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翻硕复习第十一讲 转句译法与合句译法

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翻硕复习第十一讲 转句译法与合句译法第十一讲转句译法与合并译法WhenIreachedtheageoftwelveIlefttheschoolforeverandgotmyfirstfulltimejob,asagrocer’sboy.Ispentmydayscarryingheavyloads,butIenjoyedit.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal,forIcouldneverstomachspeakingtomy“betters&r...

翻硕复习第十一讲 转句译法与合句译法
第十一讲转句译法与合并译法WhenIreachedtheageoftwelveIlefttheschoolforeverandgotmyfirstfulltimejob,asagrocer’sboy.Ispentmydayscarryingheavyloads,butIenjoyedit.Itwasonlymycapacityforhardworkthatsavedmefromearlydismissal,forIcouldneverstomachspeakingtomy“betters”withthedeferencemyemployerthoughtIshouldassume.我从十二岁那年起就永远离开了学校,并且找到了一份专职工作。最初是在一家食品杂货店里当伙计。我整天扛沉重的货物,不过干得倒也挺带劲。要不是能干重活,我早就给辞退了。因为老板要我毕恭毕敬地跟那些“上等人”说话,这样干,我实在受不了。ButthelimitwasreachedonTuesdaymyhalfholiday.OnmywayhomeonthatdayIusedtocarryalargebasketofprovisionstothehomeofmyemployer’ssister-in-law.AsherhousewasonmywayhomeIneverobjectedtothis.但是,有一个礼拜二——是我歇半天班的假日——事情发展到令我难以忍受的地步。每逢礼拜二回家的时候,我经常替老板捎一大篮子吃的东西,给他的嫂子送去。因为顺路,我也从没说过不乐意。OnthisparticularTuesday,however,justaswewereputtingtheshuttersup,aloadofsmokedhamswasdeliveredattheshop.“Waitaminute,”saidtheboss,andheopenedtheloadandtookoutaham,whichhestartedtoboneandstringup.可是,就在这礼拜二,我们正关店门(上门板)的当儿,一批熏火腿送到店里。“等一会儿!”老板说道,说罢便打开火腿包,拿出一只,开始剔骨头,然后用绳子绑起来。教学步骤:一、转句译法二、合句译法三、语篇翻译练习转句译法(Division/Expansion)英语和汉语中常有一些短小精悍、含义丰富的单词或词组,在句中充当各种句子成分。在翻译中有时很难将此类单词或词组照旧译出,因此需对其进行转译,将其译成汉语或英语的一个句子。转句的意思就是转成句子。即在翻译时把原文中的一个单词或短语转成一个句子,也叫“分译”或“拆译”,意思就是把单词或短语分开或拆开来翻译。Division/Expansionreferstotheprocessofdividingasentenceintotwoormoreonesbypickingupthosewordsorphraseswhich“arehardnutstocrack”andexpandingthemintoclausesorsentences.冯庆华教授(2001:92)把分译法划分成“转句译法”和“断句译法”,认为二者都是把原文较长的句子拆开来说,不同之处在于前者指把原文中的一个词组或词语拉出来翻译成独立的句子,后者指把原文中的从句拉出来翻译成独立的句子。郭著章、李庆生(1996:93-96)认为分译法主要用于长句的翻译,长句的翻译是分译法的主要内容,但分译法也应该包括某些词语意义的分译。郭著章、李庆生(1996:95-96)认为“所谓一长句可分译成几句中的句子的含义是什么呢?此处所谓的句子不在于结尾处用句号,而在于有无主谓结构而。一般说来,含有一个主谓结构的语言部分就是一个句子。”Ⅰ.把单词译成句子1.Unreasonably,shehadexpectedthatsomeonemightsolvetheproblemforher.她期待着有人能帮她解决问题,这是没有道理的。2.Henrytriedunsuccessfullytoputoutthefire.亨利奋力灭火,却无济于事。3.InthedaysthatfollowedIlearnedtospellinthisuncomprehendingwayagreatmanywords.在随后的日子里我就这样学着拼写了许多词,虽然并不理解它们的意思。4.Atthattimeagrowingminorityofwesternintellectualsagreedwiththisopinion.当时越来越多的西方知识分子同意这种观点,虽然从数量上他们仍是少数。5.Theskin-tightskirtandorangesweaterdisplayedtoenviableadvantageasoftandslenderbody.那条紧身裙和橘黄色毛衣把她柔软苗条的身材衬得恰到好处,真令人羡慕。