新视角研究生英语读说写2课后答案

—PAGEPAGE3欢迎下载新视角争辩生读说写2课后答案UnitoneVocabularyA1.triggered2.economically3.minimum4.commitment5.relieved6.shrinking7.enrollments8.scarcely9.sequence10.strideB1-5ADBCB6-10ACACDCloze1.requires2.dimensional3.thoughtfully4.lines5.next6.summarize7.own8.notes9.out10.refuse11.front12.content13.act14.value15.accent16.distracting17.effort18.advantage19.forth20.conclusionsTranslation[A]1.那位教授很可能在他唯一的同学缺席的状况下对着空空的教室讲了一课。Theprofessormightprobablyhavedeliveredhislecturetotheemptyclassroomintheabsenceofhissolitarystudent.2.现行的教育体制遭到了公众的批判，公众已经开头意识到这种体制给同学带来的危害。Thepresenteducationalsystemhasbeenunderattackfromthepublic,whohavebeguntorealizetheharmthesystemhasdonetostudents.3.老师告知这些大四同学他每次都会点名，由于这门课是必需要听的。Theprofessortoldthoseseniorsthathewouldtakeattendanceeverytimebecauseattendanceatthiscoursewascompulsory.4.我真想参与你的乔迁聚会。但是很愧疚我无法去,由于我有一大堆事情要做。I’dlovetogotoyourhousewarmingparty,butI’msorryIcan’tmakeitbecauseI’vegotastackofthingstodo.5.中学辍学的年青人可以上夜校或通过电大和函授课程恢复他们的学业。Youthswhodroppedoutofmiddleschoolcanresumetheirstudiesatnightschoolorthroughtelevisionandcorrespondencecourses.6.她不宠爱那位有名作家的讲座，但她为了在讲座后得到他的签名还是耐着性子听完了。Shedidn’tlikethefamouswriter’slecture,butshestuckitouttogetthewriter’sautographafterthelecture.7.我对讲座制所体现的冷漠无情格外绝望，但是最终我还是无奈接受了它，并急躁等待成为大三的同学。Iwasdisappointedattheimpersonalityofthelecturesystem,buteventuallyIgrewresignedtothesystemandwaitedpatientlytobecomeajunior.8.我们不得不承认讲座体制会把老师和同学天真的问题隔绝开来，而这些问题很可能会引起同学很多有用的想法。Wehavetoadmitthatthelecturesysteminsulatesateacherfromstudents’naivequestions,whichcouldhavetriggeredalineofusefulthought.9.我不同意那些评论家的意见。你得出的结论绝不是没有价值的。对我而言，这些结论很有道理。Idon’tagreewiththosecritics’opinions.Yourconclusionsarefarfromworthless;theymakeagooddealofsensetome.10.为了同学本身的原因，应当在第一节课就告知他们这门课的目的，内容以及要通过这门课的要求。Forthesakeofthestudents,theyshouldbetoldonthefirstclassabouttheobjectiveandcontentofthecourseandtherequirementstopassthecourse.[B]Oneproblemwithlecturesisthatlisteningintelligentlyishardwork.Readingthesamematerialinatextbookisamoreefficientwaytolearnbecausestudentscanproceedasslowlyastheyneedtountilthesubjectmatterbecomescleartothem.Evensimplypayingattentionisverydifficult;peoplecanlistenatarateoffourhundredtosixhundredwordsaminute,whilethemostimpassionedprofessortalksatscarcelyathirdofthatspeed.Thistimelagbetweenspeechandcomprehensionleadstodaydreaming.Manystudentsbelieveyearsofwatchingtelevisionhavesabotagedtheirattentionspan,buttheirrealproblemisthatlisteningattentivelyismuchharderthantheythink.(Para.9)听讲课存在的一个问题是：会听是很难的事。阅读课本中的相同内容是更有效的学习方法，由于同学可以依据其需要渐渐阅读直到他们理解这些内容。