ASTM F963-2017

ThisinternationalstandardwasdevelopedinaccordancewithinternationallyrecognizedprinciplesonstandardizationestablishedintheDecisiononPrinciplesfortheDevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecommendationsissuedbytheWorldTradeOrganizationTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)Committee.Designation:F963−17AnAmericanNationalStandardStandardConsumerSafetySpecificationforToySafety1ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF963;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(´)indicatesaneditorialchangesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.INTRODUCTIONThepurposeofthisconsumersafetyspecificationistoestablishnationallyrecognizedsafetyrequirementsfortoys.Althoughthisspecificationwillnoteliminatetheneedfortheexerciseofparentalresponsibilityinselectingtoysappropriatetotheageofachild,orparentalsupervisioninsituationsinwhichchildrenofvariousagesmayhaveaccesstothesametoys,itsapplicationwillminimizeaccidentsinthenormal,intendeduseandreasonablyforeseeableabuseofthetoyscoveredbythisspecification.ThisspecificationwasdevelopedoriginallyasaVoluntaryProductStandardundertheauspicesoftheNationalBureauofStandards,DepartmentofCommerce,andpublishedin1976(PS72–76).Thepresentrevisionisintendedtoupdatethesafetyrequirementstoincludethefollowingbyreference:publishedfederalmandatoryrequirements,relevantvoluntarystandards,certainnewrequirementsforaddressingpotentialhazards,andseveraltechnicalrevisionsbasedonproducerexperiencewiththeoriginalstandard.1.Scopestruction(sharpedges,exposedmechanisms,etc.)willbeminimizedbytheapplicationofthisspecification.1.1Thisspecification2relatestopossiblehazardsthatmaynotberecognizedreadilybythepublicandthatmaybe1.3Thisspecificationcoversrequirementsandcontainstestencounteredinthenormaluseforwhichatoyisintendedormethodsfortoysintendedforusebychildrenunder14yearsofafterreasonablyforeseeableabuse.Itdoesnotpurporttocoverage.Differentagelimitsforvariousrequirementswillbefoundeveryconceivablehazardofaparticulartoy.Thisspecificationinthisspecification.Theselimitsreflectthenatureofthedoesnotcoverproductperformanceorquality,exceptashazardsandexpectedmentalorphysicalability,orboth,ofarelatedtosafety.Exceptforthelabelingrequirementspointingchildtocopewiththehazards.outthefunctionalhazardsandagerangeforwhichthetoyisintended,thisspecificationhasnorequirementsforthose1.4Articlesnotcoveredbythisspecificationareasfollows:aspectsofatoythatpresentaninherentandrecognizedhazardBicyclesaspartofthefunctionofthetoy.SuchanexampleisasharpTricyclespointnecessaryforthefunctionofaneedle.TheneedleisanNon-PoweredScootersinherenthazardthatiswellunderstoodbythepurchaserofa(seeConsumerSafetySpecificationF2264)toysewingkit,andthishazardiscommunicatedtotheuserasRecreationalPoweredScootersandPocketBikespartofthenormaleducationalprocess.(seeConsumerSafetySpecificationF2641)Slingshotsandsharp-pointeddarts1.2Ontheotherhand,whilearidingtoyhasinherentPlaygroundequipmenthazardsassociatedwithitsuse(forexample,fallingoffontoNon-powdergunsthesidewalk),thepossiblehazardsassociatedwithitscon-KitesHobbyandcraftitemsinwhichthefinisheditemisnotprimarilyofplayvalue1ThisconsumersafetyspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommit-ModelkitsinwhichthefinisheditemisnotprimarilyofteeF15onConsumerProductsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeplayvalueF15.22onToySafety.CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2017.PublishedAugust2017.OriginallyCrayons,paints,chalks,andothersimilarartmaterialsinapprovedin1986.