6.Thissystemwillconceivablyeventuallyreplacetheoldwayofoperation.可以想见,这种系统最终将取代旧的操作方式。7.Theregionwasthemostidentifiabletroublespot.那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是最容易看得出来的。8.HearrivedinWashingtonataripemomentinternationally.他来到华盛顿,就国际形势来说,时机正合适。9.Asaplacetolive,itleftmuchtobedesired.Butasasecrettrainingbaseforanewplane,itwasanexcellentsite,itsremotenesseffectivelypreventeditsactivityfrombeingknown.作为居住的地方,这里有许多不足之处。但作为新型飞机的秘密训练基地却是非常理想的。它地处偏远,人们不容易了解其中的活动。10).Theyseemedjustifiablyproudoftheireconomicachievements.(状语—句子)他们似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪,这是合乎情理的。11).Thatregionwasthemostidentifiabletroublespot.(定语—句子)那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家最容易看出来的。12).Amovieofmeleavingthatfoxholewouldlooklikeashellleavingarifle.(主语—句子)我离开那个单人掩体的情景,要是拍成电影的话,会象出膛的子弹那样快。13).Heshookhisheadandhiseyeswerewide,thennarrowedinindignation.(宾语—句子)他摇了摇头,两目睁得圆圆的,接着又眯成一条线,脸上露出了愤怒的神色。14).Hehadasoundfeelingthattheidiomwasthebackboneofalanguageandhewasallfortheracyphrases.(定语)他感到习语是语言的主要支柱,因此特别主张用生动的短语,他的想法是非常正确的。15).Luckily,atthismomenthecaughtalivercomplaint,forthecureofwhichhereturnedtoEurope,andwhichwasthesourceofgreatcomfortandamusementtohiminhisnativecountry.(W.M.Thackerary:VanityFair)(插入语—句子)算他运气好,正在那时害了肝病,必须回到欧洲去医治,才算有机会在本国享福。翻译练习:1).Shestalkedaway,withagnawinguncertaintyinherbreast.她昂首阔步地走开,心里半信半疑,(心中)感到十分苦恼。2).Hehadlongbeenheldincordialcontemptbyhispeers;nowthatcontemptwasnolongercordial.长期以来,他的同僚虽然看不起他,却还是对他有些亲切感;现在除了看不起之外,连亲切感也没有了。3).Theplanesonthemuch-bombardedairfieldhadbeenreducedto12bySept.10.由于机场遭到狂轰乱炸,机场上的飞机到九月10日时已减少到12架了。4).AnycommentontheissueshouldappropriatelycomefromtheMinistryofForeignAffairs.有关该问题的任何评论应由外交部作出,这才是合适的。5).Characteristically,Mr.Zhangconcealedhisfeelingsandwatchedandlearned.张先生没有 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 露自己的感情,只是察言观色,心领神会。这是他的特点。II.把短语译成句子1.Notsurprisingly,theydidnotreplyatall.他们根本没有答复,这一点也不奇怪。2.HewasdeeplyimpressedbyNixon’sfirmhandshake.尼克松紧紧地握住他的手,这给他留下了深刻的印象。3.Hisextremeearnestnessimpressedmedeeply.他做事极其认真,给我留下了深刻的印象。4.Shetriedtohelpthemfindotherrentalquarterswithoutsuccess.她试图帮他们找别的出租的房子,但是没找着。5.Heralternationsofmoodcausedworriestoherparents.她的情绪时好时坏,让她父母很担心。6.Hefinallyfaileddespitemonthsofmeticulouspreparation.虽然他精心准备了好几个月,但最终还是失败了。7.Anotherfailurewoulddefinitelydeprivedhimofallhisconfidence.如果他再失败的话,肯定就会失去所有的信心了。8.Alittlemoreeffortswouldmostlikelyhaveledtoadifferentresult.如果再努力一点,结果很有可能就会不一样。9.Anotherroundofwarintheregionclearlywouldputstrainsoninternationalrelations.