L2_Construction工程项目管理专业外语

专业英语ProfessionalEnglishforConstructionManagement高等学校工程管理专业应用型本科规划教材◎Introduction“Toformbyassemblingparts”isthedictionarydefinitionforconstruction,butthephrasealsoisametaphorfortheconstructionprocessitself.Justasdivergentmaterialscometogethertoformastructure,so,too,doesadiversegroupofpeoplecometogethertomaketheprojectpossible.Tobringtogethernumerousindependentbusinessesandcorporatepersonalitiesintoonegoalorientedprocessisthepeculiarchallengeoftheconstructionindustry.Theorganizationalculturesofarchitects,engineers,owners,builders,manufacturers,andsuppliersmayseemtoworkagainsttherealneedtoforgeapartnershipthatwillensurethesuccessofaproject[1].Constructionindustryisabasiconetooureconomyandtoourdailylives.Thehighwayswedriveon,thebridgeswecross,thewaterwedrink,thefuelweburn,allaremadepossiblebytheactivitiesoftheconstruction.Likewise,whereweshop,wherewework,whereweworshipandlearn,andwhereweliveandexistbecauseoftheconstruction.Designershavevisions,butuntilthecontractorbuilds,thosevisionsarejustdreamsonasheetofpaper.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎ConstructionprojectConstructionprojectsinvolvemuchtimeandexpense,andcontrolofthemisrequirediftheyaretobecompletedwithintheestablishedtimeandcostlimitations[2].Effectivemanagementofaprojectrequiresaconsiderablebackgroundofgeneralknowledgeabouttheconstructionindustry.Sothepurposeoftheunitistofamiliarizethereaderwithcertainfundamentalsofconstructionpractice.Constructionprojectsareintricateandtime-consumingundertakings.Thetotaldevelopmentofaprojectnormallyconsistsofseveralphasesrequiringadiverserangeofspecializedservices.Inprogressingfrominitialplanningtoprojectcompletion,thetypicaljobpassesthroughsuccessiveanddistinctstagesthatdemandinputsfromsuchdisparatedirectionsasfinancialorganizations,governmentalagencies,engineers,architects,lawyers,insuranceandsuretycompanies,contractors,andbuildingtradesmen.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionprojectDuringtheconstructionprocessitself,evenastructureofmodestproportionsinvolvesmanyskills,materials,andliterallyhundredsofdifferentoperations.Tosomedegreeeachconstructionprojectisunique,andnotwoareeverquitealike.Initsspecifics,eachstructureistailoredtosuititsenvironment,arrangedtoperformitsownparticularfunction,anddesignedtoreflectpersonaltastesandpreferences.Thevagariesoftheconstructionsiteandthepossibilitiesforcreativeandutilitarianvariationofeventhemoststandardizedbuildingproductcombinetomakeeachconstructionprojectnewanddifferentexperience.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionprojectTheconstructionprocessissubjecttotheinfluenceofhighlyvariableandsometimesunpredictablefactors.Theconstructionteam,whichincludesarchitects,engineers,tradesmen,subcontractors,materialdealers,andothers,changesfromonejobtothenext.Allthecomplexitiesinherenttodifferentconstructionsitessuchassubsoilconditions,surfacetopography,weather,transportation,materialsupply,utilitiesandservices,localsubcontractors,andlaborconditionsareaninnatepartofconstruction.Asaconsequenceofthesecircumstances,constructionprojectsaretypifiedbytheircomplexityanddiversityandbythenon-standardizednatureoftheirproduction.Theuseoffactory-producedmodularunitsmaydiminishthisindividualitysomewhat,butitisunlikelythatfieldconstructionwilleverbeabletoadaptitselfcompletelytothestandardizedmethodsandproductuniformityofassembly-lineproduction.