Introduction-to-critical-thinking(批判性思维介绍)-课件PPT

Module1:IntroductiontoCriticalThinkingQuestion?WhydoYOUstudyforaDegree?DoYouAgreeWithThisStatement?“SomepeoplestudyalltheirlifeandattheirdeaththeyhavelearnedeverythingexcepttoTHINK”–FrancoisDomergue Why?DoYouAgree?WhyisImaginationsoImportant?INeedinputfromyou!WhydoesUNITARhavethiscourse?TohelpyouimproveyourThinkingSkillsHOWTOTHINK!Module1:IntroductiontoCriticalThinking1.1WhatisThinking?Whydoesn’tSHElikeme?Whydoesn’tHElikeme?Asyoustartaskingquestionsandseekanswers,youareinfactthinking.1.1WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.1.2TypesofThinkingProblemSolvingDecisionMakingRightLeft1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?WARNING:THISMANISNOTTHINKINGCRITICALLY!!Source:http://profmulder.home.att.net/introwhatis.htm1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(2)“Criticalthinkingconsistsofamentalprocessofanalyzingorevaluatinginformation,particularlystatementsorpropositionsthatpeoplehaveofferedastrue.Itformsaprocessofreflectinguponthemeaningofstatements,examiningtheofferedevidenceandreasoning,andformingjudgmentsaboutthefacts.”–Wikipedia“Criticalthinkingistheintellectuallydisciplinedprocessofactivelyandskillfullyconceptualizing,applying,analyzing,synthesizing,and/orevaluatinginformationgatheredfrom,orgeneratedby,observation,experience,reflection,reasoning,orcommunication,asaguidetobeliefandaction.“-MichaelScriven&RichardPaulMoreDefinitions…1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(3)CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyidentify,analyze,andevaluatearguments.Discoverandovercomepersonalprejudicesandbiases.Formulateandpresentconvincingreasonsinsupportofconclusions.Makereasonable,intelligentdecisionsaboutwhattobelieveandwhattodo.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(4)ProblemSolvingDecisionMakingRightLeftDon’tneedtomemorizedefinitions!Justunderstandandpracticethecorecriticalthinkingskillsemphasizedinthiscourse.1.3WhatisCriticalThinking?(5)1.4CriticalThinkingStandards(CTS)Themostsignificantcritical(intellectual)thinkingstandards:ClarityAccuracyPrecisionRelevanceDepthBreadthLogicFairness1.4CTS-ClarityCouldyouelaboratefurtheronthatpoint?Couldyouexpressthatpointinanotherway?Couldyougivemeanillustration?Couldyougivemeanexample?Clarityisthegatewaystandard1.4CTS–AccuracyIsthatreallytrue?Howcouldwecheckthat?Howcouldwefindoutifthatistrue?Thischickenweighsover300pounds.Astatementcanbeclearbutnotaccurate1.4CTS–PrecisionCouldyougivemoredetails?Couldyoubemorespecific?Astatementcanbebothclearandaccurate,butnotpreciseYaoMingisTALL!1.4CTS–RelevanceHowisthatconnectedtothequestion?Howdoesthatbearontheissue?Istudiedhardallsemester,thereforeIshouldgetA+.Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,andprecise,butnotrelevanttothequestionatissue.1.4CTS–DepthHowdoesyouransweraddressthecomplexitiesinthequestion?Howareyoutakingintoaccounttheproblemsinthequestion?Isthatdealingwiththemostsignificantfactors?Astatementcanbeclear,accurate,precise,andrelevant,butsuperficial.1.4CTS–BreadthDoweneedtoconsideranotherpointofview?Isthereanotherwaytolookatthisquestion?Whatwouldthislooklikefromaconservativestandpoint?Whatwouldthislooklikefromthepointofviewof...?Alineofreasoningmaybeclear,accurate,precise,relevant,anddeep,butlackbreadth.Headache!!!Yougot0marksfor“Participation”,becauseyoudidn’tparticipateintheclassdiscussionatall.1.4CTS–LogicDoesthisreallymakesense?Doesthatfollowfromwhatyousaid?Howdoesthatfollow?Butbeforeyouimpliedthisandnowyouaresayingthat;howcanbothbetrue?Supermanseesthroughanything.Supermanseesthroughwalls.SupermanseesthroughYou.Whenthecombinationofthoughtsaremutuallysupportingandmakesenseincombination,thethinkingis"logical.