有时甚至仅仅做到认真听讲都很难。人们可以以每分钟400-600个字的速度听，而最富有激情的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的1/3。讲话和理解之间的时间差导致开小差。很多同学认为多年来看电视已经减弱了他们保持留意力的力量。但是他们真正的问题是认真听课比他们认为的要难得多。Lectureswillneverentirelydisappearfromtheuniversityscenebothbecausetheyseemtobeeconomicallynecessaryandbecausetheyspringfromalongtraditioninasettingthatvaluestraditionforitsownsake.Butthelecturestoofrequentlycomeatthewrongendofthestudents’educationalcareers—duringthefirsttwoyears,whentheymostneedclose,evenindividual,instruction.Iflectureclasseswererestrictedtojuniorsandseniors,whoarelessinneedofscholarlynurturingandmoreabletoprepareworkontheirown,theywouldbefarlessdestructiveofstudents’interestsandenthusiasmsthanthepresentsystem.Afterall,studentsmustlearntolistenbeforetheycanlistentolearn.(Para.15)讲课这一方式不会完全从高校消逝。一是由于讲课好像从经济上是必需的，二是讲课起源于悠久的传统，而且人们又把传统本身看得很重。但是，讲课通常消灭在同学接受教育生涯的错误的那一端——在高校的第一和其次年，那时他们最需要亲密的、甚至是针对个体需要的指导。假如讲课这一形式局限于三、四班级的同学，则对同学的爱好和热忱的破坏力会比目前的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 小得多，由于三、四班级的同学不太需要学科上的指导与挂念，而且更有力量自己制定学习 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 。到底，同学在能够从听讲课中学到学问之前必需先要学会去听。UnittwoVocabularyA1.studded2.mischief3.evoked4.tyranny5.humdrum6.prelude7.frugal8.frail9.treacherous10.foraysB1-5BCCAD6-10ACBADCloze1.boarders2.build3.extended4.right5.regular6.familiar7.by8.homely9.mobile10.maintaining11.keep12.even13.well14.touch15.closer16.fewer17.sense18.step19.waiting20.imaginationTranslation[A]1.这一地区的每一角落都将在5年内得到供电,这是电力部长2年前许下的诺言。Everynookandcorneroftheregionwouldbeprovidedwithelectricityinfiveyears.Thiswasthepledgethattheministerofelectricityhadtakentwoyearsago.2.由于要在不同地区做实地考察工作,他去年一年搬了4次家，虽然他每次都搬得很不情愿。Inordertodofieldworkatdifferentplaces,hemovedfourtimeslastyear,thougheachtimehediditwithanillgrace.3.在离开这个杂乱无序、毒品充斥的小镇前，他把自己全部值钱的家产都放到一起并按肯定的秩序存放了起来。Beforeleavingthisdisordered,drug-riddensmalltown,hegatheredtogetherinoneplaceallhisvaluablepossessionsandintroducedsomesemblanceoforderamongthem.4.她小时候家境贫寒，没有几件对她来说有意义的东西,所以她拥有过的每一个玩具都能勾起她串串回忆。Herfamilywaspoorwhenshewasachild.Thethingsthatmatteredagreatdealtoherwereveryfew.Therefore,everytoyshehadplayedwithcouldevokearushofmemories.5.整整一个小时，警察们在拥挤的楼群里困难地行进，查找一位射杀了5人的在逃持枪者。Foranhour,policementhreadedtheirwaythroughthecrowdedbuildings,lookingforanelusivegunmanwhohadshotfivepeople.6.对很多人来说，旅行或离家外出一段时日是应对日常单调乏味生活的一个有效手段。Formanypeople,travelingorstayingawayfromhomeforsometimeisaneffectiveantidotetothehumdrumactivitiesofeverydaylife.7.当今妇女比以前享有更加自由、独立的地位，因此她们越来越不情愿屈从于丈夫的专横暴虐。