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎ConstructionprojectmanagementConstructionprojectmanagementisconcernedwithplanning,scheduling,andcontrollingnonroutineactivitieswithincertaintimeandresourceconstrains[3].Ifaconstructionprojectistobeconstructedwithinitsestablishedbudgetandtimeschedule,closemanagementcontroloffieldoperationsisanecessity.Constructionprojectconditionsincludetechnicalcomplexity,importanceoftimelycompletion,resourcelimitations,andcontrolofconstructionoperations.Unfortunately,theconstructionprocessonceitissetintomotionisnotaself-regulatingmechanismandrequiresexpertguidanceifeventsaretoconformtoplans[4].Itmustberememberedthatconstructionprojectsareone-timeandlargelyuniqueeffortsoflimitedtimeduration,whichinvolveworkofanon-standardizedandvariablenature[5].1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionprojectmanagementFieldconstructionworkcanbeprofoundlyaffectedbyeventsthataredifficult,ifnotimpossibletoanticipate.Undersuchuncertainandshiftingconditions,fieldconstructioncostsandtimerequirementsareconstantlychangingandcanseriouslydeterioratewithlittleornoadvancewarning.Skilledandunremittingmanagementeffortisnotjustdesirable,itisabsolutelyimperativeforasatisfactoryfinalresult.Undermostcompetitivebids,fixed-sumcontractscallingforconstructionservicesonly,thegeneralcontractorexercisesmanagementcontrolovertheconstructionoperations[6].Personalinterestistheessentialmotivationinsuchacase,thecontractorbeingobligatedbycontracttomeetaprescribedcompletiondateandtofinishtheconstructionprojectforastipulatedsum.Thesurestwayforthecontractortoachievehisownobjectivesisbyapplyingsomesystemofconstructionprojectmanagement.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementManagementduringthedesignphaseConstructionprojectcostandtimecontrolactuallybeginsduringthedesignphase.Intheinitialdesignstages,estimatessuchasannualcosttotheownerandtotallife-cyclecostsofthefacilityaremade.Technicaljobstandardsareweighedagainstcost,function,maintenance,andappearancewiththeobjectiveofminimizingthefullcostofconstructing,operating,andsupportingthenewfacilitiesovertheirusefullife.Asthedesigndevelopconstructionmethodandmaterialalternativesaresubjectedtovalueanalysisasarationalmeansofoptimizingtheentireconstructionprocessintermofcostandtime.Costbudgets,rangingfrompreliminarytofinal,arepreparedasthedesignapproachesitsfinalform.Timecontrolduringthedesignstageisdirectedtowardminimizingconstructiontimeconsistentwithconstructionprojectqualityandtotalcost.Thedeliverytimesofmaterialsandconstructionprojectequipmentarechecked.Wherelongdeliveryperiodsareinvolved,procurementisinitiatedassoonasthedesignhasprogressedsufficientlytoallowdetailedpurchasingspecificationsandforwhichadequatelaborandconstructionequipmentwillbeavailableasneeded.Apreliminaryconstructionprojectscheduleisusuallypreparedasthedesignprogresses.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎ManagementoffieldconstructionDiscussionsuptothispointhavedemonstratedthatownershavetheoptionofusingmanydifferentprocedurestogettheirstructuresbuilt.Regardlessofthevariabilityoftheseprocedures,however,onepartyassumesmanagementresponsibilityforthefieldconstructionprocess.Dependingonthemethodusedbytheowner,thispartybetheowner,thearchitectengineer,theconstructionmanager,orthegeneralcontractor.Themanagementofthefieldconstructioniscustomarilyonanindividualconstructionprojectbasis,withaconstructionprojectmanagerbeingmaderesponsibleforallaspectsoftheconstruction.Onlargeconstructionprojectsafieldofficeisusuallyestablisheddirectlyonthejobsitefortheuseofconstructionprojectmanagerandhisstaff.Workingrelationswithavarietyofoutsidepersonsandorganizationssuchasarchitects,engineers,owners,subcontractors,materialandequipmentdealers,laborunions,andregulatoryagenciesareanimportantpartofguidingajobthroughtoitsconclusion.Fieldconstructionprojectmanagementisdirectedtowardpullingtogetherallthediverseelementsnecessarytocompletetheconstructionprojectsatisfactorily.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎ConstructionmanagerInconstructionmanagementtheownercontractswithanarchitect-engineerforconstructionprojectdesignandwithaconstructionmanagementfirmconsulting,procurement,contractletting,andconstructionadministrationservices.Insodoing,aconstructionteamiscreatedconsistingoftheowner,thearchitect-engineer,andtheconstructionmanager(CM).Theobjectiveofthisapproachistotreatconstructionprojectplanning,design,andconstructionasintegratedtaskswithinaconstructionsystem.TheCMworkswiththeownerandthearchitect-engineerfromthebeginningofdesignuntilconstructionprojectcompletion,providingleadershiptotheconstructionteaminallmatterspertainingtoconstruction.AdherencetoconstructionschedulesandbudgetconstraintsistheCM’sprimeresponsibility[7].1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionmanagerTheCMorganizes,plans,schedules，andcontrolsthefie1dworkandisresponsibleforgettingtheprojectcompletedwithinthetimeandcost1imitations.Heactsasthefocalpointfora11facetsoftheprojectandbringstogethertheeffortsofallorganizationshavinginputsintotheconstructionprocess.Hecoordinatesmattersrelevanttotheprojectandexpeditesprojectoperationsbydealingdirectlywiththeindividualsandorganizationsinvolved．Inanysuchsituationwhereeventsprogressrapidlyanddecisionsmustbeconsistentandinformed,thespecificleadershipofonepersonisneeded．Becausehehastheoverallresponsibility，theCMmusthavebroadauthorityoverallelementsoftheproject.Thenatureofconstructionissuchthathemustoftentakeactionquicklyonhisowninitiative,anditisnecessarythathebeempoweredtodoso.Tobeeffectivehemusthavefullcontrolofthejobandbetheonevoicethatspeaksfortheproject.Constructionprojectmanagementisafunctionofexecutiveleadershipandprovidesthecohesiveforcethatbindstogethertheseveraldiverseelementsintoateameffortforprojectcompletion．