(完整word版)英国文学复习填空题全

Chapter1TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod1TheearliestsettlersoftheBritishIslesweretheCelts,whooriginallylivedintheupperRhinelandandmigratedtotheBritishIslesabout600B.C.About400to300B.C.,theBrythons,abranchoftheCelts,cametotheBritishIslesandfromthemcamethenameBritain.ThecultureoftheCeltsbelongedtoanearlystageoftheironage.3From55B.C.to407A.D.,theBritishIsleswereundertheruleoftheRomanEmpire.AtthattimetheRomanEmpirewasaslavesociety.4ItruledoverEuropeandhadahighlevelofthecivilization.TheRomansdefeatedtheCeltsandbecamethemasteroftheBritishIsles.ItwasduringtheRomanoccupationthatLondonwasfounded.5ThefirstRomangeneralwhocametoBritishwasthefamousJuliusCaesarwhocrossedtheDoverStraitin55B.C.6Aboutthe450A.D.,waveoftheAnglos,SaxonsandJutesinvadedtheBritishIsles.TheysettledinEngland,anddrovetheCeltsintoWales,Scotland,andIreland.TheywereGermanictribes.7TheAnglo-SaxonsdefeatedtheCelts,althoughthelatterresistedbravely.TheybecamethenewmastersoftheBritishIslesandweretheancestorsofthepresentEnglishpeople.8Itwasaround500A.D.,inthestruggleagainstCerdic,thefounderofthekingdomofWessex,thattheCelticKingArthur,alegendaryfigure,issaidtohaveacquiredhisfame.9Inthesecondhalfofthe9thcenturyKingAlfredtheGreatofWessexledtheAnglo-Saxonkingstodefeattheinvadersbyunitingtheirforces.10Beginningfromlateofthe8thcentury,theDanes,ortheVikings,cametoinvadeEngland.11Intheearly11thcentury,allEnglandwasconqueredbytheDanesfor23years.ThentheDaneswereexpelled,butin1066,theNormanscamefromNormandyinnorthernFrancetoattackEnglandundertheleadershipoftheDukeofNormandy,whoclaimedtheEnglishthrone.12In597PopeGregorytheGreatsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheAnglo-Saxons.13RelatedwiththeNorthumbrainSchoolwasCaedmonwholivedinthe7thcenturyandwhoturnedthestoriesintheBibleintoverseform.14ThenallatonceCaedmonwouldsingandbecamethefirstAnglo-Saxonpoet.15AnotherwellknownfigureoftheNorthumbrainschoolwastheVenerableBede,amonkwhowroteinLatinandwhoseworktheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeopleearnedforhimthetitleoffather“ofEnglishhistory”.16ItwasBedewhotoldaboutthestoryofCaedmon.17ThesecondhighlightoftheAnglo-SaxonliteraturehappenedduringthereignoftheKingAlfred.18In871AlfredbecamekingofWessex.Hegatheredaroundhimagroupofscholars,foundedapalaceschoolanddemandedthathisofficialsshouldtrytoeducatethemselves.19AlfredwasresponsibleforthelaunchingofTheAnglo-SaxonChronicle.20Alfred’thirdscontributionisthathecreatedastyleofAnglo-Saxonprosewhichwasnotobscure.21Oftheearliestepicpoetry,themostimportantpoemnowpreservedisBeowulf.Itisprobablyexistedintheoralform.22Beowulfcontainsaltogether3,183linesandthestoryinitisbasedonpartlyhistoricalandpartlylegendarymaterials,broughtovertheAnglo-Saxonsfromtheiroriginalhomes.23LikeHomer’spoetry,Beowulfsingstheexcitingadventureofagreatlegendaryherowhose1physicalstrengthdemonstrateshishighspiritualqualities,i.e.,hisresolutiontoservehiscountryandkinsfolk,histruecourage,courteousconduct,andhisloveofhonor.24InreadingBeowulfwemustnoticethatthepoemisamixtureofthepaganismandChristianelements.25Inadditiontoalliteration,thescop”used“akindoffigurativelanguagecalledkenning”in“ordertoordinaryobjects.Chapter2TheNormanPeriod1AtthebattleofHastings,thelastSaxonkingHaroldwasdefeatedbyDukeWilliamofNormandy.2TheNormanConquestin1066acceleratedthedevelopmentoffeudalisminEngland.WilliamclaimedhimselfWilliamI,KingofEnglandandregardedhimselfasthesoleownerofthelandofallEngland.3Besidestheking,thechurchpossessedonethirdofthelandinthecountryandhadpoliticalpoweraswellasreligiousauthority.4ThechiefclassconflictofthetimeofNormanConquestwasthatbetweentheserfsandthepeasantsontheonehand,andtheirfeudallords,includingtheking,thebaronsandthechurchontheotherhand.5Alargescalepeasantuprisingbrokein1381.6ForthreecenturiesoftheNormanConquest,twolanguageswereusedsidebysideinEnglish.LatinandFrenchwerethelanguagesoftheupperclasses.However,thecommonpeopleclungtotheAnglo-Saxonwhichhadundergoneremarkablechanges.8ItistruethatbyfarthelargestproportionofsurvivingMiddleEnglishliteratureisreligious.ThechurchhadavirtualmonopolyofliteratureduringmuchoftheMiddleAges.9Untiltheendofthe14thcenturyChristianteachingwasprimarilyconcernedwiththeissueofpersonalsalvation,puttingtheemphasisonthemoralandspiritualresponsibilitiesoftheindividualratheronhisethnicalandsocialresponsibilities.Lookingtotheworldtocomewasregardedastheonlyanswertomen’strouble.10ThethreecenturiesaftertheNormanConquestsawthelargescaleintroductionofFrenchcultureandliterature.11RomancewasatypeofliteraturethatwaspopularintheMiddleAges.12Thegreatageofmedievalromancewasthe12thandearly13thcenturiesanditschiefbreedinggroundwasthearistocraticsocietyinFrance.Chapter3TheAgeofChaucer1TwoimportanthistoricaleventshappenedduringthecenturyinwhichChaucerlivedandtheirinfluencecanbedetectedinthewritingsofChaucerandlanguage.ThefirstwastheHundredYears’WarbetweenEnglandandFrance.Thesecondhistoricaleventswerethepeasantuprisingof1381.2DuringthereignofKingRichardIII,thefirstsevenEnglishkingswereinfactlivinginFrance.Theywereabsenteerulers.3Theresultofthehundredyears’warwasanawnaketioningalcofnsciousnessinEngland.4InthetimeofChaucer,theFrenchlanguagewasgraduallyreplacedbythenativetongue.5ThePeasantUprisingof1381wasthedirectresultofexploitationandoppressionofthepeasant2bythefeudallords.AclergymanbythenameJohnBallbecametheirspiritualleader,andtheirmilitaryleaderwasanoldsoldiernamedWatTyler.6JohnWycliffwasimportantbecausehewasoneofthefirstfigureswhodemandedtoreformthechurchinordertodoawaywiththecorruptionandrottenness.HewasalsoimportantbecausehewasthemanwhotranslatedtheBibleintoStandardEnglish.7WyclifffixedanationalstandardforEnglishprosetoreplacevarieddialects.Hisworkearnedhimthetitleof“fatherofEnglishprose.”GeoffreyChaucer(ca.1340-1400)TheworksofChaucerareroughlydividedintothreeperiods,correspondingtothethreeperiodsofhislife.1Thefirstperiodextendsfrom1360to1372,whenChaucerwroteundertheinfluenceofFrenchliterature.InthisperiodheimitatedFrenchpoetryandeventranslatedFrenchpoemshimself.2Thesecondperiodisfrom1372to1386whenhewroteundertheinfluenceoftheItalianliterature.3Thethirdperiodcoversthelastfifteenyearsofhislife.TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenintheyearsbetween1387and1400.Chapter4TheFifteenthCentury1TheHundredYears’Warcontinuedandin1415attheBattleofAgincourt,KingHenryVdefeatedtheFrencharmyandclaimedhimselftheheirtotheFrenchthrone.2TheWarofRoses,ortheThirtyYears’,wasWaraseriousofcivilwarsfoughtbetweentwogreatfamilies,bothofwhichclaimedtherighttotheEnglishthrone.TheHouseofLancasterusedaredroseasitsemblemandtheHouseofYorkidentifieditselfwithawhiterose.3HenryTudororHenryVIImarriedElizabethoftheHouseofYork,broughtcompromisebetweenthetwofamilies,andestablishedahighlyconsolidatedrule.4In1492,aGenoesemariner,ChristopherColumbuswhobelievedthathecouldreachIndiabysailingwest,landedinAmerica.5In1497,VascodaGama,aPortuguesemariner,sailedroundthetipofAfricaandreachedIndiainthefollowingyear.6Duringhisreign,HenryVIIItookdecisivemeasurestobreakawayfromtheChurchofRome.In1534hepassedthroughParliamenttheActofSupremacywhichregardedhimasthesupremeheadonearth.ThechurchHenryVIIIfoundedistheAnglicanChurch.7Inaballad,theballadmeterisused.Itisthecommonformfortheballads.Itcontainsfour-linestanzas.Theoddnumberedlineshavefourfeeteachandtheevennumberedlineshavethreefeeteach.8SirThomasMalory,theauthorofTheDeathofArthurmadegreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofEnglishprose.LittleknownisaboutthelifeofMalory,exceptthefactthathewasaknight.9Bythe14thcenturytheliturgyhaddevelopedintomysteryplaysandmiracleplays.Therearenosharpdistinctionsbetweenthesetwokindsofplays,thoughtheformerarechieflybasedonstoriesfromtheBible,andthelatteronthelivesofChristiansaints.10Inthe14thcenturyliturgythevernacularhadtakentheplaceofLatinandlaymentheplaceofclergymen.Theguildsactivelytookpartintheperformancesandeachofthemplayedtherole3thatwasrelatedwithitsprofession.Forexample,thepartofNoahbuildingthearkwasplayedbytheguildofshipbuildersorcarpenters.Chapter5TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642)1Afterlongyearsofforeignanddomesticwars,EnglandenjoyedaperiodofpeaceandprosperityduringthereignofQueenElizabeth.2ByadoptingapolicyoftolerancetheQueenElizabethsuccessfullymaintainedabalanceofpowerbetweenthefeudallordsandtherisingburghersandwellasbetweentheProtestantsandtheCatholics.3AnotherhistoricaleventthatgreatlystrengthenedthepowerofthemonarchandacceleratedtheawakeningofnationalconsciousnesswasthedefeatoftheSpanishArmadabytheEnglishnavyin1588.4RenaissanceisaFrenchwordwhichmeansrebirth”“inEnglish.5Inthe15thand16thcenturies,scholarsinthewesternEuropeancountrieshadakeeninterestintheGreekandLatinculture.ThatistheartandscienceofancientGreeceandRomewerebeingbornagainafterlongyearsofneglect.6WiththespreadingoftheGreekandRomanculturethereappearedanumberofhumanistscholarswhotookgreatinterestinthewelfareofhumanbeings.7Thehumanistsbelieveditwasagainsthumannaturetosacrificethehappinessofthislifeforanafterlife.Theyarguedthatmanshouldbegivenfullfreedomtoenrichtheirintellectualandemotionallife.8Inreligionthehumanistsdemandedthereformationofthechurch.9Inartandliterature,insteadofsingingpraisetoGod,thehumanistssanginpraiseofmanandofthepursuitofhappinessinthislife.EdmundSpenser(1552?