernerswereagainstitandadvocatedfreetradesoastopurchasecheapergoodsfromforeigncountries.TheaccumulatingconflictsledtothedivisionoftheNorthandtheSouthandfinallytheAmericanCivilWar.2.WhatmadetheUnitedStatesapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII?DuringthetwoWorldWars,Americaremainedneutralintheearlystage.However,Americanscontinuedtheirprofitabletradewiththewarringcountries.Therefore,theynotonlyretainedtheirmilitaryforces,butalsoaccumulatedgreatwealth.WhenAmericaenteredthewars,itwasalmostattheendofthewars.Bysharingthefruitofvictorywithotherallies,AmericagreatlystrengtheneditspowerandbecameapowerfulcountrybytheendofWorldWarII.Chapter101.HowistheAmericanPresidentvotedintooffice?WhatareyourideasabouttheAmericanelection?Eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryearstochooseacandidateforpresidency.Towinapresidentialelection,acandidatehastospendmillionsofdollars,travelalloverthecountrytomakespeechesanddebateontelevisionwiththerival.Thegeneralelectionistechnicallydividedintotwostages.Duringthefirststage,presidentialelectorsforeachstatewillbechosen.InthesecondstagetheelectorsmeetandvoteaPresident.Sincethesecondstageisonlyakindofformality,everyoneknowswhowillbethenextPresidentansoonasthefirststageisover.Ithinkthecandidatesspendtoomuchmoneyontheelectoralcampaigns.And,theelectioncannotsolvethesocialandeconomicproblemsoftheU.S.assomecandidatesdonotkeeptheirwordaftertheybecomePresident.2.WhatwasPresidentEisenhowersforeignpolicyandwhatweretheconsequences?PresidentEisenhowermadevigorouseffortstowagetheColdWar.Heplacednewemphasisondevelopingnuclearstrengthtopreventtheoutbreakofwar.HealsofrequentlyauthorizedtheCIAtoundertakesecretinterventionstooverthrowunfriendlygovernmentsorprotectreliableanti-communistleaderswhosepowerwasthreatened.TheCIAhelpedtopplethegovernmentsofIranandGuatemala,butitsufferedanembarrassingfailureinIndonesia.Inaddition,EisenhowerusedU.S.powerandprestigetohelpcreateanon-communistgovernmentinSouthVietnam,whichbroughtdisastrouslong-termconsequencestotheUnitedStates.Chapter111.HowdidtheU.SconstitutionlaythegroundworkforAmerican’seconomicdevelopment?TheU.S.Constitution,asaneconomiccharter,establishedthattheentirenationwasaunifiedor"common"market.Therewerenotariffsortaxesoninterstatecommerce.Itprovidedthatthefederalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates,establishuniformbankruptcylaws,createmoneyandregulateitsvalue,fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures,establishpostofficeandroads,andfixrulesgoverningpatentsandcopyrights.Thelast-mentionedclausewasanearlyrecognitionoftheimportanceof"intellectualproperty",amatterthatbeganassuminggreatimportanceintradenegotiationssincethelate20thcentury.2.CiteexamplestoillustratetheroleofgovernmentinterventioninAmerica'seconomicdevelopment.ThegovernmenthasalwaysplayedanactiveandimportantroleinAmerica’seconomicdevelopment.Intheearly1930s,thrUnitedStatessufferedtheworsteconomicdepressioninAmericanhistory.PresidentRooseveltintroducedtheNewDealtotacklethefinancialcrisis.Besides,hesetuptheNewYorkStateEmergencyReliefCommissiontohelpthoseindesperateneedandtriedtorelievetheseriousproblemsofthejobless.Attheendof1970s,theAmericaneconomyagainsufferedarecession.TheReaganadministrationcombatedinflationbycontrollinggovernmentspendingdeficit,cuttingtaxesandraisinginterestrates.Bothpoliciesmentionedabovehelpedtosetthecountry’seconomicdevelopmentonitsrightcourse,Inall,theinterventionofthegovernmenthasensuredthateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople.Ithaspreventedflagrantabusesofthesystem,dampenedtheeffectsofinflationandstimulatedeconomicgrowth.Chapter121.WhataretheidealsthatguidetheAmericaneducationalsystem?Thefirstidealisthatasmanypeopleaspossibleshouldreceiveasmucheducationaspossible.Thesecondidealisthatofptoducingasocietythatistotallyliterateandoflocalcontrol.Thethirdidealisthatscholarsandstudentsshouldworktodiscovernewinformationorconceivenewwaystounderstandwhatisalreadyknown.2.HowdoesAmericacarryoutmulticulturaleducation?Americanschoolsroutinelyteachtheexperiencesandvaluesofmanyethniccultures.Currenttextbooksincorporateavarietyofethnicindividualswhohaveachievedsuccess.Struggleforequalityarevividlydepicted,andpastracismisbluntlyacknowledged.Culturalpluralismisnowgenerallyrecognizedastheorganizingprincipleofeducation.Schoolsatalllevelsofferstudentsopportunitiestolearnaboutdifferentcultures.