1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionmanagerDuringthedesignphase,theCMadviseswithrespecttoperformancecriteria,constructionfeasibilityofalternativebuildingsystems,siteconditions,andavailabilityofmaterialsandlabor.Informationpertainingtotradejurisdictionsandtemporaryjobfacilitiesisalsoprovided.Wherelonglead-timemachinery,equipment,ormaterialsareneeded,theCMwillmakearrangementsfortheirprocurementanddelivery.Duringthedesignprocess,theCMpreparespreliminary,interim,andfinalconstructionprojectbudgetsandconstructionschedules.Fasttrackingandphasedconstructionarefrequentlyusedonconstructionprojectsofthistype.Theconstructionmanagerhandlesthebiddingandcontractawardprocesswherebyworkiscontractedouttoasuccessionofconstructorsasthevariousdesignphasesarefinalized.TheCMusuallydoesnotperformsignificantconstructionworkwithhisownforces.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionmanagerDuringconstructionoperations,theCMassumesresponsibilityforthesupervisioncoordination,andadministrationoftheconstructionproject.Oftopimportanceinthisregardarecoordinatingtheworkoftheseparatecontractors,checkingtheactualprogressoftheconstructionprojectagainstanestablishedtimeschedule,andexercisingeveryefforttokeepthecostoftheworkwithintheapprovedbudget.Alsoofteninvolvedarequalitycontrol,safety,progresspayments,contractchanges,claims,expediting,shopdrawings,acceptancetesting,andotherelementsofconstructionadministration[8].TheextentofservicestobeprovidedbytheCMcanbetailoredtosuittheindividualowner’srequirements.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementConstructionmanagerTwodifferenttypesofconstructionmanagementcontractscanbeused.Underonetype,theCMismadetheagentoftheowner.AllactionsoftheCM,suchaspurchasing,contracting,disbursement,andconstructionsupervision,arecarriedoutinthenameofandonbehalfoftheowner.Underprinciplesofagency,theownerisfullyresponsiblefortheactionsoftheCM.anothertypeofmanagementcontractisthatinwhichtheCMisengagedasanindependentcontractor.Inthiscasehisactionsaretakeninhisownnameandonhisownresponsibility.TheCMisliableforhisownactionsandremainsresponsiblefortheworkuntilitscompletionandacceptancebytheowner.PublicownerscannotordinarilymaketheCMtheiragent.Privateowners,ontheotherhand,canandnormallydo.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.Note3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎Newwordsandexpressions1．considerablea.值得考虑的，相当多的2．familiarizevt.使熟悉，使通晓3.intricatea．复杂的，错综的，难懂的4．time-consuminga.花费大量时间的5.disparatea．不同的，全异的6.suretyn.担保，保证；担保人，保证人7．tradesmann.商人,店主，手艺人8．literallyad.逐字地，确实地9．utilitariana．功利的，以实用为主的10．mechanismn．机制，机理11．profoundlyad．深深地，深切地12．deterioratevt．使退化，消耗，降低13．unremittinga．不间断的，持续的14．imperativea．迫切的，绝对必要的15．design-construct 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 —施工16．weighagainst对……不利，与……比较，考虑，权衡17．Progresspayments工程进度款18.shopdrawingn.施工图，大样图19.acceptancetesting验收检验20.consultingn.咨询，顾问；a.