英语畅谈中国文化复习资料翻译

英语畅谈中国文化复习资料翻译SummaryThepassagediscussesConfucius’theoryofcultivatingone’sbehaviortowardfamilyandsociety.Itbeginswiththeintroductionofhistoricalbackgroundofhistime–theSpringandAutumnPeriod.Itexperiencedadramaticchangeofsocialsystemandprolongedchaosandfighting.Asaresult,theculturaltraditioninheritedfromancienttimeswascorrupted.Confucius wantedtorestorethegreattraditionabandoned(抛弃)bypeopleand establishedharmonioussocialrelationshipsamongpeople.Torealizethis,Confuciusproposedself-cultivationwiththestartingpointfromfeelingstoparents.Thefeelingsarenourishedandcultivatedintofamilyreverence.Theloveforparentsextendstootherpeopleasonebeginsto《论语》是儒家学派的经典著作(classics)之一，该书记录了（records）孔子及其弟子的言行，传授儒家的主要思想（centraltheme）：仁、义(righteousness)、礼、智，其中仁是儒家的核心价值观（kernelvalue）。仁是指爱父母和敬长兄，如果这种对家庭成员的情感伸延(extendto)到社会的其他人身上，人与人之间和睦关系也就建立起来了。TheAnalectsisoneoftheConfucianclassics.ThebookrecordsthesayingsandbehavioursofConfuciusandhisdisciples.ItteachesthecentralthemeofConfucianismincludinghumaneness,righteousness,propriety,andwisdom,ofwhichhumanenessisConfucius’kernelvalue.Humanenessistakenasloveforparentsandrespectforelderbrothers.Ifthefeelingsforfamilymembersareextendedtootherpeopleinthesociety,harmoniousrelationshipsamongindividualswillbebuiltup.慕课脚本1、TheWisdomofConfuciusdiscussesthemostimportantschoolofChinesephilosophy—Confucianism—withthefocusonitscoreconceptsRenandLi.RenmeansgoodnessorbenevolenceandLimeansritualorpropriety.RenandLiwereadvocatedbyConfucius2500yearsagoforthepurposeofrestoringpoliticalorderofZhouDynasty.ThedoctrinehasexertedagreatinfluenceonChinesecultureeversince,fromcultivatingfilialpietyathome,togivinglovetoeverybody,untilkeepingsocialandpoliticalorderinacountry.WithRenandLi,Chinesecultureischaracterizedbyharmonyandequilibrium,buildingharmoniousrelationshipsbetweenhumanandnature,betweenanyindividuals,andkeepingequilibriumsocially,economicallyandpolitically.ThatisConfuciuswisdomandthatistheessenceoftraditionalChinesethinking.在《道德经》中，老子建立了以“道”为核心的哲学体系。老子提出的“道”是“非常道”。他认为宇宙万物均起源于“道”，道具有无为、相反、无形、无名、玄妙等特征。道家的许多原理(principles)已经成为中国人重要的理想准则(importantidealsandnorms),对于中国文化发展形成了重大影响。IntheDaoDeJing,LaoziestablishedaphilosophysystemcenteredonDao.HerefersDaoasinvariableandconstantDao.HeholdsthatDaoistheoriginofthecosmosandthatDaoischaracterizedbynon-action,opposition,shapelessness,namelessness,obscurity,etc.ManyDaoistprincipleshavealreadybeenChinesepeople’simportantidealsandnormsandhaveexertedaprofoundinfluenceonthedevelopmentofChineseculture.一般情况下，汉字是由十几种基本笔画构成的。笔画和大多数欧洲语言的字母作用类似，只是笔画之间无法构成“音节”。汉字有八个基本的笔画：点、横、折、竖、钩、提、撇、捺。在一个小小的方形空间中，将笔画组合成字时，必然要采取数量不等的笔画以及各种各样的连接和排列方式，以求使字形易识而又简洁。于是在这方形空间里，各式笔画就采取了上下、左右、分合、交叉、穿插、重叠、堆积、包裹等组合方式。