英国文学选读课后答案

.1英国文学选读Poems:Hamlet(Act3,Scene1,lines55-86)生存或毁灭,这是个必答之问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。死即睡眠,它不过如此!倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患,那么,此结局是可盼的!死去,睡去...但在睡眠中可能有梦,啊,这就是个阻碍:当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,在死之长眠中会有何梦来临?它令我们踌躇,使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾,否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨,如暴君之政、骄者之傲失恋之痛、法章之慢贪官之侮、或庸民之辱假如他能简单的一刃了之?还有谁会肯去做牛做马,终生疲於操劳默默的忍受其苦其难,而不远走高飞,飘於渺茫之境倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?此境乃无人知晓之邦,自古无返者进入我们无法知晓的地域所以,「理智」能使我们成为懦夫而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光,像个病夫再之,这些更能坏大事,乱大谋,使它们失去魄力。HamletP81.Whyissleepsofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan“end”theheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks”?Nobodycanpredictwhathewilldreamofafterhefallsasleep.Deathmeanstheendoflife,youmaygotoorunknownworldandyoucan’tcomeback.Ifhedies,Hamlet’scan'trealizehiswill.Though“sleep”canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itisastateofmind.Hamletdidn’tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferinginthelong“dream”.Hecan’tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.2.Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathtogetridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?Deathissomysteriousthatnobodyknowswhatdeathwillbringtous.Maybebittersufferings,greatpains,heartbreakingstories…Becausepeopleholdthesameidea"togruntandsweatunderawearylife,butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath-theundiscoveredcountry,formwhosebournnotravelerreturns-puzzlethewill,andmakeusratherbearthoseillswehavethanflytoothersthatweknownotof?”Peoplealsoarefrightenedbythemythsinanotherworldafterdeath.3.What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplaininrelationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.Conscienceandover-considerations.Hewantstorevenge,butdoesn’tknowhow.Hewantstokillhisuncle,butfindsittoorisky.Helivesindespairandwantstocommitsuicide.However,heknowsifhedies,nobodywillcomforthisfather’sghost.Heisinfaceofgreatdilemma.Theydon’tknowtheresultaftertheirtakingtheaction.SuchasHamlet,hedoesn’tknowwhatwouldhappenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimself.SoHamletwashesitated.Sonnet18P15我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。1.Howdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?Thepoetopenswithaquestionthatisaddressedtothebeloved,"ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?"Thisquestioniscomparing“thee”tothesummertimeoftheyear.Itisduringthistimewhentheflowersareblooming,treesarefullofleaves,theweatheriswarm,anditisgenerallyconsideredasanenjoyabletimeduringtheyear.Thefollowingelevenlinesinthepoemarealsodedicatedtosimilarcomparisonsbetweenthebelovedandsummerdays.2.Whatmakesthepoetthinkthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummerandimmortal?Attheverybeginning,thepoetputsforthaquestion:“ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?”Thenhegivesananswer:“Thouartlovelierandmoretemperate.”Ontheonehand,“RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;”ontheotherhand,“Sometimetoohottheheavenshines,andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed.”Sofromtheabovetwoaspectsthepoetthinksthat“thou”canbemorebeautifulthansummer.Inaddition,“Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,bychance,ornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed.”Comparedwithimmortal,“Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st,norshalldeathbragthouwand’restinhisshade,whenineternallinestotimesthougrow’st.”Therefore,thepoetdrawsaconclusion:“Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.”Inthispoem,thepoetmakes“thou”morebeautifulthansummerandimmortalbecauseofhisbeautifullines.Sointhiscase,“thou”inthepoemcanberegardedasfemalebecauselovecanbeautyeternal.Or“thou”canbereferredtomale,forfriendshipcanmakebeautyeverlasting.Even“thou”canbeabstract“love”or“beauty”whichwillbecomeeternalinthewonderfulpoem.莎士比亚诗歌的两个主题：时光不饶人，青春和美丽是短暂的；只有诗歌才有力量使美丽与爱情永存。(theme:只有文学可与时间抗衡)Change,Fate,andEternityHowevermuchitmightlookhe’spraisingabeloved,thispoetisdefinitelymoreconcernedwithtootinghisownhorn.Really,youcouldsumupthepoemlikethis:"DearBeloved:You’rebetterthanasummer’sday.ButonlybecauseIcanmakeyoueternalbywritingaboutyou.Love,Shakespeare."Thatmessageiswhyimagesandsymbolsoftime,decay,andeternityarealloverthispoem.Whetherornotwethinkthebelovedisactuallymadeimmortal(orjustmoreimmortalthanthesummer’sday)isupintheair,butit’scertainlywhatthespeakerwantsyoutothink.Line4:Thisiswherethespeakerstartspointingtohowshortsummerfeels.Usingpersonificationandmetaphor,thespeakersuggeststhatsummerhastakenoutaleaseontheweather,whichmustbereturnedattheendofthesummer.Summeristreatedlikeahome-renter,whiletheweatheristreatedlikeareal-estateproperty.Lines7-8:Theselinesgiveustheproblem(everything’sgoingtofadeaway)thatthepoetisgoingtoworkagainst.Lines9-12:Theselinesarefullofallsortsoffigurativelanguage,allpointingtohowthespeakerisgoingtosavethebelovedfromthefateoffadingaway.Thebeloved’slifeisdescribedinametaphorasa"summer,"andthenhisorherbeautyisdescribedinanothermetaphorasacommoditythancanbeownedorowed.Deathisthenpersonified,astheoverseeroftheshade(ametaphoritselfforanafterlife).Finallythe"linestotime"areametaphorforpoetry,whichwillultimatelysavethebeloved,and"eternal"isaparallelwith"eternalsummer"inline9.Lines13-14:What’ssointerestingabouttheselinesisthatit’shardtotellwhetherthespeakerisusingfigurativelanguageornot.Doesheactuallymeanthatthepoemisalive,andthatitwillkeepthebelovedalive?Well,itdependswhatwemeanby"alive."Ifwereadalivescientifically,asinbreathingandthinking,wellthenaliveisdefinitelyametaphor.Butifwereaditasdescribingacontinuedexistenceofsomekind,wellthenmaybehedoesmeanitliterally,sincesurelythepoemandthebelovedexistforusinsomesense.Sonnet18dealswiththeconventionalthemethatnaturalbeautywillsurelybeknockedoutwiththepassingoftimeandthatonlyart(poetry)canbringeternitytotheonethepoetlovesandeulogizes.IWanderedLonelyasaCloudP61我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上，突然我看见一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放，它们开在湖畔，开在树下，它们随风嬉舞，随风波荡。它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹，它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽；一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏；诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴，又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃；我久久凝视－－却未领悟这景象所给我的精神至宝。后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠；这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞；我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。