咨询的，顾问的1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementNewwordsandexpressions21．criterionn．标准，准则22．feasibilityn.可行性，现实性23．jurisdictionn.权限，管辖权，司法权24．interima.．临时的，期间的25．disbursementn．支持，付出款26．pertainingto关于……(的)，为……所固有27．withrespectto关于28．lead-time订货至交货间的时间29．fasttracking边设计边施工(方法)30．tocontractout把(工程)包出(给)1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎Note1.Theorganizationalculturesofarchitects,engineers,owners,builders,manufacturers,andsuppliersmayseemtoworkagainsttherealneedtoforgeapartnershipthatwillensurethesuccessofaproject.建筑师、工程师、业主、施工方、制造商和供应商各自不同的组织文化可能不利于满足项目本身的需要，那就是形成确保项目成功的伙伴关系。其中：“work”的本意为“工作、运行”，和“against”连用，可以翻译为“不支持、不利于，有反作用”。2.Constructionprojectsinvolvemuchtimeandexpense,andcontrolofthemisrequirediftheyaretobecompletedwithintheestablishedtimeandcostlimitations.建筑工程需要很多时间和费用，如果需要这些建筑工程在既定的时间和有限的费用的前提下完成，那么对它们进行控制是必需的。“involve”一词一般可以翻译成“包括”.1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementNote3.Constructionprojectmanagementisconcernedwithplanning,scheduling,andcontrollingnonroutineactivitieswithincertaintimeandresourceconstrains.建筑工程管理是在一定时间和资源的限制约束下，进行计划编制、进度安排和非日常活动的控制。其中“planning”和“scheduling”都有“计划、安排”的意思，但是在工程管理专业里，“planning”和“scheduling”都有特定的含义，前者是指“计划编制”，或者是指“进度安排”。4.Unfortunately,theconstructionprocessonceitissetintomotionisnotaself-regulatingmechanismandrequiresexpertguidanceifeventsaretoconformtoplans.其中setintomotion：=begintooperate，可译为“启动，开始行动”self-regulatingmechanism：可译为“自我调节机制，自我管理机制”conformto：=beconsistentwith，可译为“遵守，与……一致，符合”1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementNote5.Itmustberememberedthatconstructionprojectsareone-timeandlargelyuniqueeffortsoflimitedtimeduration,whichinvolveworkofanon-standardizedandvariablenature.必须记住建筑工程是在有限时间内完成的，是一次性的和独特的产品，是具有非标准化的，具备不同的属性的工作。6.Undermostcompetitivebids,fixed-sumcontractscallingforconstructionservicesonly,thegeneralcontractorexercisesmanagementcontrolovertheconstructionoperations.Fixed-sumcontracts：=lumpsumcontracts，可译为“总价 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 ”fixed-sumcontractscallingforconstructionservicesonly是独立主格结构。fixed-sumcontracts是逻辑主语，exercises是谓语动词1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagementNote7.TheCMworkswiththeownerandthearchitect-engineerfromthebeginningofdesignuntilconstructionprojectcompletion,providingleadershiptotheconstructionteaminallmatterspertainingtoconstruction.从开始设计直到建筑项目完工，项目经理要与业主和设计师—工程师共同工作，在与施工相关的各种事务中，他们行使对建筑队伍的领导职能。“provide”的原意为“提供、供给、准备”，在这里可以翻译为“构成、形成、行使”。8.Alsoofteninvolvedarequalitycontrol,safety,progresspayments,contractchanges,claims,expediting,shopdrawings,acceptancetesting,andotherelementsofconstructionadministration.而且经常进行有关质量控制、安全、分期给付、合同变更、索赔、赶工、施工图、验收测试以及其他工程管理的工作。1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement教学参考译文——建筑工程与工程管理1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎绪论建筑在字典里的释义是将部分集合组装而成，这种说法也是对建筑过程本身的一个隐喻，就如同各种各样的材料组合在一起而形成一种构造，同样的，就如同把不同行业群体的人们组织起来从而完成工程。将大量独立个性的商业和企业融入到适应同一目标的过程，对于建筑业尤其是个挑战。建筑师、工程师、业主、施工方、制造商和供应商各自不同的组织文化可能不利于满足项目本身的需要，即需要形成确保项目成功的伙伴关系。建筑业是我们经济和日常生活的基础。