Womentodayenjoyafreer,moreindependentpositionthaneverbefore,andareaccordinglylessandlesswillingtosubmittothetyrannyoftheirhusbands.8.心绞痛经常是心脏病的前兆，需要特殊治疗，主要是药物治疗。Anginapectorisisoftenapreludetoaheartattackandrequiresspecialtreatment,primarilywithdrugs.9.我们打算挖空这些大圆木，以便更多的人能坐在里面并乘坐他们顺河而下。Wedecidetohollowoutthegreatlogssothatmoremencouldsitinsidethemandrideinthemdowntheriver.10.这场大火把宫殿里全部东西都毁掉了。没有一件华丽的镶嵌着金银的家具幸存下来。Thefiredestroyedeverythinginthepalace.Nothingofthemagnificentfurniture,studdedwithgoldandsilver,hassurvived.[B]Mostofusassociateverystronglywiththeplaceofourbirthortheplacewehavelearnedtocallhome.Itcanhurtverymuchnottobeabletogotherephysicallyinordertofeelsecure.我们大多数人都把自己同自己的诞生地或我们称之为家的地方紧密相联。不能回家以获得平安感是令人苦痛的。Otherstudentsareveryexcitedinthebeginningonlytofind,afterseveralweeks,thattheyarestartingtomisswhatwasfamiliarandwishforavisitwithfriendsandfamily.别的同学一开头很兴奋，几周后却发觉自己开头惦念所熟知的事物，并期望见到伴侣和家人。Homesicknesscanstrikeanyofuswhenwehavemovedtonewsurroundingsandarebeingcalledupontomeetourneedsinadifferentwayandwithdifferentpeople.当我们搬迁到新的环境，需要以不同方式与不同的人交往以满足自己的需要的时候,我们每个人都会有想家的感觉Sometimesitcanbecomeamoreseriousdepressionifthepersoncannotbegintomeethis/herneedsforloveandbelongingwithnewpeople.有时,假如这个人开头对爱的需要不能得到满足，想融入新群体的愿望又不能实现,那么想家就可能会导致更严峻的愁闷症。Often,homesicknessisanotherwayofsayingwearescaredtofacethefuture,orthatwe’redoubtingourabilitytocope.通常,想家是另一种表明我们可怕面对将来或怀疑自己应对力量的方式。UnitthreeVocabularyA1.prime2.components3.derived4.biodiversity5.monoculture6.uncounted7.multiplied8.captivity9.legislation10.conservationB1-5ACDBD6-10ACBBDCloze1.contain2.isolation3.different4.only5.major6.urban7.natural8.native9.extensively10.dramatic11.extinction12.contributed13.numerous14.developing15.important16.storing17.maintains18.view19.survive20.claimTranslation[A]1.由生物多样性的丢失而引起的对人类和地球的威逼和由气候变化所带来的危急一样大。Thethreattohumanityandtheplanetposedbybiodiversitylossisasgreatasthedangerspresentedbyclimatechange.2.收到年轻读者表达他们对被囚动物的关怀的信，并询问他们能挂念做什么，我们总是很兴奋。Wearealwayshappytohearfromyoungreadersexpressingconcernforanimalsincaptivityandaskingwhattheycandotohelp.3.这两个最盛行的理论都认为恐龙之所以灭亡是由于地球大气和温度的变化而造成的。Thetwomostpopulartheoriesbothsaythatdinosaursdiedoutbecauseofchangesintheearth’satmosphereandtemperature.4.这场森林大火最终被消防队所把握住了，花费将近50万美元。Theforestfirewasfinallybroughtundercontrolbythefire-fightingcrewsatacostofnearlyhalfamilliondollars.5.植物根茎能够固定土壤，使之不会被雨水冲蚀。Plantrootscanholdthesoilinpositionandpreventitfrombeingwashedawaybytherainwater.6.健康的生态系统以能源、养分物质、有机物质和水的可持续更替为特点。Healthyecosystemsarecharacterizedbysustainableturnoversofenergy,nutrients,organicmatterandwater.7.