Suffixes讲义

1.NounSuffixes(1)DenominalNouns由名词转化的名词Concrete:thesuffixesofthisgroupareaddedtonounbasestoproduceconcretenouns.1)-eermeaning‘skilledin,engagedin’e.g.engineer,profiteer,mountaineer…2)-ermeaning‘asdominantcharacteristic,denizenof’e.g.teenager,Londoner,glover,northwester(西北大风)…3)-essmeaning‘female’4)-ettemeaning‘compact’e.g.kitchenette,dinette,cigarette…-ettealsomeaning‘imitationandfemale’e.g.leatherette,flannelette(棉织法兰绒),usherette…5)-letmeaning‘small,unimportant’e.g.droplet,booklet,starlet…6)-stermeaning‘involvedin’e.g.trickster,gangster,songster…Abstract:thesuffixesofthisgroupareaddedtonounbasestoformabstractnouns.1)-agemeaning‘measureof,processorstate’e.g.storage,mileage,footage,coverage…2)-dommeaning‘state,condition’e.g.officialdom(官场,官僚作风),kingdom,stardom(名演员的身份,明星界)…3)-ery,-rymeaning‘conditionorbehaviorassociatedwith’e.g.slavery,devilry,savagery…-ery,-ryalsomeaning‘place’e.g.bakery,winery…4)-fulmeaning‘amountcontainedin’e.g.armful,houseful,mouthful…5)-hoodmeaning‘state,condition’e.g.adulthood,daughterhood,spinsterhood(独身,未婚),widowerhood(鳏居,丧妻)…6)-ingmeaning‘thematerialof’e.g.tubing(管类,管子;管形材料),matting,carpeting…-ingalsomeaning‘activityconnectedwith’e.g.farming,golfing…7)-ismmeaning‘doctrineof,practiceof’e.g.terrorism,sexism,consumerism…8)-shipmeaning‘occupation,position’e.g.governorship(州长或总督等的职位或任期),authorship…-shipalsomeaning‘skillandability’e.g.craftsmanship,sportsmanship…-shipalsomeaning‘relation’e.g.acquaintanceship,friendship,partnership…(2)DeverbalNouns由动词转化的名词1Thefollowingsuffixescombinewithverbbasestoyieldlargelyagentialnouns.1)-antmeaning‘occupationsandparticipation’e.g.assistant,contestant,applicant…-antmeaning‘anobjectorsubstance’e.g.coolant,pollutant…2)-eemeaning‘receiveroftheaction’e.g.addressee,employee,trainee…3)-entmeaning‘apersonorathing’e.g.respondent,correspondent,descendent…4)-er,-ormeaning‘doeroftheaction’e.g.commander,photographer,…ornon-personse.g.cooker,mixer,recorder…elevator,escalator…Suffixesofthenextgroupaddedtoverbbasestoproducelargelyabstractnouns,denotingaction,result,process,state,etc.1)-agemeaning‘actionof,instanceof’e.g.marriage,linkage,carriage…2)-almeaning‘theprocessorstateof’e.g.dismissal,survival,portrayal…3)-ancemeaning‘action,process,state’e.g.performance,insurance,attendance…4)-ation,-ition,-tion,-sion,-ionmeaning‘processorstateof’or‘productof,institutionproducedby’e.g.imagination,addition,protection,commission,operation…5)-encemeaning‘action,process,state’e.g.adherence,persistence,existence…6)-ingmeaning‘actionof’e.g.wedding,opening,savings,earnings…7)-mentmeaning‘resultof’e.g.assessment,puzzlement,resentment…(3)De-adjectiveNouns由形容词转化的名词1)-itymeaning‘stateorcondition’e.g.productivity,intensity,superiority…-antproductivewithadjectivesendingin–able,-al,-ar…e.g.respectability,morality,popularity…2)-nessmeaning‘stateorquality’e.g.youthfulness,up-to-dateness…(4)NounandAdjectiveSuffixes由形容词转化的名词1)-esemeaning‘memberof,languageof’e.g.Chinese,Lebanese…2-esealsomeaning‘styleof’e.g.journalese(新闻文体),officialese(公文用语)…2)-an,-ianmeaning‘citizenandlanguageof’e.g.Australian,Cambodian…-esealsomeaning‘adherentto,relatingto’e.g.Darwinian(达尔文的),shakespearian(莎士比亚(风格)的)…3)-istmeaning‘adherenttobeliefsandbehavior’e.g.racist,socialist,loyalist…-istalsomeaning‘occupationsorstudy’e.g.artist,psychiatrist(精神病医师,精神病学家),environmentalist…4)-itemeaning‘adherentto,memberof’e.g.Thatcherite(撒切尔夫人的支持者),Chomskyite,…2.AdjectiveSuffixes(1)DenominalSuffixes附加于名词的后缀1)-edaddedtothosenoun(adj.)+nouncompoundse.g.pear-shaped,blue-eyed,giant-sized…2)-fulmeaning‘fullof,providing’e.g.merciful,graceful,tactful…3)-ishmeaning‘somewhatlike,approximately’e.g.monkeyish,snobbish,nightmarish…-ishalsoreferringto‘languageornationality’e.g.Polish,Jewish…-ishalsoveryproductivewithadjectivebasesinthesenseof‘somewhat’e.g.wettish,thinnish,plumpish…4)-lessmeaning‘without’e.g.nameless,brainless,humourless…-lessalsomeaning‘unmeasurable’e.g.priceless,timeless…5)-likemeaning‘like’e.g.animal-like,lady-like(风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的),dreamlike…6)-lymeaning‘havingthequalityof’e.g.soldierly,friendly,cowardly…-lyalsomeaning‘frequency’e.g.hourly,fortnightly…7)-ymeaning‘somewhatlike,characterizedby’e.g.flowery,smoky,bloody…-yalsoproductivewithnamestoshowaffectionorfamiliaritye.g.doggy,birdy…-like&-ishThelatterisrelativelypejorativeandlessliterallyclosetothemeaningofthebase,forexamplemanly,manlike,mannish………38)-al,-ial,-icalmeaning‘relatingto’e.g.residential,sentimental,philosophical…9)-esquemeaning‘havingthepropertiesof’,productivewithnamesoffamouswriter,composersorpainters.e.g.Beethovenesque,Chaplinesque…10)-icmeaning‘resembling,involving,connectedwith’e.g.patriotic,poetic,bureaucratic(官僚的，官僚政治的)…-icalsoproductivewithnounsendingin–iste.g.pessimistic,traditionalistic…11)-ous,-eous,-ious,-uousmeaning‘havingaparticularquality’e.g.sensuous(感觉上的,给人美感的),courageous,marvelous,anxious…(2)DeverbalSuffixes附加于动词的后缀1)-able,ibleshowing‘possibility’e.g.washable,admirable,identifiable…2)-ative,-tive,-sivee.g.talkative,affirmative,active,decisive…3.AdverbSuffixes1)-lymeaning’in…manner,toa…degree’e.g.gradually,seriously,publicly…2)-ward,-wardsshowing‘direction’e.g.eastwards,homewards,downward,skyward…3)-wisemeaning‘in…manner’e.g.clockwise(顺时针方向的),crabwise(横斜地,小心地)…-wisealsomeaning‘asfaras…isconcerned’e.g.moneywise,education-wise…4.VerbSuffixes1)-atemeaning‘giveormakeorbecome’e.g.originate,validate(使有效,使生效),hyphenate…2)-enmeaning‘makeorbecome’withnounsoradjectives.e.g.strengthen,heighten,dampen…3)-ify,-fymeaning‘make,endowwith’e.g.solidify,glorify,amplify…4)-ize,-isemeaning‘involvingorrelatedto’productivewithnounsandadjectives.e.g.symbolize,visualize…;-iseconfinedtoBritishuse.4