瓦尔登湖Thoreau梭罗

HenryDavidThoreauHenryDavidThoreau(July12,1817 –May6,1862)Americanessayist,poet,naturalist,philosopher,andleadingtranscendentalistContentsBiographicalIntroductionHisMajorWorksHisWritingStyleHisInfluenceintheWorldAppreciatingWaldenComparativeStudies:a.Thoreau&Emersonb.Thoreau’sIdea&ChineseTraditionalIdeasc.Thoreau&TaoyuanmingBiographicalIntroductionBirthplace:BorninConcord,Massachusettsin1817EducationExperience:studiedatHarvardUniversity(1833and1837).HisrelationshipwithEmerson:Emerson’struestdiscipleandfriends.ResidenceatWaldenPond:in1845,hebegantotakeatwo-year-residenceatWaldenPondThoreauwasaprotesteraswell.Disapprovedofthegovernment’sconductoftheMexicanWarbyrefusingtopayhispolltax（人头税.(wassenttojail1night).In1835,hecontractedTuberculosisandsufferedfromitafterwards.Hediedin1862andwasburiedinSleepyHollowCemetery.Continuing…Thatmanistherichestwhosepleasureisthecheapest.—HenryDavidThoreauThelessonhetaughthimself,andwhichhetriedtoteachothers,wassummedintheoneword“simplify”(simplifytheoutwardcircumstancesofyourlife,simplifyyourneedsandyourambitions,learntodelightinthesimplepleasureswhichtheworldofnatureaffords.Andunlikemostwhoadvocatesuchattitudes,heputthemintopractice.)MajorWorksMostfamousessay:Walden(1854)18partsEconomyWhereILived,andWhatILivedfor.ReadingSoundsSolitudeVisitors…SpringConclusionCivilDisobedience(1849)Anotherfamousessay:CivilDisobedience(1849)论公民的不服从thisisfromhisstayinginConcordjailforanightbecausehedisapprovedofslaveryandthegovernment’sconductoftheMexicanWarHisotherworksExcursion,1863TheMaineWoods,1864SlaveryinMassachusetts,1854ApleaforCaptainJohnBrown,1859Walking,1862AWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver,1849HiswritingstyleHiswritingisphysical,intellectual,andspiritual.Heexpressesstarkrealityinstronglanguageandconveysdelicatedetailandsubtlenuance.Hisworkischaracterizedbothbydirectnessofstyleandbythesuggestionoffarthanappearsonthesurface.Headmireddirect,vigorous,succinct,andeconomicalprose.Throeau’sInfluenceintheWorldThoreau'swritingsinfluencedmanypublicfigures.PoliticalleadersandreformerslikeMahatmaGandhi,PresidentJohnF.Kennedy,civilrightsactivistMartinLutherKing,Jr.RussianauthorLeoTolstoyWilliamButlerYeats,ErnestHemingway,CriticalResponsesAmericanpoetRobertFrostwroteofThoreau,"Inonebook...hesurpasseseverythingwehavehadinAmerica."PoetJohnGreenleafWhittiercriticizedwhatheperceivedasthemessageinWaldenthatmanshouldlowerhimselftothelevelofawoodchuck（美洲旱獭）andwalkonfourlegs.Hesaid:"Thoreau'sWaldenisacapitalreading,butverywickedandheathenish...Afterall,forme,IpreferwalkingontwolegsFromMrLinYutang林雨堂先生在《论生活的重要性》中写道：“就其整个人生观来说,梭罗在美国作家中最具中国情趣.作为中国人，我感觉与梭罗心心相通。我可以将梭罗的文字译成中文，把它们当作中国诗人的诗作向国人展示。没有人会产生怀疑。”ThebeautifulWalden(Picture1)Walden(Picture2)ThebeautifulWalden(Picture3)Walden(Picture4)Waldenauthor · HenryDavidThoreautypeofwork · Essaygenre · Autobiography;moralphilosophy;naturalhistory;socialcriticismtimeandplacewritten · 1845–1854,WaldenPond,nearConcord,Massachusettsdateoffirstpublication · 1854narrator · HenryDavidThoreauWalden:descriptionofhislifenearthepondcalledWaldenbelongingtoEmerson.Theauthorlivedtherefornearlytwoyearswithonlyanaxeatthebeginning.Thisbookwasafailureinhisowntimebutbecameverypopularinthe20thcentury..WaldenpresentedThoreau'sunusualinterestinnatureandshowedhisindividualismwhichinheritedfromAmericanPuritanism.Thebookdescribedtheauthor'sextremelysimplelifeandregenerationheexperiencedwhenhelivedneartheWaldenpondwhereheputEmerson'sTranscendentaldoctrinesintopracticeintheactuallife.IntroductiontoWaldenItcameoutofThoreau’stwo-year-experimentatWaldenPond.Itstressestheimportanceofthoughtovermaterialcircumstance.Hebelievedthattherewasthepossibilityforandimportanceofchangeinone’sspirituallifewhichisinharmonywithnature.Waldenemphasizestheimportanceofsolitude,contemplation,andclosenesstonatureintranscendingthe"desperate"existence.内容提要选篇摘自《沃尔登》中的第二篇文章“我生活的地方；我为何生活”。为了实践他的超验主义哲学，梭罗曾在马萨诸塞州康科德附近的沃尔登湖畔自建木屋，靠采集野菜、野果，自种豆类而维持生活长达两年之久。他在沃尔登湖畔的生活和思考使他得以完成两部最重要的著作：《在康科德与梅里马克河上一周》（AweekontheConcordandMerrimackRiver,1849）和《沃尔登》（Walden,1854）。《沃尔登》由18篇文章组成，记录了他所观察到的自然以及他建造木屋、耕种土地、招待朋友等生活情况。书中讴歌了人类与自然的和谐生活，倡导个人主义、自力更生、物质节俭。他试图将身体的物质需要缩小到最低限度，以便在读书、思考、观察自然与自我当中获得更大的精神财富和自由。他也呼吁人们过最简朴的生活，以便节约时间和精力来“过深层次的生活，吮吸出生活的精髓”。他努力发掘美国自然环境在人类教养、心灵塑造等方面的潜能，强调所有人都应该有充分的自由来选择独一无二的生活方式，将自己的生活做成诗、当作艺术。他向人们展示出闲暇、沉思、与大自然和谐共处等的种种益处，为美国自然作家的写作开了先河。在《沃尔登》的数篇文章中，梭罗对工作和闲暇的意义进行了颇有独创性的思考，并描述了自己在尽可能简朴地、自给自足地生活方面所做的实验，强调这项简朴生活的试验绝不是无所事事地与世隔绝。在这些文章中，梭罗描述了林中生活的细节：他与各种各样的小动物的接触；不同季节中树木与水的不同声音、气味和颜色；大风吹动电报线以及远方的火车汽笛所奏出的旋律等。梭罗在沃尔登湖畔日复一日的切身经历使该书有极大的真实感，而文章清晰、直截了当，但又不失文雅的风格，使《沃尔登》达到了文学经典作品的水平。赏析选篇分为两部分：第一部分描述了梭罗对于家园的总体态度和一般寻求，主要刻画了寻找家园的心理过程和精神满足；第二部分则具体描述梭罗在沃尔登湖畔的家园，以及这一家园与大自然的融合。他以“自然诗人”的敏感细腻，改变了通常以人为中心的思维模式，将大自然放到了最重要的地位。他用一个双关词“committed”告诉人们，要过自由、无拘无束“uncommitted”的生活.梭罗的创作表现出对于声音、意象、深层意义、词的细微差别等的高度敏感。他的写作风格乍看起来平铺直叙、直截了当，但实际上，各种巧妙的比喻、词源上的双关语、典故的运用、对传统谚语的灵活运用等使通常的意义发生了变化或者扭曲，使读者不得不对作品进行重新思考、重新 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 。