在世界野生动物基金会一份新的 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 中，科学家警告说全球变暖可能在今后20年中灭亡北极熊。InanewreportbytheWWF,scientistshavewarnedthatglobalwarmingcouldkilloffpolarbearswithinthenext20years.8.犁过的地对流水没有防范力量，因而贵重的表土经常在大雨和洪水中被冲走。Plowedfieldsdon’thaveanyprotectionagainstrunningwater,andoftenthevaluabletopsoiliscarriedawayduringheavyrainsorfloods.9.这个花园比前两天要安静多了，但四周还是有很多各式各样的鸟。Thegardenwasconsiderablyquieterthanithadbeentheprevioustwodays,buttherewerestillagoodvarietyofbirdsaround.10.尽管有不同的估计，但总体上人们认为用于制作现代药品的活性成分有大约30%到40%是从植物中提取的，或同植物有关。Whileestimatesdiffer,itisgenerallybelievedthataround30%–40%oftheactiveingredientsusedinmodernmedicinesarederivedfrom,orrelatedto,plants.[B]Oneofthesereasonsisthateachlife-formoccupiesaspecialplacewithinitsecosystem—thatis,itscommunityofplantandanimallife,incombinationwiththenonlivingcomponentsofitsenvironmentsuchastheclimate,soil,water,andair.Forinstance,withinaforestthelargertreesdropofflittletwigsanddebris,makingalayerthatholdswaterinthesoilforotherplantstouse.Therootsholdthesoilandpreventitfromwashingawayinrainstorms.Whetherlivingordead,thetreeprovidesshelterforanimalsandbirdsandfoodforinsects.Asthedeadtreerotsaway,itenrichesthesoiloftheforestfloor,enablingotherplantstospringupinitsplace.Suchlargetreesareanexampleofwhatwecallkeystonespecies;iftheydisappearedfromtheirecosystem,theconsequenceswouldbefeltthroughoutthecommunityofotherspecieslivingintheforest.“Thelossofakeystonespeciesislikeadrillaccidentallystrikingapowerline,”saysbiologistEdwardWilsonofHarvardUniversity.“Itcauseslightstogooutallover.”Duringthecurrentsixthgreatextinction,threespeciesoflife-formsaredyingouteveryhour,or74perday,whichequals27,000eachyear.Someofthese—andwedon’tevenknowwhichones—areundoubtedlykeystonespecies.(Para.8)理由之一是,每个物种在它所处的由全部动植物和无生命的气候、土壤、水和空气等组成的生态系统中都占有一个特殊的地位。例如,在森林中，较高的树掉下的残枝在土壤中形成一个水份保持层，供其它植物利用。它们的根可以固定土壤，防止土壤被暴雨冲走。无论是活树还是枯树都可以为动物和鸟供应栖息地，为昆虫供应食物。枯树腐烂以后还可以肥沃森林的土壤，得以使其它植物从原处拔地而出。这样的大树就是我们所说的主要物种;假如它们从生态系统中消逝,其后果会遍及全部居住在森林的其它物种。哈佛高校的生物学家爱德华·威尔逊说：“一个主要物种的消逝就像钻头意外地钻断电线，导致四处断电。”在当前第六次“大灭亡”时期,每小时平均有三个物种灭亡，也就是每天有74个物种灭亡,每年合计达27,000个。其中有些物种——虽然我们不确定是哪些——毫无疑问是主要物种。UnitfourVocabularyA1.institutional2.burgeoning3.envision4.marginal5.encompass6.outsource7.prowess8.shunned9.assimilating10.forgoB1-5BCADA6-10BDCCACloze1.previous2.created3.traits4.giving5.include6.to7.face8.when9.waste10.with11.offer12.seriously13.fluid14.rigid15.play16.initiative17.for18.assure19.stay20.aloneTranslation[A]1.经过五年的实践,他现在对同国际投资和贸易相关的法律事务已很在行了。