Chinesecharacters,ingeneral,arecomposedofadozenbasicstrokes,whichhavesimilarfunctionstothelettersoftheWesternlanguages.Buttheydonotcombinesoundsintosyllables.Thereareeightbasicstrokes:dot,horizontalstroke,turningstroke,verticalstroke,hookstroke,right-upwardstroke,left-downwardstrokeandright-downwardstroke.Inasmallsquarespace,charactersarecomposedofdifferentstrokeslinkedandarrangedinvariousways,thustheyareeasytoberecognized,andlookneat.Thesestrokesareplacedinvariouspositionsinthesquare–upperorlower,leftorright,separateorlinked,crossed,goingthrough,overlapping,pilinguporsurrounding.(Para.5)一时礼毕，贾敬贾赦等便忙退出至荣府，专候与贾母行礼。尤氏上房地下，铺满红毡，当地放着象鼻三足泥鳅流金珐琅大火盆，正面炕上铺着新猩红毡子，设着大红彩绣云龙捧寿的靠背、引枕、坐褥，外另有黑狐皮的袱子搭在上面。Afterthisceremony,haJing,biaSheandtheothermenhurriedtotheRongMansion,wheretheywaitedtopaytheirrespectstotheLadyDowager.She,however,nowwenttoMadamYou'ssittingroom,thefloorofwhichwascoveredwitharedcarpetwherestoodalargegildedcloisonnebrazier,itsthreelegsintheformofelephanttrunks.Onthekangbythenorthwallwereanewcrimsonrugandredsilkback-restsandbolstersembroideredwith'DragonsintheClouds'designsandthecharacter'Longevity.'Onit,too,werespreadablackfox-skinandabigwhitefox-skinmattress.中国菜（Chinesecuisine）享誉世界，是世界美食的明珠。中国菜菜系繁多，烹饪 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 也不尽相同。其四大要素——色、形、香、味，决定了菜品的好坏，也是判断其质量的标准。中国的南北方饮食也各具特色。北方菜以色艳味重取胜，最大的特点就是就地取材，讲究火候。南方有些地方的菜则口味清淡，注重保留食材的原始味道。Chinesecuisine,whichisworldfamous,isapearlofworldcuisine.Ithasvariousstylesofcookinganditscookingtechniquesare diverseaswell.Chinesecuisinefeaturesfourelements—color,shape,aromaandtaste.Thefourelementsdecidehowgoodadishisandarealsothecriteriaofjudgingitsquality.Thenorthernfoodsandsouthernfoodshavetheiruniquecharacteristics.Thenortherndishesattachgreatimportancetobrightcolorandstrongtaste,withthegreatestfeatureofusinglocalfoodmaterialsandcontrollingcookingtimeandtemperature.However,insomepartsofsouthernChina,thedishesfeaturelighttasteandremaintheoriginalflavorofthefoodmaterials.Miaojian 庙见---payingavisittotheancestraltempleofthegroom’sfamilyclanMeetingparents-in-law认亲Returningtothebride’sparents’home三朝回门；归宁中国传统的婚礼 流程 快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计 从求婚开始，男方会送一封书信至女方家，请求迎娶他们家的女儿。多数情况下，男方家会雇用一位媒人沟通双方家庭。准新郎和准新娘的生辰八字也要进行比对，以确保不犯冲。如今，中国大城市的婚礼跟西方很相似。然而，有些小地方仍然遵循传统，婚礼流程也基本未变。TraditionalChineseweddingprocessstartswithaproposalofmarriageandaletterissentfromthegroomtothebride’sfamilyaskingforpermissiontomarrytheirdaughter.Inmanycases,amatchmakerisemployedbythegroom’sfamilytocommunicatethefamiliesofbothparties.TheEightCharactersofBirthofthebride-to-beandtheoneofthegroom-to-bearecheckedtomakesurethecoupleiscompatible.Today,weddingceremoniesinlargecitiesofChinacloselyresemblethewesternones.Insmallerplaces,however,thetraditionsarestillkeptandtheweddingprocessisalmost unchanged.从服饰成为人们说一部分的那天起，人们就已将社会地位、生活方式、审美情趣、以及种种文化观念融入到服饰中。服饰在任何时代都是社会历史风貌最真实、最直观的反映。从这个意义上说，服饰的历史也是一部生动的文明发展史。在我们这个历史悠久的衣冠之国，不仅有丰富的考古资料记录服饰发展的历史，在古代神话、史书、诗歌、小说以及戏剧中，与服饰有关的记载也随处可见。