如果该地区再次发生战争,显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。10.Theywereathomeinthehomeoftheirrelatives,movingconfidentlywithoutfear.(状语—句子)他们在亲戚家里感到自在,行动时心里踏实,无忧无虑。11.Sunraysfilteredinwhatevertheycould,drivingoutdarknessandchokingtheshadows.(状语—句子)阳光射入了它所能透过的所有地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了幽影。12.Thestationchiefwouldhavetobeclosetothedirector,amemberoftheinnercircle.(同位语—句子)这位站长就得接近董事,因为董事是核心集团的成员。13.Acrashingthunderstorm,withthickrainhissingdownfromskiesblackasnight,stoppedVictorHenryfromleavingtheWhiteHouse.(HermanWouk:TheWindsofWar)(主语—句子)轰隆几声雷响,从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。维克多·亨利无法离开白宫。14.Afteranhour,thetrailtookthembyalow,spreadingtreestrungthicklywithbeads.(AlexHaley:Roots)走了一个小时光景,他们走到了一棵矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁,树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠。15.Thehospitalwasalreadyspreadingafameforitsfood.这个医院的伙食好,这点已远近闻名了。翻译练习:1).Hisarticleisawell-writtencompositionofgoodstructureandfinestyle.(定语)他的文章写得好,结构严谨,文笔优美。2).Iwaitedingrowingimpatiencetogetonmyway,notforoneminutebutforquiteaconsiderabletime.(状语)我等着要启程,越等越不耐烦;哪里只等一会儿,一等就是大半天。3).IwasquiteastonishedatyourreturnfromIndiatofindyounotallerthanmyself.(宾语)你从印度回来,只是与我一样高,真是想不到。4).Clapp,withthebestofcharcatersandhandwritings,hadbeenableverysoonafterhismaster’sdisastertofindotheremploymentforhimself.(Thackeray:VanityFair)克拉浦品行端正,一笔字又写得好,因此主人坏了事以后不久就找到了别的工作。5).Thedifficultyofattainmentincreaseswiththevalueoftheobject.越是难以获得的东西,其价值就越高。6).Thunderstormsinspringandsummeroftencomewithintensitygreatenoughtocauseflash-flooding.春夏两季雷雨交加,迅猛异常,顷刻之间暴雨成灾。这是常有之事。7).Helistenedwithbright-eyedsmilingattention,sayingnothing,andapplaudingheartilywiththerest.他側耳倾听,目光炯炯,含笑而听,一言不发,听毕与别人一起报以热烈的掌声。8).Outofadeepanddreamlesssleephewasawakenedbythesoundofthumpingonthedoor.他在酣睡,连梦也没有。突然间一阵急促的敲门声把他吵醒了。9).Theirdoggedfightagainstsuchheavyoddsgavethetroopsinvaluableextratime.他们在敌众我寡的情况下顽强战斗,为大部队赢得了宝贵的时间。10).Theinfinitesimalamountofunclearfuelrequiredmakesitpossibletobuildpowerreactorsinanypartoftheworld.动力反应堆所需要的原料极少,因此可以建在世界上的任何地方。11).Tomis,onthesurface,astoutish,easy-goingelderlyman,withkindlypatientmanners,andanengagingsimplicityofcharacter.论外表,汤姆身材强壮,平易近人,年事渐长,彬彬有礼,心宽坦然,仪态优雅,性情率真。12).Thepresentonslaughtofvehiclesposesaseriousthreattourbanlifeandpedestrianpeaceofmind.当前,车辆横冲直撞,严重威胁着城市(市区)生活,路上行人无不提心吊胆。13).Doctorsandmenbothtalkedaboutamiracledrugconstantlyalmostwithawe.医生和伤病员常常谈起一种神奇的药物,而且谈时几乎都带有一种敬畏的口吻。