莱辛“太空小说”的后殖民生态批评研究

学校代码：10406分类号：TP391.4学号：160505020106南昌航空大学硕士学位论文（学位研究生）莱辛“太空小说”的后殖民生态批评研究硕士研究生：王玮珺导师：许丽芹教授申请学位级别：硕士学科、专业：英语语言文学所在单位：外国语学院答辩日期：2019年6月4日授予学位单位：南昌航空大学AStudyonPostcolonialEcocriticismofDorisLessing’sSpaceFictionsADissertationSubmittedfortheDegreeofMasterOnEnglishLanguageandLiteraturebyWangWeijunUndertheSupervisionofProf.XuLiqinSchoolofForeignLanguagesNanchangHangkongUniversity,Nanchang,China4th,June,2019I摘要2007诺贝尔文学奖获得者多丽丝･莱辛(1919-2013)创作了许多著名的文学作品，其中的“太空小说”《南船星座中的老人星：档案》是其文学创作中非常重要的一部，深刻揭示了殖民帝国对殖民地生态的肆意破坏。当前正处于全球生态日益恶化的背景下，研究莱辛“太空小说”中所反映的生态问题有利于处理好人与人、人与社会以及人与自然的关系。论文以莱辛的“太空小说”的三部作品《三四五区间的联姻》、《天狼星试验》和《八号行星代表的产生》为文本依据，从后殖民生态批评理论角度出发，揭示殖民帝国对殖民地的社会生态、自然生态和精神生态的破坏与摧残。通过文本细读，本文从以下三方面剖析莱辛的“太空小说”的三部作品：首先是莱辛“太空小说”的社会生态的后殖民批评，揭示殖民者歧视殖民地东方人种和有色人种的种族主义 思想 教师资格思想品德鉴定表下载浅论红楼梦的主题思想员工思想动态调查问卷论语教育思想学生思想教育讲话稿 和殖民者剥夺殖民地人民权利的境况。其次是莱辛“太空小说”的自然生态的后殖民批评。指出殖民者为了攫取利益，肆意掠夺殖民地的土地资源和动物资源，对殖民地自然生态造成了巨大的破坏。最后，分析莱辛“太空小说”的精神生态的后殖民批评。反映殖民地人民由于长期被殖民者奴役，最后导致他们信仰缺失，精神状态失衡。尤其是殖民地的女性，受到殖民者和殖民地男性的双重压迫，精神状态严重失衡。研究表明，为了自身的利益，殖民帝国对殖民地的社会生态、自然生态和精神生态造成了巨大的破坏与摧残，给殖民地人民带来了巨大的灾难与伤痛。这无疑与当今社会提倡的平等、和谐的生态理念不符。因此，有必要警示人类：在生态环境日益恶化的今天，人类必须重新审视自身行为，从生态的整体利益出发，构建和谐的生态社会，才能找到“诗意的栖息地”，才能实现和谐共生。关键词：莱辛的太空小说,后殖民生态批评,社会生态,自然生态,精神生态IIAbstractDorisLessing(1919-2013),thewinneroftheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein2007,hascreatedalargenumberofexcellentliteraryworks.Herspacefictions，namely,CanopusinArgos:Archivesasveryimportantworks,profoundlyrevealthatthecolonialempireswantonlydestroytheecologyofthecolonies.Withthedeteriorationofglobalecology,itisnecessarytodealwiththerelationshipsbetweenmanandman,betweenmanandsocietyaswellasbetweenmanandnaturebystudyingtheecologicaldestructioninLessing’sspacefictions.BasedonclosereadingofLessing’sthreespacefictions,TheMarriagesbetweenZonesThree,Four,andFive,TheSirianExperimentsandTheMakingoftheRepresentativeforPlanet8,thisdissertationintendstoexposethesocialecology,naturalecologyandspiritualecologyofthecoloniesdestructedbythecolonialempiresfromtheperspectiveofpostcolonialecocriticism.First,itanalyzespostcolonialcriticismofsocialecology,whichclearlyreflectsthatthecolonistsdiscriminateagainsttheorientalracesandthecoloredpeopleinthecoloniesandthesituationthatthecolonizedarestrippedofrightsbythecolonists.Second,itcarriesoutpostcolonialcriticismofnaturalecology.Togainbenefits,thecolonistswantonlyplunderthelandresourcesandanimalresourcesfromthecolonies,resultingingreatdamagetothenaturalecologyandanimalsofthecolonies.Lastbutnotleast,itanalyzespostcolonialcriticismofspiritualecology.Thecolonizedlackfaithsandtheirspiritsareimbalanced,becausetheyareenslavedbythecolonistsforalongtime.Particularly,thewomeninthecoloniesareoppressedbythecolonistsandthemeninthecolonies,makingtheirspiritsabnormal.Thestudyindicatesthattogetinterests,thecolonialempireshavecausedgreatdestructiontothesocialecology,naturalecologyandspiritualecologyofthecolonies,whichbringstremendousdisastersandpainstothecolonized,whichundoubtedlyviolatestheecologicalconceptsofequalityandharmonyadvocatedbytoday’ssociety.Therefore,undernowadays’circumstanceoftheworseningecologicalenvironment,itwarnsthathumanbeingsneedtore-examinetheirownconductsandbuildaharmoniousecologicalsocietyfortheoverallinterestsoftheecosystem.OnlyinthisIIIwaycanmankindfinda“poetichabitat”andachieveharmoniouscoexistence.Keywords:Lessing’sspacefictions,postcolonialecocriticism,socialecology,naturalecology,spiritualecologyADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsContentsIVContents摘要......................................................................................................................................................IAbstract...............................................................................................................................................IIContents.............................................................................................................................................IVChapter1Introduction.