麦克阿瑟：责任、荣誉、国家

编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第PAGE1页共NUMPAGES1页第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT1页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT1页麦克阿瑟：责任、荣誉、国家(MacArthur:Duty,Honor,Country)我爱英语网  http://www.52en.com   道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟(DouglasMacArthur)，美国陆军五星上将。出生于阿肯色州小石城的军人世家。1899年中学毕业后考入西点军校，1903年以名列第一的优异成绩毕业，到 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 兵部队任职，并赴菲律宾执勤。麦克阿瑟有过50年的军事实践经验，被美国国民称之为“一代老兵”，而其自身的又曾是“美国最年轻的准将、西点军校最年轻的校长、美国陆军历史上最年轻的陆军参谋长”，凭借精妙的军事谋略和敢战敢胜的胆略，麦克阿瑟堪称美国战争史上的奇才。   这是麦克阿瑟将军的一篇著名演讲，是他一生中最后一次也是最感人的一次演讲，1962年5月，他应邀来到他的母校西点军校，接受军校的最高奖励——西尔维纳斯·塞耶荣誉勋章。他检阅了学员队，和他们共进午餐。   我的生命已近黄昏，暮色已经降临，我昔日的风采和荣誉已经消失。它们随着对昔日事业的憧憬，带着那余晖消失了。昔日的记忆奇妙而美好，浸透了眼泪和昨日微笑的安慰和抚爱。我尽力但徒然地倾听，渴望听到军号吹奏起床导对那微弱而迷人的旋律，以及远处战鼓急促敲击的动人节奏。我在梦幻中依稀又听到了大炮在轰鸣，又听到了滑膛枪在鸣放，又听到了战场上那陌生、哀愁的呻吟。   Theshadowsarelengtheningforme.Thetwilightishere.Mydaysofoldhavevanished,toneandtint.Theyhavegoneglimmeringthroughthedreamsofthingsthatwere.Theirmemoryisoneofwondrousbeauty,wateredbytears,andcoaxedandcaressedbythesmilesofyesterday.Ilistenvainly,butwiththirstyears,forthewitchingmelodyoffaintbuglesblowingreveille,offardrumsbeatingthelongroll.InmydreamsIhearagainthecrashofguns,therattleofmusketry,thestrange,mournfulmutterofthebattlefield.   然而，晚年的回忆经常将我带回到西点军校。我的耳旁回响着，反复回响着：责任，荣誉，国家。今天是我同你们进行的最后一次点名。但我愿你们知道，当我到达彼岸时，我最后想的是学员队，学员队，还是学员队。   Butintheeveningofmymemory,alwaysIcomebacktoWestPoint.Alwaysthereechoesandre-echoes:Duty,Honor,Country.Todaymarksmyfinalrollcallwithyou,butIwantyoutoknowthatwhenIcrosstherivermylastconsciousthoughtswillbeofTheCorps,andTheCorps,andTheCorps.MacArthur:FarewellAddresstoCongressMr.President,Mr.Speaker,andDistinguishedMembersoftheCongress:Istandonthisrostrumwithasenseofdeephumilityandgreatpride--humilityintheweightofthosegreatAmericanarchitectsofourhistorywhohavestoodherebeforeme;prideinthereflectionthatthishomeoflegislativedebaterepresentshumanlibertyinthepurestformyetdevised.Herearecenteredthehopesandaspirationsandfaithoftheentirehumanrace.Idonotstandhereasadvocateforanypartisancause,fortheissuesarefundamentalandreachquitebeyondtherealmofpartisanconsideration.Theymustberesolvedonthehighestplaneofnationalinterestifourcourseistoprovesoundandourfutureprotected.Itrust,therefore,thatyouwilldomethejusticeofreceivingthatwhichIhavetosayassolelyexpressingtheconsideredviewpointofafellowAmerican.Iaddressyouwithneitherrancornorbitternessinthefadingtwilightoflife,withbutonepurposeinmind:toservemycountry.Theissuesareglobalandsointerlockedthattoconsidertheproblemsofonesector,oblivioustothoseofanother,isbuttocourtdisasterforthewhole.WhileAsiaiscommonlyreferredtoastheGatewaytoEurope,itisnolesstruethatEuropeistheGatewaytoAsia,andthebroadinfluenceoftheonecannotfailtohaveitsimpactupontheother.Therearethosewhoclaimourstrengthisinadequatetoprotectonbothfronts,thatwecannotdivideoureffort.Icanthinkofnogreaterexpressionofdefeatism.Ifapotentialenemycandividehisstrengthontwofronts,itisforustocounterhiseffort.TheCommunistthreatisaglobalone.Itssuccessfuladvanceinonesectorthreatensthedestructionofeveryothersector.YoucannotappeaseorotherwisesurrendertocommunisminAsiawithoutsimultaneouslyunderminingoureffortstohaltitsadvanceinEurope.Beyondpointingoutthesegeneraltruisms,IshallconfinemydiscussiontothegeneralareasofAsia.Beforeonemayobjectivelyassessthesituationnowexistingthere,hemustcomprehendsomethingofAsia'spastandtherevolutionarychangeswhichhavemarkedhercourseuptothepresent.Longexploitedbytheso-calledcolonialpowers,withlittleopportunitytoachieveanydegreeofsocialjustice,individualdignity