14).Buttheyhadbecomenomadsofthedesert,livingonthegroundandunderthesky,andtheylovedit.可是他们都变成了沙漠里的牧民了,生活在苍天之下,黄土之上。他们可也喜欢这种生活。15).ThisisanintelligentlyorganizedandferventmeetinginapackedTownHall,withMr.Greeninthechair.这是一次精心组织的会议,市政大厅里与会者济济一堂,热情洋溢。会议由格林先生主持。转译复合句3.Splitcomplexsentencesintranslation(转译复合句)AnEnglishcomplexsentence,composedoftwoormoreclauses,oftenexpressesaseriesoflogicalthoughts.InChinese,however,suchlogicalthoughtsarepreferablyexpressedinseparateclausesorshortsentences,whicharearrangedincertainlogicalorder.(1).SeparatetheadjectiveclausefromthemainclauseEnglishadjectiveclausecanbetranslatedintoChineseattributes,co-ordinateclausesorsubordinateclauseswhichactasadverbialclausesdenotingreason,result,purpose,condition,concession,etc.Herewehavesomeexamplestoillustratethispoint.(I).TranslateEnglishadjectiveclausesintoChineseco-ordinateclausesorindependentsentences.1)BrightsunshinefloodedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingball.大街上阳光灿烂,一群穿着假日盛装的男孩正在街上玩球。2).ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.在这期间,爱因斯坦开始了一项研究,通过此项研究,他创立了著名的相对论。3).Tom’sscientifictrainingcameduringthevisitsofanunclewhowasascientist.汤姆的叔叔是位科学家,汤姆多次拜访他叔叔,就在这时候汤姆开始了他的科学研究。4).Mostofthetimewasgiventointra-squadgamesinwhichtheChinesetabletennisplayersdemonstratedtheirdazzlingtechniquesandskillstoahighlyappreciativeaudience.其间大部分的比赛是在中国选手之间进行的。中国乒乓球运动员展示了令人眼花缭乱的球艺,观众看了都赞叹不已。5).Hefailedsomehow,inspiteofamediocritywhichoughttohaveinsuredanymanasuccess.照理说,他这样的庸才应该发迹,可是不知怎的他并不得志。6).RhodaclutchedVictorHenry’sarmandjumpedupanddown,totheamusementoftheuniformedforeignministrymanwhohadescortedthemtomeetthetrainfromKonigsberg.(HermanWouk:TheWindsofWar)罗达紧紧抓住维多克·亨利的胳膊乱蹦乱跳。旁边那位穿制服的外交部官员忍不住露出微笑,他是送他们到这里来接从科尼希斯贝格开来的列车的。(II).TranslateEnglishadjectiveclausesintoChinesesubordinate(adverbial)clauses.1)Gasoccupiesallofanycontainerinwhichitisplaced.(concession)气体无论装在什么容器,都会把容器占满。2)Abodythatcontainsonlyatomswithsamegeneralpropertiesiscalledanelement.(condition)一种物质如果所包含的原子属性相同,就称为元素。3).Howeverweshouldnotgivemuchcredencetothistale,whichismorelikelytospreadtomakefunofthesupposedlystingynatureoftheScots.(cause)我们可不要轻信这样的传说,因为这种传说之所以流传,多半是用来嘲笑苏格兰人的那种所谓的吝啬性格的。1).Thistechniquewillhelptominimizeanyincreaseinproductcostswhichareinevitableinthepresentcircumstances.(concession)虽然在目前的情况下产品成本的增加是不可避免的,但这种技术可有助于将产品成本降至最低限度。2).Onearth,wherefogorrainwouldinterferewithtransmission,laserswouldhavetobebeamedthroughevacuatedpipelinestopreventpowerloss.(cause)为防止功率损失,激光必须在真空管道中输送,因为地球表面上雾气或雨滴会影响激光的输送。