........................................................................................................................11.1DorisLessingandHerMajorworks.....................................................................................11.2TheIntroductionofDorisLessing’sThreeSpaceFictions..................................................21.2.1TheMarriagesBetweenZonesThree,Four,andFive...............................................31.2.2TheSirianExperiments..............................................................................................41.2.3TheMakingoftheRepresentativeforPlanet8..........................................................41.3TheBackgroundoftheResearch..........................................................................................51.4PurposeandSignificanceoftheStudy..................................................................................61.5LayoutoftheDissertation.....................................................................................................7Chapter2LiteratureReview................................................................................................................92.1PreviousResearchonDorisLessingandHerSpaceFictionsAbroad.................................92.2PreviousResearchonDorisLessingandHerSpaceFictionsatHome..............................12Chapter3TheoreticalFramework.....................................................................................................163.1DevelopmentofPostcolonialEcocriticism.........................................................................163.2CoreConceptsofPostcolonialEcocriticism.......................................................................18Chapter4PostcolonialEcocriticismofDorisLessing’sSpaceFictions..........................................214.1PostcolonialCriticismoftheSocialEcologyinLessing’sSpaceFictions........................214.1.1RacistCriticism........................................................................................................214.1.2TheDeprivationoftheColonizedPeople’sRights..................................................274.2PostcolonialCriticismoftheNaturalEcologyinLessing’sSpaceFictions......................294.2.1TheDeteriorationofLandEcology..........................................................................304.2.2TheDestructionofAnimalEcology.........................................................................354.3PostcolonialCriticismoftheSpiritualEcologyinLessing’sSpaceFictions.....................384.3.1LackofFaithsoftheColonized...............................................................................384.3.2Women’sSpiritualEcologicalImbalanceintheColonies.......................................42Chapter5Conclusion.........................................................................................................................455.1Majorfindings.....................................................................................................................455.2LimitationsandSuggestions................................................................................................46Bibliography......................................................................................................................................48发表论文和参加科研情况说明.......................................................................................................51Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................52南昌航空大学硕士学位论文原创性声明.......................................................错误！未定义书签。南昌航空大学硕士学位论文使用 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书.......................................................错误！未定义书签。ADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsChapter1Introduction1Chapter1Introduction1.1DorisLessingandHerMajorworksAftertheWorldWarII,alargenumberofbrilliantfemalewritersemergeinBritain,includingDorisLessing(1919-2013).Lessingisdubbedas“theOldMother”and“theEvergreenTree”inLiterarycirclebecauseofheruniqueviewsandvariousstyles.Lessing,asadistinctivewriter,isregardedasoneofthegreatestfemalewritersafterVirginiaWoolf.Asarepresentativewriterofourage,evenifthewritingstylesofherworksarenotconsistentwiththisera,herspiritofthiseraispresentedinhernumerousworks(BloomHarold,2003:7).Lessingisawardedalotofprizes,includingW.H.SmithLteraryAwardSomersetMaughamAward,Hamburg,AustrianStatePrizeforEuropeanLiteratureandPremioInternazionaleMondello,etc.ShewinstheNobelPrizeforliteratureattheageofeighty-eightthankstoherdistinguishedcreations.Sheisdescribedas“thatepicistofthefemaleexperience,whowithscepticism,fireandvisionarypowerhassubjectedadividedcivilizationtoscrutiny”bytheSwedishAcademy(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Lessing).DorisLessingwasborninKamamsha,Iran,whoseparentswerebothBritish.ShemovedtoRhodesia(nowZimbabwe)withherparentsin1925,whichwasaBritaincolonyinAfrica.Becauseofeyedisease,shedroppedoutofschoolat13andthenshetaughtherself.Afterleavingschool,sheworkedasnursemaid,telephoneoperator,stenographer,etc.Whenshewas19,LessingmarriedFrankWisdom,herfirsthusband,withwhomshehadonedaughterandoneson.Herfirstmarriagelastedfouryears.ShemarriedGottfriedLessingat23whowasaJewishGermancommunist,andhadthethirdchild.Duringthisperiod,shewasmuchinterestedinMarxismandtookpartintheCommunistParty.MrsLessingandhersecondhusbandbrokeupin1949.ThenshemovedtoLondonin1950andledalifeinLondonfromthenon.Herfirstnovel,theGrassIsSingingwasverypopular,publishedin1950.Thenshestartedtostepintoliteraturecircle.DorisLessingisaversatilewriter,whoseworksalmostinvolveallimportantissuesof20thcentury,suchasgenderrole,racialdiscrimination,politics,religiousfaith,war,environmentalpollution,scientificcrisis,thefutureofmankind,theproblemofoldageandsoforth.Lessing’sworksarefruitfulandhernewworksconstantlycomeout.ShecreatesADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsChapter1Introduction2morethanfiftyworksindifferentstyles,whichincludetwenty-sevenprofoundfull-lengthnovels,seventeenshortstorycollectionsandtwoautobiographies.Besides,shepublishesmassiveliteratureworkswithallkindsofforms,forinstance,poetry,play,prose,literarytheoryanddocumentaryfacts,etc.Lessing’sliteratureworksaredividedintoseveralstagesbycritics.TheyareclassifiedbyLiFuxiangasthreestages(LiFuxiang,1994:33-39),butdividedbyQuShijingasfourstages(QuShijing,2007:2-3).AccordingtothethemeandstyleofLessing’sworks,theyaredividedintofourstagesinthisdissertation.Atthefirststage,Lessingusestraditionalrealisticwritingstyleinherworks.SettingagainstthebackgroundofthelifeincoloniesinAfrica,herworksshowraceissuesaswellassocialandpoliticalstrugglesthatthecolonizedlaunchanti-colonialcampaignstofightforfreedomandequality.Therearesomerepresentativesinthisstage,includingTheGrassisSinging(1950),ThisWastheOldChief'sCountry(1951),ThisWastheOldChief'sCountry:CollectedAfricanStories(1973),etc.Atthesecondstage,sheattemptstouseanewartforminherworks,andfocusesonexploringcharacter’sinnerworld.Herworksmainlydepictwhatdilemmasmodernwomenarefacingandhowtheyrescuethemselves.Itincludestheseworksinthisstage,forexample,ChildrenofViolenceSeries(1952-1969),TheGoldenNotebook(1962),TheSummerBeforetheDark(1973)andsoforth.Atthethirdstage,Lessingturnstosciencefiction,gainingagreatachievement.Shemainlyadoptsthewritingskillsofallegoryandillusioninherworks.Sheconcentratesonprobingintothecrisisfacedbyhumanandthethinkingaboutthefutureofmankindinthisperiod.MemoirsoftheSurvivor(1974),MaraandDann(1999),TheCleft(2007)arewritteninthisstage.Andatthelaststage,Lessing’swritingstylemovestorealisticmodeagain,containingtheseworks,likeJaneSomers(1984),TheGoodTerrorist(1985),Love,Again(1996),etc.1.2TheIntroductionofDorisLessing’sThreeSpaceFictionsDorisLessing’sCanopusinArgos:Archives(1979-1983),alsocalledspacefictions,aresignificantnovelsinherworks.Theyconsistoffivenovels,Re:ColonizedPlanet5Shikasta(1979),TheMarriagesBetweenZonesThree,Four,andFive(1980),TheSirianExperiments(1981),