我们驰骋于上的高速公路，横跨江河的大桥，以至于我们喝的水，烧的煤，所有这一切都因建筑业而成为可能。同样的，平时我们购物，工作，祈祷，学习，居住和赖以生存的所有场地都因建筑业的存在而存在。设计者有创见，但是如果没有承包人使之付诸实践，那些所谓设想也只不过是黄粱美梦（纸上谈兵）而已。教学参考译文——建筑工程与工程管理1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎建设项目建筑工程需要很多时间和费用，如果需要这些建筑工程在既定的时间和有限的费用的前提下完成，那么对它们进行控制是必需的。高效率管理需要相当多的建筑业知识背景，所以本单元的目的是使读者熟悉一些建筑业的基础知识。建设项目是一项复杂而耗时的工程。一个工程整体发展完成一般需要包含不同范围的专业性服务的几个阶段。从最初规划到最后竣工，典型的工程需要经过连续不同的发展阶段，需要来自不同方面的投入，譬如财政机关，政府部门，工程师，建筑师，律师，保险公司，承包人和建筑队。在工程建设过程中，即使一个中等比例的构造也需要相当丰富的技术和材料，以及成百上千的不同操作。在某种程度上每个建设项目都是独一无二的，没有任何两个是完全相同的。具体来说，每个构造都是量身特制以适应周围的环境，安排规划以彰显其独有的功能，精心设计以折射其个人品味和喜好的。对工程建筑的奇思妙想，创造力的可能性，甚至标准建筑成品的多样性，这些因素使每一个建设项目保持新颖的形式和与众不同的体验。建筑流程受到高度不稳定性和不可预知因素的影响。建设项目队伍，包括建筑师，工程师，建筑队，分包商，材料供应商以及其他人员，都在频繁更换工作。与不同建筑场地本身关系密切相连的一切复杂性，比如地基状况，地 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 形态，气候，交通状况，材料供应，公共事业和服务业，当地分包商和劳动力条件都是建设项目的内在影响因素。上述情况的最终结果是，复杂性，多样性以及建筑产品的非标准性成为建设项目的典型特征。也许工厂标准化生产零件会有些弱化这种个性，但是使场地建筑完全去符合标准化方式和产品统一生产线是不可能的。教学参考译文——建筑工程与工程管理1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎建设项目管理建筑工程管理是在一定时间和资源的限制约束下，进行计划编制、进度安排和非日常活动的控制。一个建设项目要在确定的财政运算和时间计划内进行，谨慎的操作管理监控是不可或缺的。建设项目条件包括技术复杂性，按时完工的的重要性，资源有限性，和对建筑操作的控制。糟糕的是，如果需要与计划相符合，工程流程一旦投入运行，并不具备自我调控机制而是需要专家指导的。必须记住建筑工程是在有限时间内完成的，是一次性的和独特的产品，是具有非标准化的，具备不同的属性的工作。假如预测不准的话，场地建筑工作将会因一些困境受到深刻影响。在这些不确定和不断变化的情况下，场地建筑成本和进度持续改变，没有提前预告的情形下还有可能进一步恶化。所以为了得到一个圆满的结局，技术娴熟的管理尝试不仅仅可取，完全是必要的。在大多数商业竞标下，固定总价合同只需要建筑服务，由总承包人执行建筑操作管理。私人利益是此事件的主要原动力，承包商不得不按合同规定负责定期定量完成工程。承包人达成目标的主要办法是通过采用一些工程管理体系。教学参考译文——建筑工程与工程管理1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎设计阶段的管理工程造价和工期的控制管理实际上在设计阶段就已经拉开序幕了。在初步设计阶段，就需要估算业主的年度花费以及设施的生命周期成本。技术性工作标准以成本、功能、保养、外形来衡量，应满足在使用寿命内建筑、运营和支持新设施的总成本最小化的目标。因为设计开发施工方法和可替代性材料以价值 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 为条件，而价值分析是从成本和时间考虑使整个建设过程最优化的合理方法。成本预算，从开工到竣工，贯穿始终，在设计蓝图实现过程中也起到准备工作作用。设计阶段的时间控制就是考虑到工程质量和总体花费的前提上使工程尽可能缩短建设工期。材料和建设工程设备的运输时间也要审核。考虑到较长的订购周期，一旦建筑设计进展到充分满足详细的采购规格，采购就开始运行了。与此同时，充足的劳动力和建材设备也按需备齐。初期的建设项目计划通常随着设计过程准备就绪。教学参考译文——建筑工程与工程管理1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎施工现场管理关于这一点议论表明业主想要实现工程有许多不同的程序可供选择。暂且不论这些多种多样的选择，一个团体就能承担施工现场的管理责任。这个团体可以是业主，建筑工程师，建设项目管理和总承包人，当然这主要取决于业主所采取的方式。施工现场管理以一个独立的建设项目为对象，由一个建设项目经理来负责各方面监管工作。在大型建设项目中，通常会直接在工地上为建设项目经理及其工作人员设立办公室。结论表明各行各业的户外工作人员和组织，比如建筑师，工程师，业主，分包商，材料设备供应商，施工队和管理协调部门之间的合作关系是指导工作结束的重要组成部分。施工现场管理的目的是将各种必要因素统一起来圆满完成建设项目。教学参考译文——建筑工程与工程管理1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement◎建设项目经理在建设管理过程中，业主与设计工程师签订合同要求负责项目设计，与建设管理公司签订合同，由其负责公司咨询、采购、合同签订、合同管理服务工作。也就是说，一个建设项目组由业主，建筑工程师，建设项目经理组成。其目标是将建设项目规划，设计和建造看成一个不可分割的建筑系统。从开始设计直到建筑项目完工，项目经理要与业主和设计师—工程师共同工作，在与施工相关的各种事务中，他们构成了对建筑队伍的领导。坚持建设规划和控制预算是建设项目经理的首要任务。项目经理组织，规划，日程安排，监控施工，并保证工程在一定时间、成本约束下竣工，俨如工程各个方面的聚焦点，以凝聚投入工程实施过程的各种组织力量。他调控有关工程事务，通过监控管理参与工程的个体和组织加速工程进度。为使工程快速稳健进展，决策连贵统一，专业化的指导监控就变得必不可少了。由于需对工程全面负责，项目经理必须拥有对各个部门的广泛权利权威。建造业的本质特性要求他必须依靠自身能动性当机立断，拥有这样品质对他来说至关重要。为了高效率他必须完全控制施工过程，他就是工程的代言人。建设项目管理即行使管理权力，具有将几种不同成分整合在一起为工程圆满竣工努力而创造凝聚力量的功能。1.SelectedEnglishReadings—Text2.NewwordsandexpressionsNote3.textTranslationandAnalysis4.OralEnglishPracticeUnit2ConstructionandConstructionManagement建设项目经理在设计阶段，建设项