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2016asF963–16.DOI:whichthematerialitselforthefinisheditemisnot10.1520/F0963-17.primarilyofplayvalue,exceptthatallartmaterials,2TheToyAssociationsometimesprovidesitsinterpretationsofthisspecificationwhetherornotacomponentofatoy,shallcomplywiththroughitscounselasaservicetoitsmembersandothers.TheToyAssociation’sinterpretationsarenotreviewedorapprovedbyASTMandshouldbeviewedasTheLHAMA,inaccordancewith4.29.1–4.29.3.ToyAssociation’salone.Sportinggoods,campinggoods,athleticequipment,Copyright©ASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,POBoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959.UnitedStates1F963−17musicalinstruments,juvenileproducts,andfurniture;TestingforHazardousSubstanceContent8.2however,toysthataretheircounterpartsarecovered.TestMethodsforDeterminationofHeavyElement8.3ContentinToys,ToyComponentsandMaterials(Itisrecognizedthatthereisoftenafinelinebetween,TestsforCleanlinessandPreservativeEffectiveness8.4forexample,amusicalinstrumentorasportingitemNormalUseTesting8.5anditstoycounterpart.TheintentionoftheproducerAbuseTesting8.6ImpactTests8.7ordistributor,aswellasnormaluseandreasonablyTorqueTestsforRemovalofComponents8.8foreseeableabuse,determineswhethertheitemisaTensionTestforRemovalofComponents8.9toycounterpart.)CompressionTest8.10TestsforTireRemovalandSnap-inWheelandPoweredmodelsofaircraft,rockets,boats,andlandAxleAssemblyRemoval8.11vehicles;however,toysthataretheircounterpartsareFlexureTest8.12covered.TestforMouth-ActuatedToysandMouth-ActuatedProjectile8.13ToysConstantairinflatablesProjectiles8.14TestforStabilityofRide-OnToysorToySeats8.151.5Generalguidelinesforagelabelingtoysandtoypack-Pompoms8.16agingarecontainedinAnnexA1.StalledMotorTestforBattery-OperatedToys8.17TestsforBattery-PoweredRide-OnToys8.181.6Informationregardingpackagingandshippingiscon-TestforToysthatContainSecondaryCellsorBatteries8.19tainedinAnnexA2.TestsforToyswhichProduceNoise8.20DynamicStrengthTestforWheeledRide-OnToys8.211.7Thisconsumersafetyspecificationincludesthefollow-PlasticFilmThickness8.22TestforLoopsandCords8.23ingsections:YoYoElasticTetherToyTestMethods8.24TitleSectionMagnetTestMethods8.25Scope1TestMethodsforLockingMechanismsorReferencedDocuments2OtherMeans8.26Terminology3TestsforToyChestLidsandClosures8.27SafetyRequirements4TestforOverloadofRide-OnToysandToySeats8.28MaterialQuality4.1StuffingMaterialsEvaluation8.29Flammability4.2ExpandingMaterials–TestMethod8.30Toxicology4.3Identification9Electrical/ThermalEnergy4.4AgeGradingGuidelinesAnnexA1Sound-ProducingToys4.5PackagingandShippingAnnexA2SmallObjects4.6DesignGuidelinesforToysAttachedtoCribsAccessibleEdges4.7orPlaypensAnnexA3Projections4.8DesignGuidelinesforBathToyProjectionsAnnexA4AccessiblePoints4.9FlammabilityTestingProcedureforSolidsandSoftToysAnnexA5WiresorRods4.10FlammabilityTestingProcedureforFabricsAnnexA6NailsandFasteners4.11CompositingProcedureforTotalHeavyMetalAnalysisAnnexA7PlasticFilm4.12DesignGuidelinesforBatteryOperatedToysAnnexA8FoldingMechanismsandHinges4.13Rationalefor2007RevisionsAnnexA9Cords,Straps,andElastics4.14Rationalefor2008RevisionsAnnexA10StabilityandOver-LoadRequirements4.15Rationalefor2011RevisionsAnnexA11ConfinedSpaces4.16Rationalefor2016RevisionsAnnexA12Wheels,Tires,andAxles4.17Holes,Clearance,andAccessibilityofMechanisms4.181.8Thevaluesstatedfirstaretoberegardedasthestandard.SimulatedProtectiveDevices4.19Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareforinformationonly.Pacifiers4.20ProjectileToys4.211.9ThefollowingprecautionarystatementpertainsonlytoTeethersandTeethingToys4.22thetestmethodsportion,Section8,ofthisspecification:ThisRattles4.23standarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,SqueezeToys4.24Battery-OperatedToys4.25ifany,associatedwithitsuse.ItistheresponsibilityoftheuserToysIntendedtobeAttachedtoaCribofthisstandardtoestablishappropriatesafetyandhealthorPlaypen4.26practicesanddeterminetheapplicabilityofregulatorylimita-StuffedandBeanbag-TypeToys4.27StrollerandCarriageToys4.28tionspriortouse.ArtMaterials4.291.10Thisinternationalstandardwasdevelopedinaccor-ToyGunMarking4.30dancewithinternationallyrecognizedprinciplesonstandard-Balloons4.31CertainToyswithNearlySphericalEnds4.32izationestablishedintheDecisiononPrinciplesfortheMarbles4.33DevelopmentofInternationalStandards,GuidesandRecom-Balls4.34mendationsissuedbytheWorldTradeOrganizationTechnicalPompoms4.35Hemispheric-ShapedObjects4.36BarrierstoTrade(TBT)Committee.YoYoElasticTetherToys4.37Magnets4.382.ReferencedDocumentsJawEntrapmentinHandlesandSteeringWheels4.393ExpandingMaterials4.402.1ASTMStandards:ToyChests4.41LabelingRequirements5InstructionalLiterature63ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orProducer’sMarkings7contactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMTestMethods8Standardsvolumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageonGeneral8.1theASTMwebsite.2F963−17D374/D374MTestMethodsforThicknessofSolidElectri-ANSIC18.3M,Part2AmericanNationalStandardforcalInsulationPortableLithiumPrimaryCellsandBatteries–SafetyD642TestMethodforDeterminingCompressiveResistanceStandardofShippingContainers,Components,andUnitLoadsANSI/UL1012PowerUnitsOtherThanClass2D880TestMethodforImpactTestingforShippingContain-ANSI/UL60950–1InformationTechnologyEquip-ersandSystemsment–Safety–Part1:GeneralRequirementsD999TestMethodsforVibrationTestingofShippingCon-ANSI/UL2595GeneralRequirementsforBattery-PoweredtainersAppliancesD1193SpecificationforReagentWaterS1.4SpecificationforSoundLevelMetersD2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-Z315.1SafetyRequirementsforTricyclesness2.3EuropeanUnionStandards:6D3421RecommendedPracticeforExtractionandDetermi-EN71-1Safetyoftoys-Part1:MechanicalandphysicalnationofPlasticizerMixturesfromVinylChloridePlas-propertiestics(Withdrawn1986)4EN71-3Safetyoftoys-Part3:MigrationofcertainD4236PracticeforLabelingArtMaterialsforChronicelementsHealthHazards2.4FederalStandards:7D5276TestMethodforDropTestofLoadedContainersby15CFR272MarkingofToys,Look-AlikeandImitationFreeFallFirearmsF404ConsumerSafetySpecificationforHighChairs16CFR1303BanofLead-ContainingPaintandCertainF406ConsumerSafetySpecificationforNon-Full-SizeConsumerProductsBearingLeadContainingPaintBabyCribs/PlayYards16CFR1500HazardousSubstancesActRegulations,in-F1313SpecificationforVolatileN-NitrosamineLevelsincludingthefollowingsections:RubberNipplesonPacifiers16CFR1500.3(c)(6)(vi)Definitionof“flammablesolid”F1148ConsumerSafetyPerformanceSpecificationfor16CFR1500.14ProductsrequiringspeciallabelingunderHomePlaygroundEquipmentsection3(b)oftheactF2264ConsumerSafetySpecificationforNon-Powered16CFR1500.18BannedtoysandotherbannedarticlesScootersintendedforusebychildrenF2641ConsumerSafetySpecificationforRecreationalPow-16CFR1500.19MisbrandedtoysandotherarticlesintendederedScootersandPocketBikesforusebychildrenF2853TestMethodforDeterminationofLeadinPaint6CFR1500.44Methodfordeterminingextremelyflam-LayersandSimilarCoatingsorinSubstratesandHomog-mableandflammablesolidsenousMaterialsbyEnergyDispersiveX-RayFluores-16CFR1500.48TechnicalrequirementsfordeterminingacenceSpectrometryUsingMultipleMonochromaticEx-sharppointintoysandotherarticlesintendedforusebycitationBeamschildrenunder8yearsofageF2923SpecificationforConsumerProductSafetyforChil-16CFR1500.49Technicalrequirementsfordeterminingadren’sJewelrysharpmetalorglassedgeintoysandotherarticles2.2ANSIStandards:5intendedforusebychildrenunder8yearsofageANSIC18.1M,Part1AmericanNationalStandardfor16CFR1500.50-53TestmethodforsimulatinguseandPortablePrimaryCellsandBatterieswithAqueousElec-abuseoftoysandotherarticlesintendedforusebytrolyte–GeneralandSpecificationschildrenANSIC18.1M,Part2AmericanNationalStandardfor16CFR1500.83Exemptionsforsmallpackages,minorPortablePrimaryCellsandBatterieswithAqueousElec-hazards,andspecialcircumstancestrolyte–SafetyStandard16CFR1500.85ExemptionsfromclassificationasbannedANSIC18.2M,Part1AmericanNationalStandardforhazardoussubstancesPortableRechargeableCellsandBatteries–Generaland16CFR1500.86ExemptionsfromclassificationasabannedSpecificationstoyorotherbannedarticleforusebychildrenANSIC18.2M,Part2AmericanNationalStandardfor16CFR1500.87Children’sproductscontaininglead:inac-PortableRechargeableCellsandBatteries–SafetyStan-cessiblecomponentpartsdard16CFR1500.88ExemptionsfromleadlimitsundersectionANSIC18.3M,Part1AmericanNationalStandardfor101oftheConsumerProductSafetyImprovementActforPortableLithiumPrimaryCellsandBatteries–GeneralcertainelectronicdevicesandSpecifications16CFR1500.91Determinationsregardingleadcontentforcertainmaterialsorproductsundersection101ofthe4Thelastapprovedversionofthishistoricalstandardisreferencedon6AvailablefromEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN),Avenuewww.astm.org.Marnix17,B-1000,Brussels,Belgium,http://www.cen.eu.5ElectroniccopyavailablefromAmericanNationalStandardsInstitutewebsite:7AvailablefromU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommissionwebsite:www.ansi.org;hardcopiesfromGlobalEngineeringDocuments,15InvernessWaywww.cpsc.govorU.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice,SuperintendentofDocuments;East,Englewood,CO80112.P.O.Box371954,Pittsburgh,PA15250-7954;website:www.gpo.gov3F963−17ConsumerProductSafetyImprovementActMethodUsinganEnvelopingMeasurementSurfaceOver16CFR1501MethodforIdentifyingToysandOtherAr-aReflectingPlaneticlesIntendedforUsebyChildrenUnder3YearsofAgeISO7779Acoustics–MeasurementofAirborneNoiseEmit-whichPresentChoking,Aspiration,orIngestionHazardstedbyComputerandBusinessEquipmentBecauseofSmallPartsISO8124-1Safetyoftoys–Part1:Safetyaspectsrelatedto16CFR1505RequirementsforElectricallyOperatedToysmechanicalandphysicalpropertiesorOtherElectricallyOperatedArticlesIntendedforUseISO8124-3Safetyoftoys–Part3:MigrationofcertainbyChildrenelements16CFR1510RequirementsforRattlesISO11201Acoustics—NoiseEmittedbyMachineryand16CFR1511RequirementsforPacifiersEquipment—DeterminationofEmissionSoundPressure16CFR1610StandardforFlammabilityofClothingTex-LevelsataWorkStationandatOtherSpecifiedPositionstilesinanEssentiallyFreeFieldOveraReflectingPlanewith21CFR110CurrentGoodManufacturingPracticeinNegligibleEnvironmentalCorrectionsManufacturing,Processing,Packaging,orHoldingHu-ISO11202Acoustics—NoiseEmittedbyMachineryandmanFoodEquipment—MeasurementofEmissionSoundPressure21CFR170-189FoodforHumanConsumptionLevelsataWorkStationandatOtherSpecified21CFR700-740RequirementsforSpecificCosmeticProd-Positions—SurveyMethodinsituuctsISO11204Acoustics—NoiseEmittedbyMachineryand21CFR73,74,81,82ColorAdditivesEquipment—MeasurementofEmissionSoundPressure29CFR1910OccupationalSafetyandHealthStandardsLevelsataWorkStationandatOtherSpecified40CFR141.63MaximumContaminantLevels(MCLs)forPositions—MethodRequiringEnvironmentalCorrectionsMicrobiologicalContaminantsIEC60086–2PrimaryBatteries:PhysicalandElectrical49CFR173.100,109DefinitionofClassCExplosivesSpecificationsCPSC-CH-E1001-08.3StandardOperatingProcedureforIEC60384–14FixedCapacitorsforUseinElectronicDeterminingTotalLead(Pb)inMetalChildren’sProductsEquipment—Part14:SectionalSpecification—FixedCa-(includingChildren’sMetalJewelry)8pacitorsforElectromagneticInterferenceSuppressionandCPSC-CH-E1002-08.3StandardOperatingProcedureforConnectiontotheSupplyMainsDeterminingTotalLead(Pb)inNon-MetalChildren’sIEC60738–1Thermistors—DirectlyHeatedPositiveTem-Products8peratureCoefficient—Part1:GenericSpecificationCPSC-CH-E1003-09.1StandardOperatingProcedureforIEC60950–1InformationTechnologyEquipment—DeterminingLead(Pb)inPaintandOtherSimilarSurfaceSafety—Part1:GeneralRequirementsCoatings8IEC61672–1Electroacoustics—SoundLevelMeters—PartCPSC-CH-E1004-11StandardOperatingProcedureforDe-1:SpecificationsterminingCadmium(Cd)ExtractabilityfromChildren’sIEC61672–2Electroacoustics—SoundLevelMeters—PartMetalJewelry82:PatternEvaluationTestsMIL-D-17951MilitarySpecification:DeckCovering,IEC62133SecondaryCellsandBatteriesContainingAlka-Lightweight,Nonslip,AbrasiveParticleCoatedFabric,lineorOtherNon-acidElectrolytes—SafetyRequire-Film,orCompositeandSealingCompoundmentsforPortableSealedSecondaryCellsandforBat-SS-T-312BTile,Floor:Asphalt,Rubber,Vinyl,VinylAsbes-teriesMadeFromThem,ForUseinPortableApplications9tos2.6ULStandards:1210VoluntaryProductStandardPS72-76ToySafetyUL-94StandardforSafetyofFlammabilityofPlasticMa-2.5ISOandIECStandards:11terialsforPartsinDevicesandAppliancesTestingISO3696Waterforanalyticallaboratoryuse—Specifica-UL1642StandardforLithiumBatteriestionandtestmethodsUL2054StandardforHouseholdandCommercialBatteriesISO3746:1995Acoustics—DeterminationofSoundPowerUL62133SecondaryCellsandBatteriesContainingAlka-LevelsofNoiseSourcesUsingSoundPressure—SurveylineorOtherNon-acidElectrolytes—SafetyRequire-mentsforPortableSealedSecondaryCellsandforBat-teriesMadeFromThem,ForUseinPortableApplications8AvailablefromU.S.ConsumerProductSafetyCommission(CPSC),4330EastWestHwy.,Bethesda,MD20814,http://www.cpsc.gov.ANSI/UL1012PowerUnitsOtherThanClass29AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,ANSI/UL2595GeneralRequirementsforBattery-Powered732N.CapitolSt.,NW,MailStop:SDE,Washington,DC20401,http://Applianceswww.access.gpo.gov.ANSI/UL60950–1InformationTechnologyEquipment—10AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,732N.CapitolSt.,NW,MailStop:SDE,Washington,DC20401,http://www.access.gpo.gov.11AvailablefromInternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO),1ruede12AvailablefromUnderwritersLaboratories(UL),2600N.W.LakeRd.,Camas,Varembé,Casepostale56,CH-1211,Geneva20,Switzerland,http://www.iso.ch.WA98607-8542,http://www.ul.com.4F963−17Safety—Part1:GeneralRequirementsUnitedStatesPharmacopeia,Volume35(ormostcurrent),2.7CanadianStandards:13Method62MicrobiologicalExaminationofNonsterileCAN/CSAE62133SecondaryCellsandBatteriesContain-Products:TestsforSpecifiedMicroorganisms16ingAlkalineorOtherNon-acidElectrolytes—SafetyRe-UnitedStatesPharmacopeia,Volume35(ormostcurrent),quirementsforPortableSealedSecondaryCellsandforChapter1231WaterforPharmaceuticalPurposes17BatteriesMadeFromThem,ForUseinPortableApplica-tions3.Terminology2.8OtherDocuments:3.1DefinitionsofTermsSpecifictoThisStandard:CTFAMicrobiologicalGuidelines,MethodsM-1Determi-3.1.1A-weightedequivalentsoundpressurelevel,LAeq—thenationoftheMicrobialContentofPersonalCareProd-levelofasteady-statesoundwhich,inastatedtimeperiodand14uctsatastatedlocation,hasthesameA-weightedsoundenergyasCTFAMicrobiologicalGuidelines,MethodsM-2Examina-thetime-varyingsound.tionforandIdentificationofStaphylococcusaureus,3.1.2accessible—(partorcomponent)describinganyareaEscherichiacoli,Pseudomonasaeruginosa,andCandidaofthetoythatcanbecontactedbyanyportionforwardofthealbicans14collaroftheaccessibilityprobeasdescribedin16CFRCTFAMicrobiologicalGuidelines,MethodsM-3AMethod1500.48and16CFR1500.49.(SeeFig.1.)forPreservationTestingofWaterMisciblePersonalCareProductsNOTE1—DimensionsareprovidedinFig.1fortwoprobescorrespond-CTFAMicrobiologicalGuidelines,MethodsM-6AMethodingtotwoagerangesofchildren.forPreservationTestingofAtypicalPersonalCareProd-3.1.3alkalinebattery—anon-rechargeabledrycellbatteryuctswithanalkalinemanganeseelectrochemistry.U.S.FoodandDrugAdministrationBacteriologicalAnalyti-3.1.4aquatictoy—anarticle,whetherinflatableornot,15calManualintendedtobearthemassofachildandusedasaninstrumentUnitedStatesPharmacopeia,Volume35(ormostcurrent),ofplayinshallowwater.Thisdoesnotincludebathtoys,beachMethod61MicrobiologicalExaminationofNonsterileballs,andUnitedStatesCoastGuard-approvedlifesaving16Products:MicrobialEnumerationTestsdevices.3.1.5arrow—projectileintheformofashaftwithalength13AvailablefromCanadianGeneralStandardsBoard(CGSB),11LaurierSt.,of150mmormorethatisintendedtobedischargedfromaPhaseIII,PlaceduPortage,Gatineau,QuebecK1A0S5,Canada,http://www.tpsgc-bowheldbyachild.pwgsc.gc.ca/ongc-cgsb.14AvailablefromPersonalCareProductsCouncil(PCPC),1620LSt.,NW,Suite3.1.6artmaterial—anysubstancemarketedorrepresented1200,Washington,DC20036,www.personalcarecouncil.org.bytheproducerorrepackagerassuitableforuseinanyphase15AvailablefromU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA),10903NewHampshireAve.,SilverSpring,MD20993,https://www.fda.gov/food/foodscienceresearch/laboratorymethods/ucm2006949.htm#intro.16AvailablefromU.S.PharmacopeialConvention(USP),12601Twinbrook17AvailablefromU.S.PharmacopeialConvention(USP),12601TwinbrookPkwy.,Rockville,MD20852-1790,http://www.usp.org.Pkwy.,Rockville,MD20852-1790,http://www.usp.org.FIG.1AccessibilityProbes5F963−17ofthecreationofanyworkofvisualorgraphicartofany3.1.17compressionspring—springwhichessentiallyre-medium.Thisdefinitionincludesitemsthatbecomeacompo-turnstoitsinitialstateaftercompression.nentoftheworkofartsuchaspaint,canvas,inks,crayons,3.1.18constantairinflatables—st