1.Whatistherelationbetweenthepoetandnatureasdescribedinthepoem?ThemeofManandtheNaturalWorld:Wordsworthisthegranddaddyofallnaturepoets,andhe’sintopformin"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud."Inherjournalentryaboutthedayinquestion,Wordsworth'ssisterDorothywroteabouttheirsurpriseatfindingsomanydaffodilsinsuchastrangeplace,nexttoalakeandundersometrees."How’dthosegetthere?"shewondered,evenguessingthatmaybetheseedsfloatedacrossthelake.Theeventisoneoftheminormiraclesthatnatureproducesallthetime,asanyonewhohasseenthedocumentaryPlanetEarthortheDisneymovieEarthknows.Wordsworth’snatureisfulloflifeandvitality.Heappreciatesitswildnessandunpredictability,buthehumanizesthelandscapeandfitsittohisownmind.ThemeofHappiness"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud"isapoemthatjustmakesyoufeelgoodaboutlife.Itsaysthatevenwhenyouarebyyourselfandlonelyandmissingyourfriends,youcanuseyourimaginationtofinenewfriendsintheworldaroundyou.AsJohnMiltonfamouslywrote,"Themindisitsownplace,andinitself,canmakeheavenofHell,andahellofHeaven."Thespeakerofthispoemmakesaheavenoutofawindydayandabunchofdaffodils.Hishappinessdoesnotlastforever–he’snotthatunrealistic–butthedaffodilsgivehimalittleboostofjoywheneverheneedsit,likerecharginghisbatteries.ThemeofSpiritualityThe19thcenturyScottishwriterThomasCarlylecoinedthephrase"naturalsupernaturalism,"whichhasbeenusedbylatercriticstodescribehowtheRomanticpoets,andespeciallyWordsworth,viewedthenaturalworldasaspiritualrealm.TheideaisthatHeavencomesdowntoearthandisviewedaspartoftheworld.Thispoemillustratestheprincipleofnaturalsupernaturalism.Thedaffodilsarelikeangelsandtwinklingstars,andthe"bliss"ofheavenoccursinspeaker’simagination.HeusesChristianideasandimagestomakeanodetonaturewithoutanyreferencetoGod.ThemeofMemoryandthePast"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud"isalmostlikeasimplerversionof"TinternAbbey(​http:​/​​/​www.shmoop.com​/​tintern-abbey​/​​),"oneofWordsworth’sothermostfamousworks.Inbothpoems,thememoryofbeautifulthingsservesasacomforttothespeakerevenaftertheexperienceofviewingthemhasended.Hecanalwaysdrawonhisimaginationtoreproducethejoyoftheeventandtorememberthespiritualwisdomthatitprovided.Inthecaseof"IwanderedlonelyasaCloud,"wedonotrealizejusthowfarinthefuturethespeaker’sperspectiveislocateduntilthefourthstanza,whenhedescribesjusthowoftenthedaffodilshavecomfortedhim.2.Doyouthinknaturecanhavehealingeffectonmind?Ithinknaturecanhavehealingeffectonmind,butthepreconditionisthatthenatureshouldbepeacefulandearthly.Let’simagineascene.Attheverybeginning,wefeltalittlesad.Then,weplaceourselvesatapeacefulandcleanlake.Wesitonthecomfortableandgreengrass.Thereareseveralwildflowersonthegrass.Somelittlebirdsarewalkingnearuswithchirp.Wecanbreathethesmelloftheearth.Whenwearewatchingitglisteninginthesunshine,theremaybeasmileonourfaceagain.Nobodywillbenottouchedinthisconditionunlessthereissomethingwrongwithhismind.Itisjustlikeapicture.Oritisjustlikeacleanbracingandetherealmelody.Wecancloseoureyestolistentoitwithoutanydistractingthoughts.Italwayscancomfortourhearts,andwewillnotfeelthatdesperate.EverytimeIfeelnothappyIwilllistentoapieceofpianomusic.Thatmakesmegood,allmyfidgetingwillgoawayfromme.SometimesIwillreflectwheretheproblemis.Peacefulmusicisjustlikethenature.Boththeycangivemeakindoffeelinglikemother.Donotbescaredatall.SometimesIsupposeifthecriminalcanliveinthenatureandexperienceit,theywillnotdothatevil.Inanotherhand,thoseartistsmaybecannotcreatetheworks.Astheauthorsaid,ahostofgoldendaffodilsbesidethelake,beneaththetrees,flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.Thememorymadehimexcitedandbroughthislonelyhearthappiness.Ifawriterdoesnotwatchanybeautifulscenery,Ibelieveheorshecan’tbeagoodwriter.Peacefulnatureisaplacepeoplecanreleasethemselvesandremovetheunhappiness.Inthiscircumstance,thewriterdigstheirinspiration.Yes,Ithinkso.Somepeoplemaythinkthatournaturehasbeenhighlypollutedbyourhumanbeings.Anditwon’thaveanyeffectsonus.Theothersmaythinkthenaturehasbadinfluenceonourbodiesbecauseofthecontamination.ButIthinknaturemusthavealotofhealingeffectonmind.Asthedevelopmentofthesociety,peoplemaymeetmoreandmoredifficulties,anditmayleadtomorestress.Forexample,whenapersonhasworkedforalongtime,itishardforhimtodomore.Hewouldliketospendsometimetravellingtosomewhere.Theplaceisbesttobebeautiful,clean,comfortable,withclearskyandgreengrass.Peoplecanbreathethefreshairthere.Whenheliesonthegrassandwatchesthesky,hemayforgetallthestressonwork.Theonlythinghecandoistoenjoythecharmingsceneryandgreatnature.Naturealsocanaffectpeoplewhentheyareillespeciallyseriousdisease.Thepatientmayfeeltheirlifemeaningless.Atthattime,theirfamilieswilltakethemtoaremoteplace.Theymayalsoletthepatienthaveapet.Duringthefeedingperiod,thepatientmayfeelthatalifeissodifficulttobringup.Hewillhealthespirittolive.Differentpeoplehavedifferentideas.Ican’tsaythatnaturedoesn’thavemischief,butinmyopinion,itsgoodeffectsaremore.OdetotheWestWindP83西风颂第一节哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫，有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨，呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你以车驾把有翼的种子催送到黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱，直等到春天，你碧空(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​1712320.htm"\t"_blank​)的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的上响遍，唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​26000.htm"\t"_blank​)。不羁的精灵呵，你无处不远行；破坏者兼保护者：听吧，你且聆听(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​42068.htm"\t"_blank​)！第二​节没入你的急流，当高空一片混乱，流云象的枯叶一样被撕扯脱离天空和海洋的纠缠的枝干。成为雨和电的使者：它们飘落在你的磅礴之气的蔚蓝的波面，有如狂女(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​8188565.htm"\t"_blank​)的飘扬的头发在闪烁，从天穹(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​82416.htm"\t"_blank​)的最遥远而模糊的边沿直抵九霄的中天，到处都在摇曳欲来雷雨的卷发，对濒死的一年你唱出了葬歌，而这密集的黑夜将成为它广大墓陵的一座圆顶，里面正有你的万钧(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​389973.htm"\t"_blank​)之力的凝结；那是你的浑然之气，从它会迸涌(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​824599.htm"\t"_blank​)黑色的雨，冰雹和火焰：哦，你听！第三节​是你，你将蓝色的地中海(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​15817.htm"\t"_blank​)唤醒，而它曾经昏睡了一整个夏天，被澄澈水流的回旋催眠入梦，就在巴亚海湾的一个浮石岛边，它梦见了古老的宫殿和楼阁在水天辉映的波影里抖颤，而且都生满青苔、开满花朵，那芬芳真迷人欲醉！呵，为了给你让一条路，大西洋(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​16056.htm"\t"_blank​)的汹涌的浪波(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​628405.htm"\t"_blank​)把自己向两边劈开，而深在渊底那海洋中的花草和泥污的森林虽然枝叶扶疏，却没有精力；听到你的声音，它们已吓得发青：一边颤栗，一边自动萎缩：哦，你听！第四节​哎，假如我是一片枯叶被你浮起，假如我是能和你飞跑的云雾，是一个波浪，和你的威力同喘息，假如我分有你的脉搏，仅仅不如你那么自由，哦，无法约束的生命！假如我能像在少年时，凌风(​http:​/​​/​baike.baidu.com​/​view​/​844038.htm"\t"_blank​)而舞便成了你的伴侣，悠游天空（因为呵，那时候，要想追你上云霄，似乎并非梦幻），我就不致像如今这样焦躁地要和你争相祈祷。哦，举起我吧，当我是水波、树叶、浮云！我跌在生活底荆棘上，我流血了！这被岁月的重轭所制服的生命原是和你一样：骄傲、轻捷而不驯。第五节​把我当作你的竖琴吧，有如树林：尽管我的叶落了，那有什么关系！你巨大的合奏所振起的音乐将染有树林和我的深邃的秋意：虽忧伤而甜蜜。呵，但愿你给予我狂暴的精神！奋勇者呵，让我们合一！请把我枯死的思想向世界吹落，让它像枯叶一样促成新的生命！哦，请听从这一篇符咒似的诗歌，就把我的话语，像是灰烬和火星从还未熄灭的炉火向人间播散！让预言的喇叭通过我的嘴唇把昏睡的唤醒吧！