-1599)1EdmundSpenser’smajorachievement,TheFaerieQueene,isanunfinishedallegoricalromance.2InTheFaerieQueene,Spensermakesadistinctionbetween“ethical”virtuesand“political”virtues.3Spenserregardsthepoetasaninspiredteacher,whoteachesthroughpleasure.TheFlourishingofDrama1Inthelastthirtyyearsofthe16thcenturytherewasaflourishingofdramawhichEnglandhadneverseenbefore,noranythinglikeitsince.2AroundtheCityofLondonanumberoftheatressprangup,astheCitydidnotallowtheatrestobebuiltinitforfearofplagues.ThefirsttheatrewasTheTheatre“”,whichwasopentothepublicin15763ItwassaidthatShakespearefoundworktotakecareofthehorsesofthetheatre-goerstoThe“Theatre”whenhefirstcametoLondon.4AnumberofstudentswerepredecessorstoShakespeareandwerelatercalledtheUniversityWits.AmongthemwereRobertGreene,ThomasKyd,andChristopherMarlowe.5ThemostprominentoftheUniversityWitswasnodoubtChristopherMarlowe.6TheTragicHistoryofDoctorFaustus,adaptedfromapopularoldGermanlegend,isasortofcompaniontoTamburlaineinreflectingtheRenaissancedesireforinfiniteknowledge.4WilliamShakespeare1ShakespearewasborninStratford-on-Avon,asmalltowntothenorthwestofLondon.Hisfatherwasaburger,awell-to-doglovemakerandlaterbecameanaldermanofthetown.Shakespearemayhaveattendedthegrammarschoolofthetownwherehemayhavelearned“littleLatinandlessGreek”.2AbonddatedNov.26,1582,affordsclearevidencethatShakespearemarriedwithAnnaHathawayofStratford.3Shakespeare,besideshis2longpoemsandhis37plays,alsowrote154sonnets.4AsonnetwasfirstwrittenbytheItalianpoetPetrarch.5SonnetwasintroducedtoEnglandbypoetsThomasWyattandtheEarlofSurrey.TheMerchantofVenice1Thestoryoftheplayisacombinationoftwostories:OneaboutthemarriageofPortiawiththethreecasksscene,andtheotherabouttheJewishusurerShylock.Chapter6TheSeventeenthCenturyHistoricalbackground1WhenCharlesIcametothethronein1625,relationsbetweenthemonarchandpariliament，theburgherswantedfreetradebutthekingcontrolledtradeandcommerceandimposedheavytaxesonthemerchants.2CharlesIsoldspecialprivilegestovariousindividualstomanufactureorsellparticularcommoditiessuchascoal,salt,etc..3AnothercauseofthebourgeoisrevolutionwasthepersecutionofthePuritans.4ThePuritanswereopposedtoCharlesIwhoheldthatthekingwasnotonlytheheadofthestatebutalsotheheadofthechurch.TheywantedtodoawaywiththeelaborateceremoniesoftheAnglicanChurch.Theydemandedasimplereligiousbelief,asimplemannerofworship,andasimplemannerofchurchorganization.5ThePuritansarguedthattheBibleencouragedtradeandindividualfreedom.Infact,Puritanismrepresentedtheinterestofthebourgeoisie.6In1641,thebourgeoisieandanumberofaristocratsdrawuptheGrandRemonstrancebywhichtheybitterlyaccusedthekingoftyrannicalruleanddemandedtherightsoffreetradeandcommerce.7AfteryearsofcivilwartheparliamentaryarmyledbyOliverCromwelldefeatedtheroyalarmy.CharlesIwasbeheadedin1649andEnglandbecameacommonwealth.8In1653,CromwellbecametheLordProtector,assumingtherolemoreorlesamilitarydictator.9AfterthedeathofCromwell,thebourgeoisie,findingtheLevellersandpeasantswerethreateningtheirpower,calledanewParliamentin1660andinvitedthesonofCharlesItobethekingofEngland.10In1685JamesIIsucceededhisbrotherasKingofEngland.Buttheexpansionoftheking’spowerandthefearthathewouldturnthecountrytowardsCatholicismmadethebourgeoisiestageacoupe’tat,drivingJamesIIoutofEnglandandputtingonthethroneWilliamofOrange.11In1688WilliamsignedTheBillofRightpresentedtohimbyParliament,whichgreatlyrestrictedthepoweroftheEnglishkingandhenceforthEnglandhasbecomeacountryof5constitutionalmonarchy.12TheBibleconsistsoftwogreatparts,onetheOldTestament,theothertheNewTestament.ThewordTestamentmeansthecovenantbetweenGodandtheHebrews.13TheOldTestament,originallywritteninHebrew,isaboutthecreationoftheuniverse,theoriginoftheJewishpeople