,orahigherstandardoflifesuchasguidedourownnobleadministrationinthePhilippines,thepeoplesofAsiafoundtheiropportunityinthewarjustpasttothrowofftheshacklesofcolonialismandnowseethedawnofnewopportunity,aheretoforeunfeltdignity,andtheself-respectofpoliticalfreedom.Musteringhalfoftheearth'spopulation,and60percentofitsnaturalresourcesthesepeoplesarerapidlyconsolidatinganewforce,bothmoralandmaterial,withwhichtoraisethelivingstandardanderectadaptationsofthedesignofmodernprogresstotheirowndistinctculturalenvironments.Whetheroneadherestotheconceptofcolonizationornot,thisisthedirectionofAsianprogressanditmaynotbestopped.Itisacorollarytotheshiftoftheworldeconomicfrontiersasthewholeepicenterofworldaffairsrotatesbacktowardtheareawhenceitstarted.Inthissituation,itbecomesvitalthatourowncountryorientitspoliciesinconsonancewiththisbasicevolutionaryconditionratherthanpursueacourseblindtotherealitythatthecolonialeraisnowpastandtheAsianpeoplescovettherighttoshapetheirownfreedestiny.Whattheyseeknowisfriendlyguidance,understanding,andsupport--notimperiousdirection--thedignityofequalityandnottheshameofsubjugation.Theirpre-warstandardoflife,pitifullylow,isinfinitelylowernowinthedevastationleftinwar'swake.WorldideologiesplaylittlepartinAsianthinkingandarelittleunderstood.Whatthepeoplesstriveforistheopportunityforalittlemorefoodintheirstomachs,alittlebetterclothingontheirbacks,alittlefirmerroofovertheirheads,andtherealizationofthenormalnationalisturgeforpoliticalfreedom.Thesepolitical-socialconditionshavebutanindirectbearinguponourownnationalsecurity,butdoformabackdroptocontemporaryplanningwhichmustbethoughtfullyconsideredifwearetoavoidthepitfallsofunrealism.OfmoredirectandimmediatelybearinguponournationalsecurityarethechangeswroughtinthestrategicpotentialofthePacificOceaninthecourseofthepastwar.PriortheretothewesternstrategicfrontieroftheUnitedStateslayontheliterallineoftheAmericas,withanexposedislandsalientextendingoutthroughHawaii,Midway,andGuamtothePhilippines.Thatsalientprovednotanoutpostofstrengthbutanavenueofweaknessalongwhichtheenemycouldanddidattack.ThePacificwasapotentialareaofadvanceforanypredatoryforceintentuponstrikingattheborderinglandareas.AllthiswaschangedbyourPacificvictory.OurstrategicfrontierthenshiftedtoembracetheentirePacificOcean,whichbecameavastmoattoprotectusaslongasweheldit.Indeed,itactsasaprotectiveshieldforalloftheAmericasandallfreelandsofthePacificOceanarea.WecontrolittotheshoresofAsiabyachainofislandsextendinginanarcfromtheAleutianstotheMariannasheldbyusandourfreeallies.FromthisislandchainwecandominatewithseaandairpowereveryAsiaticportfromVladivostoktoSingapore--withseaandairpowereveryport,asIsaid,fromVladivostoktoSingapore--andpreventanyhostilemovementintothePacific.AnypredatoryattackfromAsiamustbeanamphibiouseffort.*Noamphibiousforcecanbesuccessfulwithoutcontrolofthesealanesandtheairoverthoselanesinitsavenueofadvance.Withnavalandairsupremacyandmodestgroundelementstodefendbases,anymajorattackfromcontinentalAsiatowardusorourfriendsinthePacificwouldbedoomedtofailure.Undersuchconditions,thePacificnolongerrepresentsmenacingavenuesofapproachforaprospectiveinvader.Itassumes,instead,thefriendlyaspectofapeacefullake.Ourlineofdefenseisanaturaloneandcanbemaintainedwithaminimumofmilitaryeffortandexpense.Itenvisionsnoattackagainstanyone,nordoesitprovidethebastionsessentialforoffensiveoperations,butproperlymaintained,wouldbeaninvincibledefenseagainstaggression.TheholdingofthisliteraldefenselineinthewesternPacificisentirelydependentuponholdingallsegmentsthereof;foranymajorbreachofthatlinebyanunfriendlypowerwouldrendervulnerabletodeterminedattackeveryothermajorsegment.ThisisamilitaryestimateastowhichIhaveyettofindamilitaryleaderwhowilltakeexception.Forthatreason,Ihavestronglyrecommendedinthepast,asamatterofmilitaryurgency,thatundernocircumstancesmustFormosafallunderCommunistcontrol.SuchaneventualitywouldatoncethreatenthefreedomofthePhilippinesandthelossofJapanandmightwellforceourwesternfrontierbacktothecoastofCalifornia,OregonandWashington.TounderstandthechangeswhichnowappearupontheChinesemainland,onemustunderstandthechangesinChinesecharacterandcultureoverthepast50years.China,upto50yearsago,wascompletelynon-homogenous,beingcompartmentedintogroupsdividedagainsteachother.Thewar-makingtendencywasalmostnon-existent,astheystillfollowedthetenetsoftheConfucianidealofpacifistculture.Attheturnofthecentury,undertheregimeofChangTsoLin,effortstowardgreaterhomogeneityproducedthestartofanationalisturge.ThiswasfurtherandmoresuccessfullydevelopedundertheleadershipofChiangKai-Shek,buthasbeenbroughttoitsgreatestfruitionunderthepresentregimetothepointthatithasnowtakenonthecharacterofaunitednationalismofincreasinglydominant,aggressivetendencies.Throughthesepast50yearstheChinesepeoplehavethusbecomemilitarizedintheirconceptsandintheirideals.Theynowconstituteexcellentsoldiers,withcompetentstaffsandcommanders.ThishasproducedanewanddominantpowerinAsia,which,foritsownpurposes,isalliedwithSovietRussiabutwhichinitsownconceptsandmethodshasbecomeaggressivelyimperialistic,withalustforexpansionandincreasedpowernormaltothistypeofimperialism.ThereislittleoftheideologicalconcepteitheronewayoranotherintheChinesemake-up.Thestandardoflivingissolowandthecapitalaccumulationhasbeensothoroughlydissipatedbywarthatthemassesaredesperateandeagertofollowanyleadershipwhichseemstopromisethealleviationoflocalstringencies.IhavefromthebeginningbelievedthattheChineseCommunists'supportoftheNorthKoreanswasthedominantone.Theirinterestsare,atpresent,parallelwiththoseoftheSoviet.ButIbelievethattheaggressivenessrecentlydisplayednotonlyinKoreabutalsoinIndo-ChinaandTibetandpointingpotentiallytowardtheSouthreflectspredominantlythesamelustfortheexpansionofpowerwhichhasanimatedeverywould-beconquerorsincethebeginningoftime.TheJapanesepeople,sincethewar,haveundergonethegreatestreformationrecordedinmodernhistory.Withacommendablewill,eagernesstolearn,andmarkedcapacitytounderstand,theyhave,fromtheashesleftinwar'swake,erectedinJapananedificededicatedtothesupremacyofindividuallibertyandpersonaldignity;andintheensuingprocesstherehasbeencreatedatrulyrepresentativegovernmentcommittedtotheadvanceofpoliticalmorality,freedomofeconomicenterprise,andsocialjustice.Politically,economically,andsociallyJapanisnowabreastofmanyfreenationsoftheearthandwillnotagainfailtheuniversaltrust.ThatitmaybecountedupontowieldaprofoundlybeneficialinfluenceoverthecourseofeventsinAsiaisattestedbythemagnificentmannerinwhichtheJapanesepeoplehavemettherecentchallengeofwar,unrest,andconfusionsurroundingthemfromtheoutsideandcheckedcommunismwithintheirownfrontierswithouttheslightestslackeningintheirforwardprogress.IsentallfourofouroccupationdivisionstotheKoreanbattlefrontwithouttheslightestqualmsastotheeffectoftheresultingpowervacuumuponJapan.Theresultsfullyjustifiedmyfaith.Iknowofnonationmoreserene,orderly,andindustrious,norinwhichhigherhopescanbeentertainedforfutureconstructiveserviceintheadvanceofthehumanrace.Ofourformerward,thePhilippines,wecanlookforwardinconfidencethattheexistingunrestwillbecorrectedandastrongandhealthynationwillgrowinthelongeraftermathofwar'sterribledestructiveness.Wemustbepatientandunderstandingandneverfailthem--asinourhourofneed,theydidnotfailus.AChristiannation,thePhilippinesstandasamightybulwarkofChristianityintheFarEast,anditscapacityforhighmoralleadershipinAsiaisunlimited.OnFormosa,thegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinahashadtheopportunitytorefutebyactionmuchofthemaliciousgossipwhichsounderminedthestrengthofitsleadershipontheChinesemainland.TheFormosanpeoplearereceivingajustandenlightenedadministrationwithmajorityrepresentationontheorgansofgovernment,andpolitically,economically,andsociallytheyappeartobeadvancingalongsoundandconstructivelines.Withthisbriefinsightintothesurroundingareas,InowturntotheKoreanconflict.WhileIwasnotconsultedpriortothePresident'sdecisiontointerveneinsupportoftheRepublicofKorea,thatdecisionfromamilitarystandpoint,provedasoundone,aswehurledbacktheinvaderanddecimatedhisforces.Ourvictorywascomplete,andourobjectiveswithinreach,whenRedChinaintervenedwithnumericallysuperiorgroundforces.Thiscreatedanewwarandanentirelynewsituation,asituationnotcontemplatedwhenourforceswerecommittedagainsttheNorthKoreaninvaders;asituationwhichcalledfornewdecisionsinthediplomaticspheretopermittherealisticadjustmentofmilitarystrategy.Suchdecisionshavenotbeenforthcoming.WhilenomaninhisrightmindwouldadvocatesendingourgroundforcesintocontinentalChina,andsuchwasnevergivenathought,thenewsituationdidurgentlydemandadrasticrevisionofstrategicplanningifourpoliticalaimwastodefeatthisnewenemyaswehaddefeatedtheold.Apartfromthemilitaryneed,asIsawIt,toneutralizethesanctuaryprotectiongiventheenemynorthoftheYalu,Ifeltthatmilitarynecessityintheconductofthewarmadenecessary:firsttheintensificationofoureconomicblockadeagainstChina;twotheimpositionofanavalblockadeagainsttheChinacoast;threeremovalofrestrictionsonairreconnaissanceofChina'scoastalareasandofManchuria;fourremovalofrestrictionsontheforcesoftheRepublicofChinaonFormosa,withlogisticalsupporttocontributetotheireffectiveoperationsagainstthecommonenemy.Forentertainingtheseviews,allprofessionallydesignedtosupportourforcescommittedtoKoreaandbringhostilitiestoanendwiththeleastpossibledelayandatasavingofcountlessAmericanandalliedlives,Ihavebeenseverelycriticizedinlaycircles,principallyabroad,despitemyunderstandingthatfromamilitarystandpointtheaboveviewshavebeenfullysharedinthepastbypracticallyeverymilitaryleaderconcernedwiththeKoreancampaign,includingourownJointChiefsofStaff.Icalledforreinforcementsbutwasinformedthatreinforcementswerenotavailable.Imadeclearthatifnotpermittedtodestroytheenemybuilt-upbasesnorthoftheYalu,ifnotpermittedtoutilizethefriendlyChineseForceofsome600,000menonFormosa,ifnotpermittedtoblockadetheChinacoasttopreventtheChineseRedsfromgettingsuccorfromwithout,andifthereweretobenohopeofmajorreinforcements,thepositionofthecommandfromthemilitarystandpointforbadevictory.WecouldholdinKoreabyconstantmaneuverandinanapproximateareawhereoursupplylineadvantageswereinbalancewiththesupplylinedisadvantagesoftheenemy,butwecouldhopeatbestforonlyanindecisivecampaignwithitsterribleandconstantattritionuponourforcesiftheenemyutilizeditsfullmilitarypotential.Ihaveconstantlycalledforthenewpoliticaldecisionsessentialtoasolution.Effortshavebeenmadetodistortmyposition.Ithasbeensaid,ineffect,thatIwasawarmonger.