TheMakingoftheRepresentativeforPlanet8(1982),andTheSentimentalAgentsinTheVolyenEmpire(1983).CanopusinArgos:ArchivesmainlydescribethreespaceempiresinGalaxywhicharetheCanopeanempire,theSiriusempireandtheShammatempire.Togetbenefitsfromthecolonies,likeShikasta,Planet23,PlanetADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsChapter1Introduction310,threespaceempirescarryoutaseriesofactivitiesinthecolonies,suchas,invadingland,plunderingresources,dividingpeopleintodifferentclassesandsuppressingpeople’sresistancemovements.ItchieflypresentsthatlotsofcoloniesarecontrolledbytheCanopeanempire.Becauseofpossessingthestrongestcomprehensivepowerinthreespaceempires,therealmsofthecolonieswhichareruledbytheCanopeanempiresteadilyexpandstepbystep.Consideringitselfasthedevelopedplanet,anotherspaceempire,theSiriusempirerapidlydevelopsitseconomyandindustry,andfastextendstheboundaryofthecolonies.Theweakestempireinthreespaceempires,theShammatempireisbarbaricandunder-developed.ItfrequentlyharassestheresidentsinthecoloniesruledbytheCanopeanempireandtheSirianempire,andplunderstheirresources.ThispaperprincipallyappliespostcolonialecocriticismtoanalyzingLessing’sthreenovels,TheMarriagesBetweenZonesThree,Four,andFive,TheSirianExperimentsandTheMakingoftheRepresentativeforPlanet8.Thefollowingisthesketchofthethreefictions.1.2.1TheMarriagesBetweenZonesThree,Four,andFiveTheMarriagesBetweenZonesThree,Four,andFiveisthesecondfictioninCanopusinArgos:Archives.TherearesixzonesinRohanda,whichareruledbytheCanopeanempire.Thisfictionmainlydescribesthemarriagesinthreezones:ZoneThree,ZoneFourandZoneFive.Thethreezonesareseparatedbydifferentgeographicalenvironments,socialenvironments,lifestyles,economiesandfaiths.Eachofzonesisclosedandnevercommunicateswitheachother.TheUtopaincountry,ZoneThreeislocatedonaplateau.Itisalsoanagriculturalcountry,wherepeopleleadanabundant,equalandharmoniouslife.Itisguidedbythegentleandculturedqueen,AI･Ith.Themilitarykingdom,ZoneFourissituatedinaplain,governedbytherudeandwarlikeking,BenAta.Allthemalesinthiscountryhavetojointhearmywhentheyaresixyearsold.Thetaskofsoldiersisthattheyguardtheborderofthecountry,butactually,therearenoenemies.ZoneFiveismadeupofnomads,controlledbythebarbaricqueen,Vashi.SixzonesmustobeytheorderfromtheProviderwhostandsfortheCanopeanempire.WhenAI･Ith,thequeenofZoneThree,receivestheorderthatshehastomarryBenAta,thekingofZoneFour,sheisreluctanttolivewiththeman,whileshestillbecomesthewifeoftheman.Themaleandfemalearestrangeratfirstandtheyloatheeachother.However,theyfallinlovewitheachotheraftergoingthroughalotofconflictsandhaveababy,eventhoughtherearehugedifferencesbetweenthem.Whenthedrumsounds,BenAtamustfollowtheorderthathemarriesthequeenofZoneFive,Vashi,andAI･IthneedsADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsChapter1Introduction4toreturntoZoneThree.AI･IthhasadeeplyimpactonBenAta.Heisawareofthebadsituationofhislandanddeterminetochange.HealsoinstructsVashitotransformthelifestyleofZoneFive.InfluencedbyBenAta,thesituationinZoneFivehasabigchange.AsforAI･Ith,becausepeopleinZoneThreethinkthatsheisaffectedbyZoneFour,shecouldnotliveinthereandshesettlesintheborderofZoneThree.Throughherincessantefforts,shestepsintomorecivilizedZoneTwo.Eventually,theclosedstateisbrokenbythemarriagesamongZoneThree,ZoneFourandZoneFive.Communicationsarefrequentinsixzones.Itnotonlypromotesdevelopmentofeachzone,butalsosolvessomesocialproblems.1.2.2TheSirianExperimentsTheSirianExperimentsisthethirdnovelofLessing’sspacefictions.ThestoryistoldbyAmbienII,oneoftheFivewhichistheleadingteamintheSirianempire.Siriusisoneofthreespaceempires.Intermsoftechnology,itstechnologyismorediversifiedandadvancedthan“mercifulCanopus”andvicious“ShammatofPuttiora”.Duetotechnologicaldevelopment,thereisadiseasecalled“theexistentials”inSirius.ThediseasegetsworseandworseandtheresidentsinSiriusareverypainful.TheSirianimperialistsbelievethattheycannotgetbenefitsinhereanymore,sotheyhavenoreasontostayhere.Inordertodevelopitsempireenterprise,numerousplanetsareconqueredandcolonizedbySirius.Duringtheperiodofinvadingtheplanet,Rohandawhichisametaphoroftheearth,SiriusandCanopusbreakoutawarandCanopuswins.Thetwoempireshavemadeatreatyafterthewar.Onthebasisoftheagreement,southernRohandaisgovernedbySirius.Togaininterests,Siriusdoesalotofexperimentsbyusingtheaboriginalpeopleinthere,whichallfailsintheend.Whereas,thenativepeopleinnorthernRohandadominatedbyCanopusevolvewellandtheyareverypretty,astheyarecultivatedbythemysteriouspower“Lock”.Toknowhowpeopleevolveinthenorth,AmbienIIisallocatedbySiriustonorthernRohanda.AffectedbyKlorathy,thesuperiorcolonialadministratorinCanopus,AmbienIIhasahugechange.WhensouthernRohandaisoccupiedbyShammat,AmbienIIgivesupdoingtheSirianExperimentsinherhomelandandchoosestostayinnorthernRohanda,becausesherealizesthatCanopusisadvancedandSiriusiscruel.1.2.3TheMakingoftheRepresentativeforPlanet8ThefourthbookinCanopusinArgos:ArchivesisTheMakingoftheRepresentativeforPlanet8.TheinhabitantsonPlanet8immigratefromCanopusandtheyarealsobredADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsChapter1Introduction5byCanopus,themotherplanet.Johor,anagentoftheCanopeanempire,issenttoPlanet8totellthattheresidentsonPlanet8havetobuildagiantthickwallandtheglobeneedstobesurroundedbyit.ThewarmandbeautifulPlanet8nowisfreezingbecauseofclimatechange.Theplanetisnotcompletelycoveredwithsnowandice,asthebuiltwallwithstandsthestrengthofice.However,thecitizensontheplanetstillsufferfromhungerandcoldness.Trappedinthebadweather,peoplewaittoberescuedbyCanopusasusual.Atthebeginningofthedisaster,theagentsaresentbyCanopustoPlanet8intime.Theagentsmapoutaseriesofstrategiestocopewiththecatastrophe,andmakeapromisethatpeopleonPlanet8willbetransportedtoRohand,asafe,warmandbeautifulplanet.However,Rohandaisruinedbyanunexpectedcalamityandthehopeisshattered.Hencetheyhavetogiveupprevioussavingplan.Meanwhile,thewallcouldnotresisttheiceanymore,becauseitcomesdown.TheonlywayisthatitisnecessarytochangethethoughtsoftheresidentsonPlanet8.Thus,Johorisallottedtoheretoassistpeopletochangetheirminds.WiththeassistanceofJohor,theconsciousnessofcosmiconenessisgraduallyacceptedbypeopleonPlanet8.Theyloosepersonalidentityandbecomeapartofthecollective.Theyalsobuildasocietywithoutindividualism.Doeg,thenarratorofthenovel,andotherpeopleonPlanet8findthattherearemuchpowerfulenergyinsidethem.Finally,therepresentativesdie,buttheytranscendthemselves.ThentherepresentativesofPlanet8appear.1.3TheBackgroundoftheResearchWiththedevelopmentofglobalization,peopleallovertheworldenjoyresourcesharingandtheconvenienceofscienceandtechnology.Nevertheless,theyarealsosufferingfromaseriesofissuesofecologicalenvironmentaldeteriorationbecauseofexcessiveandunreasonabledevelopment,suchas,globalwarming,thedestructionofozonosphere,acidrain,thecrisisoffreshwaterresource,resourceshortage,droppingmarkedlyinforestresource,landdesertification,speciesextinction,thedisasterofgarbage,thepollutionoftoxicchemical,etc.Facedwiththat,peoplehavetodealwithenvironmentalproblems.Thus,theystarttopaycloselyattentiontonaturalenvironment.Peopleinthedevelopedcountriescallonhumanbeingstoprotectenvironment,plantsandtherightsofanimals.Althoughpeoplehaveadvocatedagreatmanyslogansandhavetakennumerousactions,therightsofotherpeoplewhoarenotthewhitesarestilloverlookedbylotsofpeople.Therefore,humanbeingshouldpayenoughattentionandADissertationforMaster’sDegreeofArtsChapter1Introduction6importancetootherpeople’sequalrights,includingtherightstolifeanddevelopment.Theseissuesalsoshouldbelookedfromtheperspectiveofthewholeecosystem.Besides,humanshavebeenlivingtogetherononeplanetforthousandsofyears.Inordertoscrambleforresourcesundertheconditionofthelimitedresources,itbreaksoutcountlesswarsamongcountries.Forinstance,toresolvetheshortageofnationalresources,somecountriesstartthecolonialwarandviolentlypillageresourcesfromothercountriesorotherethnicgroups.Notonlydoesithugelydestroyanimalsandplants,butalsoitisatrampleforthedisadvantagedgroup,bothinpeople&r