Havingpracticedforabout5years,heisnowadeptatlegalissuesrelatingtointernationalinvestmentandtrade.2.依据一项调查，X一代对退休后依靠社会保障持怀疑态度。和先辈们相比，他们早已开头在为退休而省钱了。Accordingtoasurvey,GenXersareskepticalaboutrelyingonSocialSecuritywhentheyretire.Theybegansavingforretirementearlycomparedwiththeirpredecessors.3.通过这种轻松舒适的脚摩治疗，你白天全部的苦恼压力好象都消逝了。Allthecaresandstressesofyourdayseemtofadeawayundertherelaxingandcomfortabletreatmentoffootmassage.4.争辩表明大部分员工都很看重他们卓有成效的工作能够得到认可或观赏。Studiesshowthatmostemployeesplaceahighvalueonbeingrecognizedorbeingcomplementedforajobwelldone.5.急诊室里挤满了来看常见病的病人，由于他们没有固定的医生。Emergencyroomswerecloggedwithpatientswhocamefortreatmentofrelativelyroutinemedicalproblemsbecausetheydidn’thavearegulardoctor.6.任何一个试图训练或挂念一名新技术经理转变角色成为领导的人都可以从这本书中获得有用的想法。Anyonetryingtocoachorhelpanewtechnicalmanagermakethetransitiontoaleadershiprolecangetusefulideasfromthisbook.7.大多数时候假如你走捷径完成一个项目，结果则需要你做一些修补工作,而其所花的时间会是你走捷径所省下的时间的两倍。Mostofthetimewhenyoutakeashortcutforcompletingaprojectyouwillendupdoingsomerepairworklaterthatwilltakedoublethetimeyousavedbytheshortcut.8.那些不能在个人和职业生活之间设置合理界限的员工是不能理解生活和工作的意义的。Employeeswhofailtosetappropriateboundariesbetweentheirpersonalandprofessionalliveswillnotbeabletounderstandthemeaningoflifeandwork.9.这一运动的目的是训练人们在面对危急时有序而职业地作出反应。Thepurposeoftheexercisewastotrainstafftoreactinadisciplinedandprofessionalmannerwheninthepresenceofdanger.10.大多数X一代人都有放弃职业进展而花费更多时间来陪妻子和孩子的愿望,特殊是在他们孩子还小的那几年。MostGenXershavethedesiretoforgocareeradvancementformoretimewiththeirwifeandchildren,especiallyintheearlyyearsoftheirchildren’slives.[B]GenXers,ontheotherhand,watchedthesacrificesthattheirparentsmadetomoveupthecareerladder,onlytobemetwithmassivelayoffsinAmericancorporations.然而，X一代人目睹了他们的父母为了职业晋升而做出牺牲，结果却患病了美国公司的大量裁员。Thesedifferentperspectivescanoftenleadtoclashesintheworkplace.Eachgroupispronetogeneralizationsabouttheother.这些不同的观点视角经常导致工作中的冲突。他们彼此都易于把对方概念化。GenXersseenoreasontopaytheirduesbecausetheycangetthejobdonebetterandfasterandstillhavetimefortheirlifestylesandfamily.X一代人认为自己没有理由要尽职苦干，由于他们能把工作做得又好又快，而且仍有时间来休闲和陪伴家人。Somewouldsaytheonlysolutionisthelegalsystem,whereage-biaslawsuitsmayriseasboomersage.有人会说唯一的解决方法是通过司法体系，由于随着婴儿潮时期的人不断变老，与年龄卑视有关的诉讼可能会增加。Buthistorywillrepeatitselfasthebabyboomersleavetheworkforce,theGenXersrisetopowerandgenerationYemployeescomeonthescene.但是，历史就是如此循还往复—随着婴儿潮时期诞生的人开头退休，X一代开头掌权，Y一代开头步入社会。UnitsixVocabularyA1.deplored2.pervades3.requisite4.workaholics5.hereditary6.extravagant7.crave8.mania9.one-upmanship10.overwhelmB1-5CBDBA6-10DCBACCloze1.probing2.factors3.degree4.afford5.extra6.average7.complicated8.skyrocket9.static10.boost11.colleague12.seek13.accept14.rate15.close16.aspiration17.beyond18.size19.fail20.satisfyingTranslation[A]1.在追求幸福的过程中，人们注定要患病很多挫折。Peoplearepreordainedtosuffermanyfrustrationsintheirquestforhappiness.2.美国是一个雄心勃勃的民族。各行各界的人们都面临着力求出类拔萃的激烈竞争压力。Americanisanambitiousnation.Peoplefromeverywalkoflifefacethepressureoffiercecompetitiontoexcel.3.当天买卖股票投机是一种危急的谋财之道。Daytradingisadangerouswayoftryingtomakeafortune.4.数百万人怀着暴发致富的幻想花钱买彩票。Millionsofpeoplehaveafantasyaboutgettingrichquickandspendmoneyonlotteries.5.人们担忧假如军备竞赛失控，世界局势将进一步恶化Thereisafearthatifthearmsracegetsoutofhand,theworldsituationwillbeworseoff.6.为了爱护自己免遭失败的苦痛就放弃自己的抱负是不明智的。Itisnotsensibletogiveupone’sownambitioninordertoshieldoneselffromthebitternessoffailure.7.很多人舍命挣钱，由于金钱可以买到大房子、小汽车、大屏幕电视以及其他被认为代表地位和身份的消费品。Manypeoplestraintoearnmoneybecausemoneycanbuybighouses,cars,big-screenTVsandotherconsumerproductswhichareconsideredsymbolsofstatusandidentity.8.为了实现我们的抱负而努力奋斗是值得的。Itpaystoexertourselvestofulfillourownambitions.9.十年前大多数中国人还买不起的手机现在已成为很普及的生活必需品。Thecellphone,whichwasbeyondthereachofthemajorityoftheChinesepeopleadecadeago,hasnowbecomeawidelyowneddailynecessity.10.自从得到了晋升以后，她就表现得自命不凡。不过在我看来，她只不过是个微不足道的小人物。Sheactsasifsheweresomeonesinceshewaspromoted.Buttome,sheisamerenobody.[B]AmbitionisoneofthoseRorschachwords:defineitandyouinstantlyrevealagreatdealaboutyourself.1)Eventhemostneutralofworks,Webster’s,initsSeventhNewCollegiateEdition,givesitselfaway,definingambitionfirstandforemostas“anardentdesireforrank,fame,orpower.”即使是最中立的著作《韦伯斯特词典》也暴露了它自己的追求目标，它在其新高校版第七版中将雄心首先定义为“一种追求地位、荣誉或权利的热切欲望”。Ardentimmediatelyassumesaheatincommensuratewithgoodsenseandstability,andrank,fame,andpowerhavecomeunderfairlyheavyattackforatleastacentury.“热切”这个词马上呈现出与理智的推断和沉稳的心态所不相称的吵闹心情，而地位、荣誉和权利也在至少长达一个世纪的时间里始终受到相当猛烈的抨击。Onecan,afterall,beambitiousforthepublicgood,forthealleviationofsuffering,fortheenlightenmentofmankind,…然而到底一个人可以立志于促进公共的利益，减轻人们的苦痛，或是启迪人类的思想。Thefamilywouldbecomesuperfluousasasocialunit,withallitsformerpowerforbringingaboutneurosisdrainedaway.家庭将成为多余的社会单位，不再具有以前能够带给人们焦虑和恐惊的力气。Longevitywouldbeincreased,forfewerpeoplewoulddieofheartattackorstrokecausedbytumultuousendeavor.人们的寿命将会延长，由于越来越少的人会死于由舍命工作而引起的心脏病和中风。Unit7Translation[A]1.美国人渴望新的未开发地带，在那里他们可以摆脱任何束缚，自由拘束。Americanshankerafternewfrontierswheretheycanbefreeofanyconstraintsandbethemselves.2.令年轻人神往的正是在网上冲浪时获得的那种自由的感觉。Whatcapturesyoungpeople’simaginationispreciselythesenseoffreedomtheygetwhilesurfingtheInternet.3.不论种族、文化和社会经济地位，每个人都能够在网络空间找到一个由与自己志趣相投的人所组成的社区。