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Iknowwarasfewothermennowlivingknowit,andnothingtomeismorerevolting.Ihavelongadvocateditscompleteabolition,asitsverydestructivenessonbothfriendandfoehasrenderedituselessasameansofsettlinginternationaldisputes.Indeed,ontheseconddayofSeptember,nineteenhundredandforty-five,justfollowingthesurrenderoftheJapanesenationontheBattleshipMissouri,Iformallycautionedasfollows:         "Mensincethebeginningoftimehave         soughtpeace.Variousmethodsthroughthe         ageshavebeenattemptedtodevisean         internationalprocesstopreventorsettle         disputesbetweennations.Fromthevery         startworkablemethodswerefoundinso         farasindividualcitizenswereconcerned,         butthemechanicsofaninstrumentalityof         largerinternationalscopehavenever         beensuccessful.Militaryalliances,         balancesofpower,LeaguesofNations,         allinturnfailed,leavingtheonlypathto         bebywayofthecrucibleofwar.The         utterdestructivenessofwarnowblocks         outthisalternative.Wehavehadourlast         chance.Ifwewillnotdevisesome         greaterandmoreequitablesystem,         Armageddonwillbeatourdoor.The         problembasicallyistheologicaland         involvesaspiritualrecrudescenceand         improvementofhumancharacterthatwill         synchronizewithouralmostmatchless         advancesinscience,art,literature,andall         materialandculturaldevelopmentsof         thepast2000years.Itmustbeofthespirit         ifwearetosavetheflesh."  Butoncewarisforceduponus,thereisnootheralternativethantoapplyeveryavailablemeanstobringittoaswiftend.War'sveryobjectisvictory,notprolongedindecision.Inwarthereisnosubstituteforvictory.Therearesomewho,forvaryingreasons,wouldappeaseRedChina.Theyareblindtohistory'sclearlesson,forhistoryteacheswithunmistakableemphasisthatappeasementbutbegetsnewandbloodierwar.Itpointstonosingleinstancewherethisendhasjustifiedthatmeans,whereappeasementhasledtomorethanashampeace.Likeblackmail,itlaysthebasisfornewandsuccessivelygreaterdemandsuntil,asinblackmail,violencebecomestheonlyotheralternative."Why,"mysoldiersaskedofme,"surrendermilitaryadvantagestoanenemyinthefield?"Icouldnotanswer.Somemaysay:toavoidspreadoftheconflictintoanall-outwarwithChina;others,toavoidSovietintervention.Neitherexplanationseemsvalid,forChinaisalreadyengagingwiththemaximumpoweritcancommit,andtheSovietwillnotnecessarilymeshitsactionswithourmoves.Likeacobra,anynewenemywillmorelikelystrikewheneveritfeelsthattherelativityinmilitaryorotherpotentialisinitsfavoronaworld-widebasis.ThetragedyofKoreaisfurtherheightenedbythefactthatitsmilitaryactionisconfinedtoitsterritoriallimits.Itcondemnsthatnation,whichitisourpurposetosave,tosufferthedevastatingimpactoffullnavalandairbombardmentwhiletheenemy'ssanctuariesarefullyprotectedfromsuchattackanddevastation.Ofthenationsoftheworld,Koreaalone,uptonow,isthesoleonewhichhasriskeditsallagainstcommunism.ThemagnificenceofthecourageandfortitudeoftheKoreanpeopledefiesdescription.Theyhavechosentoriskdeathratherthanslavery.Theirlastwordstomewere:"Don'tscuttlethePacific!"IhavejustleftyourfightingsonsinKorea.Theyhavemetallteststhere,andIcanreporttoyouwithoutreservationthattheyaresplendidineveryway.Itwasmyconstantefforttopreservethemandendthissavageconflicthonorablyandwiththeleastlossoftimeandaminimumsacrificeoflife.Itsgrowingbloodshedhascausedmethedeepestanguishandanxiety.Thosegallantmenwillremainofteninmythoughtsandinmyprayersalways.Iamclosingmy52yearsofmilitaryservice.WhenIjoinedtheArmy,evenbeforetheturnofthecentury,itwasthefulfillmentofallofmyboyishhopesanddreams.TheworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceItooktheoathontheplainatWestPoint,andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished,butIstillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythat"oldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway."Andliketheoldsoldierofthatballad,Inowclosemymilitarycareerandjustfadeaway,anoldsoldierwhotriedtodohisdutyasGodgavehimthelighttoseethatduty.GoodBye.