CiteSpace操作指南 英文版

Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfTheCiteSpaceManualVersion0.96ChaomeiChenCollegeofComputingandInformaticsDrexelUniversityHowtocite:Chen,Chaomei(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfLastupdated:December13,2014Page1Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfContents1HowcanIfindthelatestversionoftheCiteSpaceManual?..................................................52WhatcanIuseCiteSpacefor?................................................................................................52.1WhatifIhaveQuestions..................................................................................................72.2HowshouldIciteCiteSpace?..........................................................................................72.3WherearetheUsersofCiteSpace?..................................................................................83RequirementstoRunCiteSpace...........................................................................................103.1JavaRuntime(JRE)........................................................................................................103.2HowdoIcheckwhetherJavaisonmycomputer?........................................................103.3DoIhavea32-bitor64-bitComputer?.........................................................................124HowtoInstallandConfigureCiteSpace..............................................................................124.1WhereCanIdownloadCiteSpacefromtheWeb?........................................................124.2WhatisthemaximumnumberofrecordsthatIcanhandlewithCiteSpace?...............134.3HowtoconfigurethememoryallocationforCiteSpace?..............................................134.4HowtouninstallCiteSpace............................................................................................144.5OnMacorUnix-basedSystems.....................................................................................155GetStartedwithCiteSpace...................................................................................................195.1Tryitwithademonstrativedataset................................................................................195.1.1TheDemoProject...................................................................................................205.1.2Clustering................................................................................................................235.1.3GenerateClusterLabels..........................................................................................255.1.4Wherearethemajorareasofresearchbasedontheinputdataset?........................275.1.5Howarethesemajorareasconnected?...................................................................285.1.6Wherearethemostactiveareas?............................................................................285.1.7Whatiseachmajorareaabout?Which/wherearethekeypapersforagivenarea?365.1.8TimelineView........................................................................................................385.2Tryitwithadatasetofyourown...................................................................................395.2.1CollectingData.......................................................................................................395.2.2WorkingwithaCiteSpaceProject..........................................................................435.2.3DataSourcesinChinese.........................................................................................445.2.4Howtohandlesearchresultscontainingirrelevanttopics......................................456ConfigureaCiteSpaceRun...................................................................................................476.1TimeSlicing...................................................................................................................47Lastupdated:December13,2014Page2Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf6.2TextProcessing..............................................................................................................486.3ConfiguretheNetworks.................................................................................................486.3.1BibliographicCoupling...........................................................................................496.4NodeSelectionCriteria..................................................................................................496.4.1DoIhavetherightnetwork?..................................................................................506.5Pruning,orLinkReduction............................................................................................506.6Visualization...................................................................................................................517InteractingwithCiteSpace....................................................................................................517.1HowtoShoworHideLinkStrengths............................................................................517.2AddingaPersistentLabeltoaNode..............................................................................527.3UsingAliasestoMergeNodes.......................................................................................537.4HowtoExcludeaNodefromtheNetwork....................................................................557.5HowtoUsetheFisheyeViewSlider.............................................................................557.6HowtoConfigureWhentoCalculateCentralityScoresAutomatically.......................567.7HowtoSavetheVisualizationasaPNGFile................................................................578AdditionalFunctions.............................................................................................................588.1Menu:Data.....................................................................................................................588.1.1CiteSpaceBuilt-inDatabase...................................................................................588.1.2UtilityFunctionsfortheWebofScienceFormat...................................................618.1.3PubMed...................................................................................................................628.2Menu:Network..............................................................................................................648.2.1BatchExporttoPajek.netFiles..............................................................................648.3Menu:Geographical.......................................................................................................648.3.1GenerateGoogleEarthMaps..................................................................................648.4Menu:OverlayMaps......................................................................................................678.4.1AddanOverlay.......................................................................................................688.4.2FurtherReadingandTermsofUse.........................................................................708.5Menu:Text.....................................................................................................................708.5.1ConceptTreesandPredicateTrees.........................................................................708.5.2ListTermsbyClumpingProperties........................................................................738.5.3LatentSemanticAnalysis.......................................................................................749SelectedExamples................................................................................................................7510MetricsandIndicators...........................................................................................................7710.1InformationTheoretic.................................................................................................77Lastupdated:December13,2014Page3Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf10.1.1InformationEntropy................................................................................................7710.2Structural....................................................................................................................7710.2.1BetweennessCentrality...........................................................................................7710.2.2Modularity...............................................................................................................7710.2.3Silhouette................................................................................................................7710.3Temporal.....................................................................................................................7710.3.1Burstness.................................................................................................................7710.4Combined....................................................................................................................7710.4.1Sigma......................................................................................................................7710.5ClusterLabeling.........................................................................................................7810.5.1TermFrequencybyInversedDocumentFrequency...............................................7810.5.2Log-LikelihoodRatio..............................................................................................7810.5.3MutualInformation.................................................................................................7811References