,itshistory,religions,lawsandpoetry.14TheNewTestament,originallywritteninGreek,isaboutthelife,teachingsanddeedsofJesusChrist.15TheearliestEnglishtranslationoftheBibledatebacktoCaedmon,Bede,andKingAlfred.ThenthereweretranslationsdonebyWycliff,WilliamTyndale,andMilesCoverdale.16TheKingJamesBiblewascompletedin1611after7years’arduousworkof47ofthebestscholarsinthekingdom.17ThoughBaconwasShakespeare’scontemporary,heisgenerallyregardedasthechieffigureinEnglishproseinthefirsthalfofthe17thcenturyandhisessaysbeganthelongtraditionofEnglishessayinhistoryofEnglishliterature.18BaconwasborninLondon.HisfatherwasLordKeeperoftheSealduringQueenElizabeth’sreign.19AsaphilosopherBaconispraisedbyMarxastheprogenitor“ofEnglishmaterialism”becausehestressedtheimportanceofexperience,orexperiment,whichisindirectoppositiontothesuperstitionandscholasticismoftheMiddleAges.2.MetaphysicalPoetsandCavalierPoets1DuringthereignofCharlesIthereweretwoschoolsofpoets.Thepoetsofoneschoolwereknownasmetaphysicalpoetsandthoseoftheotherschoolwereknownascavaliers.2Themainthemesofthemetaphysicalpoetsarelove,death,andreligion.3TheCavalierswerelyricalpoets,anddealtchieflywiththethemeofloveandthethemeof“carpediem”.JohnDonne(1572-1631)1ThelifeofJohnDonnecanbedividedintotwostages.InthefirststagehewasDonnethecourtier,thelover,andthesoldier.InthesecondstagehewasDr.JohnDonne,DeanofSt.Paul’sCathedral.2SongsandSonnets,acollectionofhis55lovelyrics,waspublishedafterDonne’sdeathin1633.3Donne’slovelyricsmaybeclassifiedintotwogroups.Thepoemsofonegrouptakeanegativeattitudetowardslove,andtheothertakesapositiveattitude.BenJonson(1572-1637)BenJonsonwaschieflyknownasadramatist,famousforhisComediesofHumours,inwhicheachcharacterrepresentsaparticularhumor.Asapoet,hewastherepresentativeoftheCavaliers.RobertHerrick(1591-1674)RobertHerrickwasafollowerofBenJonson.HischiefworkisHesperides,acollectionof1,200poems.Hismotifiscarpediem.GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)6GeorgeHerbertreceivedhiseducationatCambridgeandbecameaclergymanin1630.HisverseiscollectedinTheTemple,publishedin1633,soonafterhisdeath.TheuseofquaintandingeniousimageryinhisverseshowstheinfluenceofJohnDonne.JohnMilton(1608-1674)1AsCromwellwasthemanofaction,themilitaryleaderoftherevolution.JohnMiltonwasthemanofthought,andwithhispenhedefendedtherevolutionarycause.2ThePuritansandtherevolutionistsneededpeoplelikeMiltontoengagepublicopinionfortheircause.3AsaPuritan,Miltonwasopposedtochurchgovernmentbybishops,andwroteseveralpamphletsadvocatingtheabolitionofepiscopacy.4MiltonwroteapamphletcalledTheTenureofKingsandMagistratesinwhichhearguedthatinordertodefendtheirdivinerightandprotectthemselvesthepeoplecouldbringtheirgovernorstoaccountandevenexecuteamonarchwhohadbecomeatyrant.5From1652untilhisdeathMiltonworkedintotaldarkness.6IntheperiodoftheRestorationmanyofMilton’sformerclosestcomrades-in-armswereeitherexiledorputtodeath.7In1665,MiltonfinishedParadiseLostwhichgaveventtohisindignationagainstCharlesII.ThestoryoftheepicisbasedonGenesis.ThecentralthemeofthepoemdealswiththeChristianstoryofthefall“ofman”.ItisespeciallysointhecaseofSatan.8ThroughthelovebetweenAdamandEveMiltonexpressesthehumanistpursuitforhappiness,thatis,thespiritofRenaissance.9TherebelliousspeechbySatanwasanoutpouringofthepoetdfor’sthepersonalrestoredhatremonarchatthetime.10Theblankverse,i.e.,theunrhymedlinesofiambicpentameterisfrequentlyusedbyMilton.11ThisrichnessofpoeticalstylehasfrequentlybeencalledMiltonicstyle”.Milton“’sstyleisalsocommonlysaidtobeLatinate.Heisveryfondofusinginversion.13AnothercharacteristicofMilton’sstyleistheuseofallusionstootherworks.JohnBunyan(1628-1688)1AsMiltonwasthechiefPuritanpoet,soBunyanwasthechiefPuritanwriterofprose.2BunyanmighthavewrittenhisworkThePilgrimsProgress’inprisonalthoughitwaspublishedin1678afterhisrelease.3ThePilgrimsProgress’bookopenswiththeauthor’sdreaminwhichheseesamanbook“withainhishand,andagreatburdenuponhisback”.ThemanisChristianthePilgrim,thebookistheBible,andtheburdenonhisbackistheweightofworldlycaresandconcerns.4ThePilgrimsProgress’givesarealpictureofhowlifewasduringthe17thcentury.ItisafaithfulpanoramicreflectionofBunyan’sage.5ThePilgrimsProgress’isespeciallywellknownisthedescriptionoftheVanityFair.6Bunyanisknownforhissimpleandlivelyprosestyle.Everydayidiomaticexpressionsandbiblicallanguageenablehistonarratehisstoryandrevealhisideasdirectlyandinstraightforwardway.JohnDryden(1631-1700)71JohnDrydenwasoneoftheleadingwritersintheRestorationperiod.Hewasanenthusiasticsupporteroftherevolution,andwroteanelegyonthedeathofCromwell,in1659.2Drydenshiftedhisreligiousandpoliticalstandsfromtimetotime.DuringtheRestorationhewrotepoemsinpraiseoftheRestorationandKingCharlesII,andwasmadepoetlaureatein1668.3Drydenwasaprolificwriter.Asapoethewasknownforhisversesatires,whicharewritteninheroiccouplets,aversefromwidelyadoptedbythepoetsofthe18thcentury.Asaplaywrightheturnedoutalmostaplayayearfrom1663to1681,cateringtotheinterestsoftheaudienceduringtheRestoration.HismostoutstandingcontributiontoEnglishliteratureishisliterarycriticism.Chapter7TheEighteenthCenturyHistoricalbackground1Theconstitutionalmonarchysetupbyparliamentin1688wasacompromisebetweenthebourgeoisieandthearistocrats.2AftertheGloriousRevolution,themonarchwasdeprivedofrulingpowerandinhisplaceParliamentbecausetheactualleaderofthecountry.3TheToryandtheWhig,thoughrepresentingtheinterestsofdifferentclasses,bothsupportscommerceandthepolicyoftolerance.Henceforth,thetwopartiesviedwitheachotherforseatsintheHouseofCommons,andforfortyyearstheWhigwastherulingparty,passingmanyactsintheinterestsofthemoniedclass.4DuringthereignofQueenAnne,GeorgeI,GeorgeII,GeorgeIII,EnglandfoughtmanywarswithFrance,i.e.,theWarofSpanishSuccessioninwhichEnglandfoughtwithFranceoverthesuccessionoftheSpanishcrown;theWarofAustrianSuccession;andtheSevenYears’WarwithFrance.InthesewarsthenavyofEnglandgrewinstrengthandbytheendofthe18thcenturyEnglandhadbecometheleadingnavalpowerinEurope.5Inthepreviousageauthorshadtodependonthepatrons,i.e.,feudallords,fortheirsupporteitherfinanciallyorpolitically.Fromnowonwritingbecameanindependentjob,andmanywritersbecamehackwriters,orGrub“Streetwriters”whotookwritingasaprofession.Thus,SwiftatfirstwasaWhig,andlaterbecameaTory,andDefoeservedwhateverpartythatwasinpower.6Inthe18thcenturynewspapersandjournalsflourishedandwiththemprosebecameforatimethepredominantgenreofthewriting.7Themenwhofrequentedcoffeehousesformedaninfluentialelementamongthereadingpublicandhelpedtodeterminethetoneofliterature,thecritical