西风啊，如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗?Shelly雪莱OdeToTheWestWindShelleywasanidealistandmostofhisnaturepoems(​http:​/​​/​www.blurtit.com​/​q3892487.html​)areabouttheneedforrevolutionandadesiretobreakthestatusquo.OdetotheWestWindisnodifferent.HereShelleyseesthewestwind(​http:​/​​/​www.blurtit.com​/​q798430.html​)asasymbolofrevolution,ofanewworldorderthatwouldreplacetheoldone.Heidentifieswiththewindinthatheknowsthatjustasthewestwindspellsthearrivalofthenewyear,similarlyhispoeticideaswillusherinanewworldorderandchangethepresentworldforthebetter.Thepoem(​http:​/​​/​www.blurtit.com​/​q688960.html​)hasanoteofdespairwhenhesays:'Ifalluponthethornsoflife,Ibleed'butsoonenoughhegainshiscomposureandtowardstheendhe'sfilledwithhopeandoptimismwhichisexpressedbeautifullyinthelasttwolines:'Whenwintercomes,canspring(​http:​/​​/​www.blurtit.com​/​q1601316.html​)befarbehind?'OdetotheWestWindThemeofManandtheNaturalWorldIn"OdetotheWestWind,"Natureisgranderandmorepowerfulthanmancanhopetobe.ThenaturalworldisespeciallypowerfulbecauseitcontainselementsliketheWestWindandtheSpringWind,whichcantravelinvisiblyacrosstheglobe,affectingeverycloud,leaf,andwaveastheygo.ManmaybeabletoincreasehisstatusbyallowingNaturetochannelitselfthroughhim.1.InwhatwayistheWestWindbothadestroyerandapreserver?Westwindisthedestroyerasitisturbulentandstronganddestroysthewidespreadvegetation.Itisadestroyeroftheold,decayingandvaluelessthings(suchasdeadleaves),blowingovertheland,drivesawaythedeadleaves.Shellyshowstheironyofthewindthatactsinacontradictorymanner.(useandDescribethewordsthatshowthepotentialstrengthanduseeffectivelanguage)Itisthepreserverasitbringslifetothedeadatmosphere,itspreadstheseedsandtheylietwoinchesbeneaththegroundandeventuallysproutintoseedlings.2.WhatistherelationbetweentheWestWindandthepoet?In"OdetotheWestWind,"Natureisgranderandmorepowerfulthanmancanhopetobe.ThenaturalworldisespeciallypowerfulbecauseitcontainselementsliketheWestWindandtheSpringWind,whichcantravelinvisiblyacrosstheglobe,affectingeverycloud,leaf,andwaveastheygo.ManmaybeabletoincreasehisstatusbyallowingNaturetochannelitselfthroughhim.ThespeakerofthepoemappealstotheWestWindtoinfuse（灌输，影响）himwithanewspiritandanewpowertospreadhisideas.3.As“thetrumpetofprophecy”,whatdoesthewestwindpredictinphysicalreality?Howdoyouunderstanditsymbolically?Asthespeakerof"OdetotheWestWind"feelshimselfwaninganddecaying,hebegsthewindtousehimasaninstrument,inhabithim,distributehisideas,orprophesythroughhismouth.Hehopestotransformhimselfbyunitinghisownspiritwiththelarger"Spirit"oftheWestWindandofNatureitself.Thespeakerwishesthatthewindcouldaffecthimthewayitdoesleavesandcloudsandwaves.Becauseitcan’t,heasksthewindtoplayhimlikeaninstrument,bringingouthissadnessinitsownmusicallament.Maybethewindcanevenhelphimtosendhisideasallovertheworld;evenifthey’renotpowerfulintheirownright,hisideasmightinspireothers.Thesadmusicthatthewindwillplayonhimwillbecomeaprophecy.TheWestWindofautumnbringsonacold,barrenperiodofwinter,butisn’twinteralwaysfollowedbyaspring?JohnKeats:OdeonaGrecianUrnp85希腊古瓮颂你，嫁给静寂的，童贞的新娘，你，被静默和悠远收养的孩子，林野的史家，擅长在画上宣扬艳压诗篇的，繁花一般的传奇：身上环绕的，绿叶缘饰的传说讲述神还是凡人，或兼有两者？在腾佩，或怀抱溪谷的阿卡迪？什么人或神？少女竟如此难惹？多疯的追求？怎样挣扎的逃脱？什么笛子手鼓？多野性的狂喜？清歌闻之甚美，然而未听见的更妙；婉转的笛子，请你吹吧不是为感官的双耳，你要变得更奇妙，为精神吹出无声的歌：碧树下的美少年，你不会离开你的歌，绿荫也不会抛开树木莽撞的恋人，你永世都吻不上，虽然万分接近——但不要悲哀，她与衰老无缘，虽无艳福可享，你却永坠爱河，如她芳华常驻！啊，喜悦层生的枝条！你不会飘落绿叶，也不会向春天挥别；而你，欢快的乐手，永不疲惫永远在吹奏，永远新鲜的仙乐更多欢畅的爱！