.............................................................................................................................78Lastupdated:December13,2014Page4Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf1HowcanIfindthelatestversionoftheCiteSpaceManual?ThelatestversionoftheCiteSpaceManualisalwaysatthefollowinglocation:http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfYoucanalsoaccessthemanualfromCiteSpace:Help►ViewtheCiteSpaceManual(PDF).ItwillopenupthePDFfileinanewbrowserwindow.Figure1.ThelatestversionoftheCiteSpaceManualisaccessiblefromCiteSpaceitself.2WhatcanIuseCiteSpacefor?CiteSpaceisdesignedtoanswerquestionsaboutaknowledgedomain,whichisabroadlydefinedconceptthatcoversascientificfield,aresearcharea,orascientificdiscipline.Aknowledgedomainistypicallyrepresentedbyasetofbibliographicrecordsofrelevantpublications.Itisyourresponsibilitytopreparethemostappropriateandrepresentativedatasetthatcontainsadequateinformationtoansweryourquestions.CiteSpaceisdesignedtomakeiteasyforyoutoanswerquestionsaboutthestructureanddynamicsofaknowledgedomain.Herearesometypicalquestions:•Whatarethemajorareasofresearchbasedontheinputdataset?•Howarethesemajorareasconnected,i.e.throughwhichspecificarticles?•Wherearethemostactiveareas?•Whatiseachmajorareaabout?Which/wherearethekeypapersforagivenarea?•Aretherecriticaltransitionsinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofthefield?Wherearethe‘turningpoints’?ThedesignofCiteSpaceisinspiredbyThomasKuhn’sstructureofscientificrevolutions.Thecentralideaisthatcentersofresearchfocuschangeovertime,sometimeincrementallyandothertimesdrastically.Thedevelopmentofsciencecanbetracedbystudyingtheirfootprintsrevealedbyscholarlypublications.Membersofthecontemporaryscientificcommunitymaketheircontributions.Theircontributionsformadynamicandself-organizingsystemofknowledge.Thesystemcontainsconsensus,disputes,uncertainties,hypotheses,mysteries,unsolvedproblems,andunansweredquestions.Itisnotenoughtostudyasingleschoolofthought.Infact,abetterunderstandingofaspecifictopicoftenreliesonanunderstandingofhowitisrelatedtoothertopics.Lastupdated:December13,2014Page5Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfThefoundationoftheCiteSpaceisnetworkanalysisandvisualization.Throughnetworkmodelingandvisualization,youcanexploretheintellectuallandscapeofaknowledgedomainanddiscernwhatquestionsresearchershavebeentryingtoanswerandwhatmethodsandtoolstheyhavedevelopedtoreachtheirgoals.Thisisnotasimpletask.Ratheritisoftenconceptuallydemandingandcomplex.Ifyouareabouttowriteanovel,thewordprocessororatexteditorcanmakethetaskeasier,butitcannothelpyoutocreatetheplotorenrichthecharacterofyourhero.Similarly,andprobablytoagreaterextent,CiteSpacecangenerateX-rayphotosofaknowledgedomain,buttointerpretwhattheseX-rayphotosmean,youneedtohavesomeknowledgeofvariouselementsinvolved.TheroleofCiteSpaceistoshiftsomeofthetraditionallylabor-someburdenstocomputeralgorithmsandinteractivevisualizationssothatyoucanconcentrateonwhathumanusersaremostgoodatinproblemsolvingandtruthfinding.However,itisprobablyeasiertogeneratesomemysteriouslookingvisualizationswithCiteSpacethantofullyunderstandwhatthesevisualizationstellyouandwhomaybenefitfromsuchfindings.Figure2.HierarchicallyorganizedfunctionsofCiteSpace,forexample,GUI►Pruning►Pathfinder:true.Lastupdated:December13,2014Page6Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf2.1WhatifIhaveQuestionsIfyouhaveaquestionregardingtheuseofCiteSpace,youshouldfirstcheckthemanualwhetheryourquestionisansweredinthemanual.YoucandoasimplesearchthroughthePDFfiletofindout.Ifthemanualdoesnotgetyouanywhere,youcanaskyourquestionsontheFacebookpageofCiteSpace:https://www.facebook.com/pages/CiteSpace/276625072366558Youcanalsopostquestionstomyblogonsciencenet:http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&uid=496649PleaserefrainfromsendingmeemailsbecauseyouwillhaveamuchbetterchancetogetmyresponsefromeithertheFacebookorthesciencenetblog.Generallyspeaking,thoughtfulquestionsgetansweredquickly.Questionsthatyoumaybeabletofigureouttheanswerforyourselfifyouthinkalittlebitmoreaboutitwouldhavealowerpriorityintheansweringqueue;itisquitepossiblethatsomeofthemnevergetanswered.2.2HowshouldIciteCiteSpace?ThefollowingthreepublicationsrepresentthecoreideasofCiteSpace.The2004PNASpaperistheinitialpublicationonCiteSpace(Chen2004).Inhindsight,itcouldhavebeennamedCiteSpaceI.The19-page2006JASISTpapergivesthemostthoroughandin-depthdescriptionofCiteSpaceII’skeyfunctions(C.M.Chen,2006),plusafollow-upstudyofdomainexpertsidentifiedinthevisualizations.The2010JASISTpaperisevenlongerwith24pages(C.Chen,Ibekwe-SanJuan,&Hou,2010),whichisthethirdofthetrilogy.Itdescribestechnicaldetailsonhowclusterlabelsareselectedandhoweachofthethreeselectionalgorithmsincomparisonwithlabelschosenbydomainexperts.Citations(GoogleScholar)Reference800Chen,C.