3).Thereisanemergencyexitintheroofofthecarthroughwhichpassengerscanescape.(purpose)汽车顶上有个应急出口处,以便乘客在紧急时能从处逃生。(III).Separateotherclausesfromtheirmainclauses(分译主句或其他从句)InversionintranslationduetothedifferencesinsyntacticoridiomaticconstructionbetweenEnglishandChineseoftenresultsindivision.WemayseparateotherclausesfromtheirmainclausesandrearrangethewordorderaccordingtotheChinesewayofthinkingandofexpression.Insuchcases,themainclausesorthesubordinateclausesmaybetranslatedintoChinese“independentelement”(独立成分)or“extra-positionelement”(外位成分).1).HewantedtotellTomhowsurprisedhewasathisknowledgebutembarrassmentmadehimholdhispeace.他想告诉汤姆,他没有料到他的知识这么渊博,但是觉得有些不好意思,没有说出口。2).IbelievestronglythatitisintheinterestsofmycountrymenthatBritainshouldremainanactiveandenergeticmemberoftheEuropeanCommunity.我坚决地认为,英国应该继续在欧洲公同体中扮演一个积极而充满活力的角色,这是符合我国人民利益的。3).Strangeenoughtheywerethesameagetotheday.说来也巧,他俩年纪一样大,而且还是同日生的。4).Theampleyardinbackisdominatedbyheavilybearingfruittrees.屋后是个宽敞的院子,大部分都给果实累累的国树占据了。合句译法(combination)合译法(Combination):和分译法不同,合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起,使其更符合汉语的表达方法。一般说来,英语句子要比汉语句子长,一个英语句子要比汉语句子具有更大容量。因此,在汉译英时常会把两个或两个以上的汉语句子翻译成一个英语句子。比较口语化的英语句子也较短,在英译汉时也会使用合译法。合句法类型:简单句与简单句合并主从复合句合并并列复合句合并1.Theyoungmanwasverymiserable.Hehadnomoneyabouthim.Allhissavingshadbeenstolen.这个年轻人真惨,已落到身无分文的地步,因为他的全部积蓄都被偷了。2.Thatday,thePresidenthadaninterviewwithhisfather.Hisfatherwasgoingtothemoonbyspaceshuttle.那天,总统会见了他的父亲,他的父亲将乘航天飞机去登月。3.Hewasclean.Hismindwasopen.他为人单纯而坦率。简单句的翻译:4.Shewasborninaverysmalltown.ThetownisinthenorthofChinanearthesea.她出生在中国北方一个沿海的小镇。5.ItwasApril1945.TheSecondWorldWarwascomingtoanend.1945年4月,第二次世界大战已接近尾声。6.Shewentbackhometotakecareofherhusband.Hewasseriouslyill.她回家去照料病重的丈夫。7.Theysatdowninthewaiting-roomtodosomereading.Peoplecametoandfrothere.他们在人来人往的候车室里坐下来看点书。复合句的翻译1.WhenInegotiate,Igetnervous.WhenIgetnervous,Ieat.我谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃点东西。2.WhenwepraisetheChineseleadershipandthepeople,wearenotmerelybeingpolite.我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。3.In1844EngelsmetMarx,andtheybecamefriends.1844年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成为了好朋友。4.Itwasinmid-August,andtherepairsectionoperatedundertheblazingsun.八月中旬,维修人员在烈日下工作。5.Heunnecessarilyspentalotoftimeintroducingthisbook,whichthestudentsarefamiliarwith.他花了很长时间介绍这本书,其实没有必要,因为学生们对它已经很熟悉了。6.Frictionwearsawaymetalinthemovingparts,whichshortenstheirworkinglife.运动部件间的摩擦力使金属磨损,这就缩短了运动部件的使用寿命。“Therebe+主语+定语从句”,在这样的复合句中,主要为主的意义不在therebe上,而在从句的谓语部分。