Fromthedaygarmentsbecamepartofpeople'slives,theyhavebeenendowedwithconnotationsconcerningthesocialstatus,lifestyles,aestheticsandculturalconcepts.Garmentshavealwaysbeenthetruestandmoststraightforwardreflectionofthesocialandhistoricalscenesofanygiventime.Inthissense,thehistoryofgarmentsisalsoavividdevelopmenthistoryofcivilization.Inourcountrywithalonghistoryofgarmentsandornaments,thereisawealthofarcheologicalfindingsshowingthedevelopmentofgarments,aswellastheirportrayalsinancientmythology,historybooks,poemsandsongs,novelsanddramas.紫禁城位于北京中心，它是从明朝到清末的皇家帝宫，现为故宫博物院所在地。它见证了14位明朝皇帝和10位清朝皇帝登基。紫禁城展示了明清两朝的宫廷文化、生活方式，以及满汉民族的交流与融合，体现了多民族文化。它体现了当时的建筑形制、建筑等级、建筑技法和建筑艺术，是当时建筑的典范。我们要加强对其真实性、完整性的可持续性保护，更好地彰显紫禁城的科学、历史和艺术价值。LocatedinthecentreofBeijing,theForbiddenCitywastheimperialpalacefromtheMingDynastytothe QingDynastyandnowhousesthePalaceMuseum.Itwitnessedtheenthronementof14Mingand10Qingemperors.Displayingthecourtcul-ture,thelifestylesandtheexchangesandintegrationbetweentheManchuandHanpeoplesofMingandQingdynasties,theForbiddenCityembodiesmulti-ethnicculture.Itisalsoastate-of-artexemplarofthetime,showingthearchitecturallayout,hierarchy,constructiontech-niquesandarchitecturalart.Itisnecessaryforustoenhancethesus-tainableprotectionoftheauthenticityandintegrityofthepropertyinordertobettershowcasethescientific,historicandartisticvaluesoftheForbiddenCity.太和殿、中和殿、保和殿共处的土字形大台基，其长度为232米，宽度为130米，二者之比为9:5；天安门城楼面阔九间，进深五间，二者之比仍为9:5。中国古代奇数为阳，偶数为阴。紫禁城中外朝宫殿数量皆为阳数，而内廷宫殿数量为阴数。阳数中九为最高，五居正中，因而古代常以九和五象征帝王的权威。TheHallofSupremeHarmony,theHallofMiddleHarmonyandtheHallofPreservingHarmonyerectabovea土-shapedterrace,whichis232meterslongand130meterswidewiththeratiooflengthandwidth9:5.Tian’anmenGateisninebayswideandfivebaysdeepwiththeratioofwidthanddepth9:5.InancientChina,theoddnumbersareyangwhiletheevennumbersareyin.ThenumberofthepalacesoftheOuterCourtoftheForbiddenCityisyangwhilethatoftheInnerCourtisyin.Amongthenumbersofyang,nineisthehighestonewhilefiveranksinthemiddle.Soinancienttimes,nineandfivesymbolizetheimperialpoweroftheemperors.京剧是中国的国粹。京剧的服装、脸谱（facialmakeup）受到人们的喜爱。不同类型的服装反映人物不同的社会地位。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物形象的重要手段，它是用不同的颜色在脸上勾画出来的。脸谱的颜色让人一看便知角色的善恶。比如白色代表阴险狡诈（treachery），黑色代表直率鲁莽（forthrightnessandrecklessness），蓝色代表刚强骁勇。PekingOperaisthecreamofChineseculture.Anditscostumesandfacialmakeuparepopularwithpeople.Differentstylesofcostumesareusedtoreflectthecharacters’differentsocialstatus.Facialmakeups,usingdifferentcolorspaintingonfaces,areemployedasanimportantwaytoportraycharactersinPekingOpera.Peoplecantellwhetherthecharacterisgoodorbadfromthecolorsofthefacialmakeups.Forexample,whiteusuallyrepresentstreachery,blackforthrightnessandrecklessness,andbluebravery.中医是世界医学的一份遗产(heritage)。中医的治疗效果和医治方式使其在世界上越来越流行。中医起源于古代，经过长时间的发展，收集了治疗不同疾病的各种方法。中医讲究人体系统的平衡。据说，如果人的身体系统平衡，疾病就会消失。TCMisaheritageofworldmedicine.TheeffectandwaytohealpeopleofTCMmakeitmroeandmorepopularintheworld.Originatedfromtheancienttime,TCMhasdevelopedinalongtimeandhascollectevariouswaystotreatdifferentillness.TCMpaysattentiontothebalanceofthebodysystem.Itissaidthatoncethebodysystemisinbalance,theillnesswilldisappear.