(2006)."CiteSpaceII:Detectingandvisualizingemergingtrendsandtransientpatternsinscientificliterature."JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforInformationScienceandTechnology57(3):359-377.394Chen,C.(2004)."Searchingforintellectualturningpoints:ProgressiveKnowledgeDomainVisualization."Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA101(Suppl.):5303-5310.157Chen,C.,etal.(2010)."Thestructureanddynamicsofco-citationclusters:Amultiple-perspectiveco-citationanalysis."JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforInformationScienceandTechnology61(7):1386-1409.Themostrecentcasestudyofatopicoutsidetherealmofinformationscienceandscientometricsisascienometricstudyofregenerativemedicine(C.Chen,Hu,Liu,&Tseng,2012).Chen,C.,etal.(2012)."Emergingtrendsinregenerativemedicine:AscientometricanalysisinCiteSpace."ExpertOpinionsonBiologicalTherapy12(5):593-608.Lastupdated:December13,2014Page7Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf2.3WherearetheUsersofCiteSpace?IntermsofthecitieswhereCiteSpacewereused,China,theUnitedStates,andEuropeareprominent.Brazil,Turkey,andSpainalsohavemanycitiesonthechart.Figure3.CitieswithusersofCiteSpacebetweenAugust2013andMarch2014areshownonthemap.Thecolorsofmarkersdepictthelevelofuserintensity:green(1-10),yellow(10-100),red(100-1000),andthelargeredwaterdropshapedmarker(1000+).Figure4.TheuseofCiteSpaceinChina(August2013–March2014).Lastupdated:December13,2014Page8Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfFigure5.TheuseofCiteSpaceintheUnitedStates(August2013–March2014).Figure6.TheuseofCiteSpaceinEurope(August2013–March2014).Lastupdated:December13,2014Page9Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf3RequirementstoRunCiteSpace3.1JavaRuntime(JRE)CiteSpaceiswritteninJava.ItisaJavaapplication.YoushouldbeabletorunitonacomputerthatsupportsJava,includingWindowsorMac.CiteSpaceiscurrentlyoptimizedforWindows64-bitJava7(i.e.Java1.7).TorunaJavaapplicationonyourcomputer,youneedtohaveJavaRuntime(JRE)installedonyourcomputer.3.2HowdoIcheckwhetherJavaisonmycomputer?Figure7.SelectControlPanel.Figure8.ClickintotheProgramscategorytofindtheJavacontrolpanel.Lastupdated:December13,2014Page10Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfFigure9.LocatetheJavacontrolpanel.Figure10.JavaControlPanel.ChoosetheJavatabandpresstheViewbuttontoseemoredetail.Figure11.JavaRuntime1.7isinstalled.Lastupdated:December13,2014Page11Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdf3.3DoIhavea32-bitor64-bitComputer?Youneedtofindoutwhetheryourcomputerhasa32-bitora64-bitoperatingsystem.GotoControlPanel►SystemandSecurity►System.Youwillseevariousdetailsaboutyourcomputer.UndertheSystemtype,youwillseewhetheryouhavea32-bitora64-bitoperatingsystem.FollowthelinkbelowforfurtherinstructionsonhowtoinstallJava:http://www.java.com/en/download/help/index_installing.xmlOnceyouhaveJavaRuntimesetuponyourcomputer,youcanproceedtoinstallCiteSpace.4HowtoInstallandConfigureCiteSpaceCiteSpaceisprovidedasazipfilefor64-bitand32-bitcomputers.ForMacusers,youneedtodownloadthe64-bitversion.4.1WhereCanIdownloadCiteSpacefromtheWeb?YoucandownloadthelatestversionofCiteSpacefromthefollowingwebsite:http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/download.htmlFigure12.ThedownloadpageofCiteSpace.Afteryoudownloadthezipfiletoyourcomputer,unpackthezipfiletoafolderofyourchoice.Lastupdated:December13,2014Page12Chen,C.(2014)TheCiteSpaceManual.http://cluster.ischool.drexel.edu/~cchen/citespace/CiteSpaceManual.pdfFigure13.CiteSpaceisunpackedtotheDdriveonacomputer.NowyoucanstartCiteSpacebydoubleclickingontheStartCiteSpacefile.IfyouneedtomodifytheamountmemoryallocatedforCiteSpace(morepreciselyforJavaVirtualMachineonwhichCiteSpacetoberunning),youcaneditStartCiteSpaceasaplaintextfilewithanytexteditor.4.2WhatisthemaximumnumberofrecordsthatIcanhandlewithCiteSpace?Thisquestionneedstobeansweredattwolevels:thenumberofrecordsprocessedbyCiteSpaceandthenumberofnodesvisualized,i.e.youcanseeandinteractwiththeminCiteSpace.Thefirstnumberisthetotalnumberofrecordsinyourdownloadeddataset.CiteSpacereadsthrougheachrecordinyourdownloadfiles.Thesecondnumberisdeterminedbytheselectioncriteriayouspecifyandbytheamountofmemory,i.e.RAM,availableonyourcomputer.ThemoreRAMyoucanmakeavailableforCiteSpace,thelargersizednetworkyoucanvisualizewithafasterresponserate.ThespeedofprocessingisalsoaffectedbyafewcomputationallyexpensivealgorithmssuchasPathfindernetworkscalingandclusterlabeling.Empirically,thebestoptionsforPathfindernetworkscalingwouldbe50~500nodesperslice.Withfastercomputersorifyoucanwaitforabitlonger,youcanraisethenumberaccordingly.Thecompletiontimeofclusterlabelingisrelatedtothesizeofyourdataset.Iftheentiretimespanofyourdatasetis100yearsbutyouwillonlyneedtoconsiderthemostrecent10years,itwillbeagoodideatocarveoutamuchsmallerdatasetaslongasitcoversthe10yearsofinterest.Itwillreducetheprocessingtimeconsiderably