翻译时可以使用合译法把主句译成“有+名词(兼语式谓语)”,把从句译成谓语。构成“有人做(是)”,“没有人做(是)”的格式。例如:1.Therearesomemetalswhicharelighterthanwater.有些金属比水轻。2.Thereisnothingthatdoesnotcontaincontradiction;withoutcontradictionnothingwouldexist.没有什么事物不包含矛盾,没有矛盾就没有世界。3.Thereareanumberofdrugsthatcancausephysicalandmentaltrouble.有许多麻醉品,会对身心造成危害。4.Thereisnoplaceontheearthwherethedaysarelongerinwinterthaninsummer.地球上没有一个地方冬天的白昼比夏天长。语篇翻译练习:美国总统奥巴马获得连任Withresultsinfrommoststates,America'sfirstblackpresidenthassecuredthe270votesintheelectoralcollegeneededtowintherace.MrObamaprevaileddespitelingeringdissatisfactionwiththeeconomyandawell-fundedchallengebyMrRomney.HewonbyacomfortablemarginevenwhiletheswingstateofFloridaremainstooclosetocall.WithFlorida's29electoralvotesstillundecided,MrObamawon303electoralvotestoMrRomney's206.InChicago,MrObamagreetedcheeringsupportersandcongratulatedMrRomneyandRepublicanVice-presidentialcandidatePaulRyanontheirhard-foughtcampaign."Wehavepickedourselvesup,wehavefoughtourwaybackandweknowinourheartsthatfortheUnitedStatesofAmericathebestisyettocome,"hesaid.HepledgedtoworkwithRepublicanleadersinCongresstoreducethegovernment'sbudgetdeficit,fixthetaxcodeandreformtheimmigrationsystem."WeareanAmericanfamilyandweriseandfalltogetherasonenation,"hesaid.InBoston,wherehiscampaignwasbased,MrRomneycongratulatedthepresidentandsaidheandMrRyanhad"lefteverythingonthefield"andhadgiventheirallinthecampaign. Thiselectionisover,butourprinciplesendure,"hesaid."IsowishthatIhadbeenabletofulfilyourhopestoleadthecountryinadifferentdirection."UndertheUSconstitution,eachstateisgivenanumberofelectoralvotesinroughproportiontoitspopulation.Thecandidatewhowins270electoralvotes-byprevailinginthemostlywinner-takes-allstatecontests-becomespresident.Thepopularvote,whichissymbolicallyandpoliticallyimportantbutnotdecisiveintherace,remainstooclosetocall. OnTuesday,thepresidentheldtheWhiteHousebyassemblingsolidDemocraticstatesandanumberofimportantswingstatessuchasColorado,Iowa,Pennsylvania,Michigan,Minnesota,VirginiaandWisconsin.HisnarrowvictoryinOhio,acriticalMid-Westernswingstate,sealedthevictory.electoralcollege总统选举团(由各州选举人选出的538名选举人组成的选举团履行选举总统和副总统职责)acomfortablemargin轻松地,绝对优势地hard-fought激烈的;努力争取来的pickup(跌倒后)使(自己)起来,再爬起来;(贸易、经济)改善fightone‘swayback(艰苦地)打回(原来占领的地方)taxcode免税代码(指雇员收入免税部分的数字代码,由税务机关编定)winner-takes-all胜者囊括,赢家通吃closetocall接近,难分伯仲swingstate摇摆州,也叫battlegroundstate或者purplestate;指的是astateinwhichnocandidatehasoverwhelmingsupportsealthevictory赢得胜利Theend
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