TheRegardlessoftheirrace,cultureandsocioeconomicstatus,everyonecanfindacommunityoflikemindedpeopleincyberspace.4.虚拟社区宁愿由自己而不是由世俗政府建立和执行社区行为规范。Virtualcommunitiesprefertosetandenforcecommunitystandardsbythemselvesratherthanbytheterrestrialgovernment.5.网络空间类似于现实世界，包括从购物中心、学校区到红灯区等各种各样的地方。YouthswhodroppedoutofmiddleCyberspaceisakintotheterrestrialworld,whichincludesvariousplacesrangingfromshoppingmalls,schooldistrictstored-lightzones.6.只有满足自己成员需要的网络社区才能够富强兴盛。Onlycyberspacecommunitiesthatcatertotheneedsoftheirmemberswillprosper.7.随着远距离通信技术的进展，世界不久将联合成为一个地球村。Withthedevelopmentoftelecommunicationstechnology,theunionoftheworldintoaglobalvillageisathand.8.免费下载学问财产在互联网使用者中格外普遍。ItisprevalentamongInternetuserstodownloadintellectualpropertiesforfree.9.互联网上的争辩组主持人的职责是防止广告和无关信息进入论坛。ThejobofthemoderatorofadiscussiongroupontheInternetistokeepoutadvertisementsandunrelatedmaterialsoftheforum.10.言论自由的拥护者往往贸然断定任何形式的政府管理都将阻碍他们的自由。Advocatesoffreespeechtendtojumptotheconclusionthatanyformofgovernmentregulationwillinterferewiththeirfreedom.[B]What’suniqueaboutcyberspaceisthatitliberatesusfromthetyrannyofgovernment,whereeveryonelivesbytheruleofthemajority.Inademocracy,minoritygroupsandminoritypreferencestendtogetsqueezedout,whethertheyareminoritiesofraceandcultureorminoritiesofindividualtaste.网络空间的特殊之处在于，它把我们从必需依据大多数人制定的规章而生活的政府专制中解放出来。在民主国家中，少数派和少数人的偏好往往会遭到排挤，无论他们是少数民族和文化还是少数人拥有的个人爱好。Cyberspaceallowscommunitiesofanysizeandkindtoflourish;incyberspace,communitiesarechosenbytheusers,notforcedonthembyaccidentsofgeography.Thisfreedomgivestherulesthatpresideincyberspaceamoralauthoritythatrulesinterrestrialenvironmentsdon’thave.但是在网络空间，任何大小和类别的社区都能富强进展；在网络空间，用户自由选择自己的社区，而不是依据地域的偶然因素将社区强加给用户。这种选择的自由赐予主持网络空间的规章制度以一种道德权威，而这种权威是陆地环境中的规章制度所不具备的。Mostpeoplearestuckinthecountryoftheirbirth,butifyoudon’tliketherulesofacyberspacecommunity,youcanjustsignoff.Loveitorleaveit.Likewise,ifparentsdon’tliketherulesofagivencyberspacecommunity,theycanrestricttheirchildren’saccesstoit.(Para14)大多数人被困于自己诞生的国家无法脱身。然而假如你不宠爱某个网络社区的规章，你可以退出。要么宠爱它，要么离开它。同样的，假如父母们不宠爱某个网络社区的规章，他们可以限制自己孩子与它接触。What’slikelytohappenincyberspaceistheformationofnewcommunities,freeoftheconstraintsthatcauseconflictonearth.Insteadofaglobalvillage,whichisanicedreambutimpossibletomanage,we’llhaveinventedanotherworldofself-containedcommunitiesthatcatertotheirownmembers’inclinationswithoutinterferingwithanyoneelse’s.可以预料在网络空间将会形成不受那些在地球上导致冲突的种种约束的新社区。我们不会建立一个地球村，那只是一个奇特却难以实现的幻想。我们将制造另一个由很多能满足其成员的意愿同时又不阻碍他人意愿的独立自主的社区组成的世界。Thepossibilityofarealmarket-styleevolutionofgovernanceisathand.Incyberspace,we’llbeabletotestandevolverulesgoverningwhatneedstobegoverned—intellectualproperty,contentandaccesscontrol,rulesaboutprivacyandfreespeech.Somecommunitieswillallowanyonein;otherswillrestrictaccesstomemberswhoqualifyononebasisoranother.社区管理方式的真正市场化演化即将成为可能。在网络空间，我们将能够通过试验和改进规章制度来管理那些需要管理的——学问财产、内容和使用限制、关于隐私和言论自由的规章。有些社区将允许任何人加入，有些将只允许符合这种或那种条件的成员加入。Thosecommunitiesthatproveself-sustainingwillprosper(andperhapsgrowandsplitintosubsetswithever-more-particularinterestsandidentities).Thosethatcan’tsurvive—eitherbecausepeopleloseinterestorgetscaredoff—willsimplywitheraway.(Para15)那些能够自我维持、自我完善的社区将会昌盛起来（而且或许会壮大并分裂为一个个依据更加具体的爱好和身份而建立的分社区）。而那些不能生存的社区——或是由于人们对它们失去了爱好或是由于人们被吓跑了——则将渐渐萎缩并消逝。Unit8Translation[A]1.一个懒散的人简洁才思枯竭，由于他总不用脑思考。Alazypersonisapttogethismindimpoverishedbecausehedoesn’tmakeuseofhisintelligenceallthetime.2.看到这张照片，我仿佛回到了无忧无虑的同学时代。Thisphotoconjuresupmemoriesofmycarefreeschooldays.3.他意识到他已经被大家看成是打杂跑腿的了。Herealizesnowhe’sbeentypecastasanexecutiveerrandboy.4.这个协会的目标就是为了让传统的家具设计技艺永世流传。Thegoaloftheassociationistoperpetuatetheskillsoftraditionalfurnituredesign.5.成见通过用巨大的、可以辨别的剪图来掩盖这个纷杂吵闹的大千世界，并以此来减轻我们的脑力劳动。Stereotypeseconomizeonourmentaleffortbycoveringuptheblooming,buzzingconfusionwithbigrecognizablecutouts.6.真正的转变是一个漫长的过程：现实的点点滴滴汇入我们的脑海，直到它们渐渐带有模糊不清的生活本质。Thetrueprocessofchangeisaslowonethataddsbitsandpiecesofrealitytothepicturesinourheads,untilgraduallytheytakeonsomeoftheblurrinessoflifeitself.7.这位有名的女演员告知记者说她在成名前特殊欢快。Thefamousactresssaidtothereporterthatshewasperfectlyhappyuntilfamewasthrustuponher.8.他的一个密友警告他，假如他连续买些没用的东西就有破产的危急。Oneofhisintimatefriendswarnshimthatheisindangeroflosingallhismoneyifhecontinuestobuyuselessitems.9.通过对这个项目各个方面的认真争辩，他们发觉成功完成的可能性极大。Havingdelveddeeplyintoallaspectsoftheproject,theyfindthatthereiseveryprospectofsuccess.10.他们记得的是全班最不听话的坏孩子犯了错误，由于在记忆中他们是少数不合群的同学。Itwastheunpopularmembersoftheclass—the“badguys”—theyrememberedasbeingoutofstep.[B]Whenwejudgepeopleandgroupsbasedonourprejudicesandstereotypesandtreatthemdifferently,weareengagingindiscrimination.当我们以偏见和成见来推断一个人或一群人并因此实行不同的对待方式，我们就是卑视。Wemaycreatesubtleorovertpressureswhichwilldiscouragepersonsofcertainminoritygroupsfromlivinginaneighborhood.Womenandminoritieshavebeenvictimizedbydiscriminationinemployment,education,andsocialservices.我们可能或明或暗地制造一些压力，使某些少数民族的居民失去居住在我们邻里的士气。Wemayshyawayfrompeoplewithahistoryofmentalillnessbecauseweareafraidtheymayharmus.我们可能会回避那些有精神病史的人，由于我们可怕他们会损害我们。Insomecases,thecivilandcriminaljusticesystemhasnotbeenappliedequallytoallasaresultofdiscrimination.在有些状况下，民事和刑事制度因卑视