更多幸福的爱！总是暖意融融，只等欢乐纵情永远都在搏动，永远青春四射；所有呼吸的人欲，都远远抛开离开悲痛莫名的，厌烦的心灵，高烧不退的额头，焦渴的唇舌。是一群什么人，赶来参加祭献？对着天空鸣叫的，那头小母牛，丝滑的腰身上，围着缤纷花环噢，神秘的祭司，你把它牵走要去哪座绿色祭坛？什么小镇在河畔还是海滨，还是在山间傍着幽静的山寨，为这乡俗里敬神的早晨，腾出所有的人民？你的街道永远沉默，无人重返就没人讲述，你为何如此孤寂。噢，雅典的形体！情态的美妙！石的繁带，密布男女身上还有佳木的枝叶，踏过的野草你，沉默的塑形，像永恒一样引我们超越思想：凉的田园诗！年华逝去，将催老我们这一辈，你在别样的悲伤中，不曾代一个人类的朋友，对我们感喟“美是真，真也是美”这就是你知道，和你需要知道的一切。MatthewArnold:Doverbeachp120多佛海滩马修·阿诺德今夜海面平静。潮水涨满，明月高悬海峡之上；对面法国海岸灯光明灭；英格兰绝壁耸立；远处的宁静海湾，闪烁、无边。快来窗边，夜晚空气如蜜甜！唯一的是，从那长长的海浪线，从那大海和月光漂洗的土地交会之地，听啊！你听得见那嘎吱嘎吱的呐喊那是海浪带着卵石退去，又抛起，再次回来时，将其送上高地，一来，一去，周而复始，有有驰，不慌不急，带来了忧愁的永恒调子。远古的索福克勒斯曾在爱琴海将它听见，带给他脑子的是人类不幸之污浊的落落起起；我们在这声音里也找到一个思想，当在这遥远的岸边将它听见。信仰之海也曾一度涨满，围绕地球的海岸如同一卷明丽的腰带伸展。但如今我只能听见它忧郁、绵长、退却的呐喊，在后撤，和着夜风的呼吸，撤下这个世界硕大阴沉的边缘和赤裸的碎石滩。啊，爱人，让我们彼此忠诚坚贞！因为这个世界，它像梦幻之地在我们面前摊开，如此多样，如此美丽，如此崭新，其实没有欢乐，没有爱情，也没有光明Novels:ArabyP1772.Chiefqualitiesoftheboy’scharacter?Theboyisanaturalcharacterwithwhichtobeginabookbecausehepossessessomanyqualitiesattractivetoreaders.First,heissensitive—sensitiveenoughtoexperienceawiderangeoffeelingsinspiteofhistenderage,includingapparentlycontradictorycombinationslikefearandlonging(attheendofthestory'sfirstparagraph),angerandpuzzlement(whilefallingasleep),and,especially,"asensationoffreedom"inresponsetohismentor'spassingthatsurpriseshimandus."Ifounditstrange,"thenarratorsays,"thatneitherInorthedayseemedinamourningmood."Second,heisintelligent—andnotmerelyintheconventionalsenseoftheword.Sure,heisbrainyenoughtoabsorbmuchofthearcaneinformationsharedwithhimbythepriest.(ItmakessensethathehasgrownintothearticulatestorytellerwhosharesthetaleofFatherFlynn'sinfluenceuponhim.)Buttheprotagonistof"TheSisters"alsopossessesanintuitiveunderstandingofhowotherhumanbeingsfeel,think,andact—emotionalintelligence,youmightcallit.Itisnosurprisethataboysosensitive,sointelligent,wouldfindhimselfsomewhatalienatedfromothers—cutoff,fundamentally,fromhisfamilyandpeers.Heappearstolackaltogetheraconnectionwithhisuncle,muchlessOldCotter,anditissaidthatherarelyplays"withyoungladsofhisownage."Evenwhenheisinthecompanyofhisauntandthepriest'ssistersnearstory'send,thereader'smainsenseoftheboyisthatheisalone.Unit10GreatExpectationCharacter:PipTherearereallytwoPipsinGreatExpectations:PipthenarratorandPipthecharacter—thevoicetellingthestoryandthepersonactingitout.DickenstakesgreatcaretodistinguishthetwoPips,imbuingthevoiceofPipthenarratorwithperspectiveandmaturitywhilealsoimpartinghowPipthecharacterfeelsaboutwhatishappeningtohimasitactuallyhappens.Thisskillfullyexecuteddistinctionisperhapsbestobservedearlyinthebook,whenPipthecharacterisachild;here,Pipthenarratorgentlypokesfunathisyoungerself,butalsoenablesustoseeandfeelthestorythroughhiseyes….见前面ThemeAmbitionandSelf-Improvement:ThemoralthemeofGreatExpectationsisquitesimple:affection,loyalty,andconsciencearemoreimportantthansocialadvancement,wealth,andclass.Crime,Guilt,andInnocence:Thethemeofcrime,guilt,andinnocenceisexploredthroughoutthenovellargelythroughthecharactersoftheconvictsandthecriminallawyerJaggers.Magwitch,forinstance,frightensPipatfirstsimplybecauseheisaconvict,andPipfeelsguiltyforhelpinghimbecauseheisafraidofthepolice.Bytheendofthebook,however,PiphasdiscoveredMagwitch’sinnernobility,andisabletodisregardhisexternalstatusasacriminal.Promptedbyhisconscience,hehelpsMagwitchtoevadethelawandthepolice.AsPiphaslearnedtotrusthisconscienceandtovalueMagwitch’sinnercharacter,hehasreplacedanexternalstandardofvaluewithaninternalone....wd.