NarrativePointofViewThebookisnotatraditionalautobiography,butcombinesautobiographywithasocialcritiqueofcontemporaryWesternculture'sconsumeristandmaterialistattitudesanditsdistancefromanddestructionofnature.Thatthebookisnotsimplyacriticismofsociety,butalsoanattempttoengagecreativelywiththebetteraspectsofcontemporaryculture,issuggestedbothbyThoreau'sproximitytoConcordsocietyandbyhisadmirationforclassicalliterature.StayingatWaldenPond—anexperimentwithathreefoldpurposeFirst,hewasescapingthedehumanizingeffectsoftheIndustrialRevolutionbyreturningtoasimpler,agrarianlifestyle.Second,hewassimplifyinghislifeandreducinghisexpenditures,increasingtheamountofleisuretimeinwhichhecouldworkonhiswritings.Third,hewasputtingintopracticetheTranscendentalistbeliefthatonecanbest"transcend"normalityandexperiencetheIdeal,ortheDivine,throughnature.Thoreau’sideasembodiedinhisWalden1.Hesawnatureasagenuinerestorativehealthyinfluenceonman’sspiritualwell-being,andregardeditasasymbolofspirit.Hefirmlybelievesthat“natureobjectsandphenomenaaretheoriginalsymbolsortypeswhichexpressourthoughtsandfeelings.”Hewasseenlostincontemplationoftheworldaround.SoWaldenisafaithfulrecordofhisreflectionswhenhewasinsolitarycommunionwithnature,aneloquentindicationthathenotonlyembracedEmerson’sTranscendentalistphilosophybutwentevenfurthertoillustratethepantheisticalqualityofnature.2.Thoreauhasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.Heholdsthatthemostimportantthingformentodowiththeirlivesistobeself-sufficientandstrivetoachievepersonalspiritualperfection.SohehasbeenregardedasaprophetofindividualisminAmericanliterature.3.Thoreauwasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.Itwas,inhisopinion,degradingandenslavingman.Ashesawit,moderncivilizedlifehaddehumanizedmanandplacedhiminaspiritualquandary.4．Inhisopinion,spiritualrichnessisrealwealth.5.WaldenexhibitsThoreau’scalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.这本书反映出人与自然的神性。他不仅是爱默生的忠实信徒，他是一个泛神主义——把自然界的万物都具有神性。他坚定地认为自然界中的万物都是具有象征意义的，它能表达出我们的思想和感情。沃尔登的文体特征，在美国文学史上是非常著名的。ComparativeStudyCompareEmersonandThoreau(advocator,practitioner)ChineseCultureuponThoreau(Confucianism儒家思想,Taoism道家思想desireless）CompareThoreauandTaoyuanming1.爱默生眼中的自然,是一种理性的抽象的自然。梭罗把爱默生的理论付诸实践，让理性的自然闪烁出真实的辉煌。梭罗终生致力于观察和描述自然的事实,不仅使他成为爱默生的圣友,而且也成为康科德的化身。2.儒家思想：天人合一，提倡甘于清贫的生活理念,强调完善自身修养此文超验主义与我国道教思想有很多相似之处,相似的宇宙观,相似的个人主义观,相似的自然观,相似的人生观,相似的政治观,相似的直觉思维模式等《归园田居》少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。误落尘网中，一去三十年。羁鸟恋旧林，池鱼思故渊。开荒南野际，守拙归田园。方宅十余亩，草屋八九间。榆柳荫后檐，桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。户庭无尘杂，虚室有余闲。久在樊笼里，复得返自然。3.陶渊明与梭罗的自然观不仅可以化解现代社会中人与自然的严重对峙，实现人诗意地栖居于大地之上，而且他们对外在生活俭朴，内在生活丰富的自觉追求也将促使现代人返璞归真，重获心灵的自由。OurResponseShowrespectfornature.Follownature’slawKeepecologicalbalanceLiveasimplelife,butnotassimpleasThoreauinsistsonSeekforthephysicallifeandspirituallifeaswellThankyou