“1.4CTS–FairnessCriticalthinkingdemandsthatourthinkingbefair.Open-mindedImpartialFreeofdistortingbiasesandpreconceptionsFair-mindednessisanessentialattributeofaCriticalThinker.1.4CTS–GoodThinkingis…CLEAR……….....ratherthan........UNCLEARACCURATE…....ratherthan…….INACCURATEPRECISE……....ratherthan…….VAGUERELEVANT…….ratherthan…….IRELEVANTCONSISTENT….ratherthan……INCONSISTENTLOGICAL……….ratherthan……ILLOGICALCOMPLETE……ratherthan……INCOMPLETEFAIR…………….ratherthan…....BIASED1.5BenefitsofCriticalThinkingExamples:AcademicPerformanceunderstandtheargumentsandbeliefsofothersCriticallyevaluatingthoseargumentsandbeliefsDevelopanddefendone'sownwell-supportedargumentsandbeliefs.WorkplaceHelpsustoreflectandgetadeeperunderstandingofourownandothers’decisionsEncourageopen-mindednesstochangeAidusinbeingmoreanalyticalinsolvingproblemsDailylifeHelpsustoavoidmakingfoolishpersonaldecisions.Promotesaninformedandconcernedcitizenrycapableofmakinggooddecisionsonimportantsocial,politicalandeconomicissues.Aidsinthedevelopmentofautonomousthinkerscapableofexaminingtheirassumptions,dogmas,andprejudices.1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingIfCriticalThinkingissoimportant,whyisitthatuncriticalthinkingissocommon?Whyisthatsomanypeopleincludingmanyhighlyeducatedandintelligentpeoplefindcriticalthinkingsodifficult?1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingLackofrelevantbackgroundinformationPoorreadingskillsPoorlisteningskillsBiasPrejudiceSuperstitionEgocentrismSocio-centrismPeerpressureMindlessConformismMindlessnon-conformismProvincialismNarrow-mindednessClosed-mindednessDistrustofreasonStereotypingUnwarrantedassumptionsandstereotypesRelativisticthinkingScapegoatingRationalizationWishfulthinkingShort-termthinkingSelectiveperception/attentionSelectivememoryOverpoweringemotionsSelf-deceptionFace-savingFearofchangeCommonBarriers1.6BarrierstoCriticalThinkingFivePowerfulBarrierstoCriticalThinking:EgocentrismUnwarrantedAssumptionsSociocentrismRelativisticThinkingWishfulThinkingIamprobablythegreatestthinkersinceSocrates!Self-centeredthinkingself-interestedthinkingself-servingbiasGroup-centeredthinkingGroupbiasConformismBeliefsthatarepresumedtobetruewithoutadequateevidenceorjustificationAssumptionStereotypingBelievingthatsomethingistruebecauseonewishesitweretrue.Thetruthis“justamatterofopinion”RelativismSubjectivismCulturalrelativismIna1989internationalstudyof13-year-olds,KoreansfinishedfirstinmathematicsandAmericansfinishedlast.Yetwhenaskedwhethertheythoughttheywere"goodatmathematics,"only23percentofKoreanssaid"yes,"comparedto68percentofAmericans.WhichcriticalthinkingbarrierdotheAmericanstudentsexhibit:Self-interestedthinkingGroupbiasSelf-servingbiasConformism1.6MiniQuiz–Question11.6MiniQuiz–Question2WhichcriticalthinkingbarrierdoesAlidisplayinthispassage?A)Self-interestedthinkingB)GroupbiasC)Self-servingbiasD)ConformismMuhammadAli[speakinginZaire,Africa]:"There'snocountryasgreatasthesmallestcityinAmerica.Imean[hereinZaire]youcan'twatchtelevision.Thewaterwon'tevenrunright.Thetoiletswon'tflush.Theroads,thecars-there'snothingasgreatasAmerica."1.6MiniQuiz–Question3WhichcriticalthinkingbarrierdoesLeeexhibit?A)Self-interestedthinkingB)StereotypingC)GroupbiasD)ConformismAdam:MyfriendAndyisa1styearstudentatUNITAR.Heiscool,loveshangingout,andhasaverylaid-backpersonality.Lee:Ibethe’sfromKL.1.6MiniQuiz–Question4WhichcriticalthinkingbarrierdoesSuzieexhibit?A)StereotypingB)Self-interestedthinkingC)WishfulthinkingD)RelativisticthinkingSuzie:Ican'tbelieveIgotaB-onthismarketingpaper.MyfriendSarahturnedinthissamepaperinadifferentmarketingclasslastsemester,andshegotanA.Ali:Don'tyourealizeit'swrongtoplagiarizesomeoneelse'swork?Suzie:That'syouropinion.What'swrongforonepersonisn'tnecessarilywrongforanother,andIsaythere'snothingwrongwithplagiarism-aslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.1.7CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerAreyouOPENMINDEDaboutotherpeople’sview?AreyouHONESTtoyourself(orothers)whenyouarewrong?DoyouhavetheCOURAGEandPASSIONtotakeinitiativeandconfrontproblemsandmeetchallenges?AreyouAWAREofyourownbiasesandpreconceptions?DoyouWELCOMECRITICISMfromotherpeople?DoyouhaveINDEPENDENTopinionsandarenotafraidtodisagree?1.7CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerCriticalThinkersUncriticalThinkersHaveapassionatedriveforclarity,precision,accuracy,relevance,consistency,logicalness,completeness,andfairness.Oftenthinkinwaysthatareunclear,imprecise,inaccurate,etc.Aresensitivetowaysinwhichcriticalthinkingcanbeskewedbyegocentrism,sociocentrism,wishfulthinking,etc.Oftenfallpreytoegocentrism,sociocentrism,wishfulthinking,etc.Areintellectuallyhonestwiththemselves,acknowledgingwhattheydon’tknowandrecognizingtheirlimitations.Pretendtheyknowmorethantheydoandignoretheirlimitations.Listenopen-mindedlytoopposingpointsofviewandwelcomecriticismsofbeliefsandassumptions.Areclose-mindedandresistcriticismsofbeliefsandassumptions.Basetheirbeliefsonfactsandevidenceratherthanonpersonalpreferenceorself-interest.Oftenbasetheirbeliefsonmerepersonalpreferenceorselfinterest.Areawareofthebiasesandpreconceptionsthatshapethewaytheyperceivetheworld.Lackawarenessoftheirownbiasesandpreconceptions.Thinkindependentlyandarenotafraidtodisagreewithgroupopinion.Tendtoengagein‘groupthink’,uncriticallyfollowingthebeliefsandvaluesofthecrowd.Areabletogettotheheartofanissueorproblem,withoutbeingdistractedbydetails.Areeasilydistractedandlacktheabilitytozeroinontheessenceofaproblemorissue.Havetheintellectualcouragetofaceandassessfairlyideasthatchallengeeventheirmostbasicbeliefs.Fearandresistideasthatchallengetheirbasicbeliefs.Lovetruthandcuriousaboutawiderangeofissues.Areoftenrelativelyindifferenttotruthandlackofcuriosity.Havetheintellectualperseverancetopursueinsightsortruths,despiteobstaclesordifficulties.Tendtopreservewhentheyencounterintellectualobstaclesordifficulties.GroupActivityBreakintogroupsof4-5,andthendiscuss,identifyandranktheTop10characteristics/traits/behavioursofanEXCELLENT:LECTURERSTUDENTChooseonememberofyourgrouptotakenotesandbethegroupreporter.Dr.Yodawasanexcellentteacher,becauseheengagedourmind,hadactivities,etc.10minBrainstormtogetherandidentify10characteristicsforeachitemabove.(e.g.trytorememberthebestlecturer(s)youhaveeverhadandthenidentifytheircharacteristics…)..5minPrioritizeandrankthechosencharacteristicsofeachitemaboveaccordingtoimportance(e.g.Top10).15minGrouppresentation&discussion-TheGroupreportermustsubmittheirfindingsinhardcopyformataftertheclass(usetemplate)orsoft-copyformattothelecturerbeforenextclass.Summary1.WhatisThinking?Thinkingisapurposeful,organizedcognitiveprocessthatweusetomakesenseofourworld.2.TypesofThinkingCreative&CriticalThinking3.WhatisCriticalThinking?CriticalThinkingisthegeneraltermgiventoawiderangeofcognitiveandintellectualskillsneededto:Effectivelyidentify,analyze,andevaluatearguments;Discoverandovercomepersonalprejudicesandbiases;Formulateandpresentconvincingreasonsinsupportofconclusions;andMakereasonable,intelligentdecisionsaboutwhattobelieveandwhattodo.Criticalthinkingskillsemphasizedinthiscourse,include:Reasoning,Analyzing,Evaluating,DecisionMakingandProblemsolving.4.CriticalThinkingStandardsClarity,Accuracy,Precision,Relevance,Depth,Breadth,LogicandFairness5.BenefitsofCriticalThinkingAcademicperformance,workplaceanddailylife.6.BarrierstoCriticalThinkingExamplesincludeEgocentrism,Sociocentrism,UnwarrantedAssumptions,WishfulThinking,andRelativisticThinking7.CharacteristicsofaCriticalThinkerOpen-mindedness,independentthinking,self-aware,passionate,insightful,honestandintellectualhumility,intellectualcourage,andwelcomecriticism,etc.AnyQuestions?TheEndThankYou!