现代英语词汇学概论1

Chapter1AGeneralSurvey1.0TheDefinitionoftheterm“word”词的定义1.1TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary 英语 关于好奇心的名言警句英语高中英语词汇下载高中英语词汇 下载英语衡水体下载小学英语关于形容词和副词的题 词汇 英语3500词汇语境记忆pets3考试词汇二年级反义词和近义词初中词汇词汇大全考研英语二高频词汇表 的发展史1.2ClassificationofEnglishWords词的分类1.0TheDefinitionoftheterm“word”Questions:1.Howmanyinfluentialdefinitionsof“word”arethereinthehistory?Whatarethey?Whataretheirdefects?2.Howcanwedefinetheterm“word”?Canyougiveanexampletoillustrateit?Word:afundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning),capableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.E.g.Theyoungmanleftquietly.(young)1.1TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabularyQuestions:1.HowmanystagesdoesEnglishvocabularydevelop?2.Ateachstage,therearehowmanyoriginsEnglishwordscomefrom?Native:Celtic1stperiod(449-1100):OldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonPeriod(OEorAS)Celtic→Anglo-Saxon(thesettlementfrom450AD.)/OldNorse/Latin2ndperiod(1100-1500):MiddleEnglishPeriod(ME)French(theNormanConquestin1066)Latin3rdperiod(1500-present):ModernEnglishPeriodEarlystagesofModernEnglish(1500-1700)Latin(Renaissance)Greek(Renaissance)ContemporaryEnglish(1700-present):ThreeRomanceLanguages:French,Spanish,ItalianOtherEuropeanlanguages:Portuguese,German,Dutch…Non-Europeanlanguages(exploration,colonization,trade)ReviewWord:aminimumfreeformsoundlexicalandgrammaticalmeaningsyntacticfunctionNative:Celtic1stperiod(449-1100):OldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonPeriod(OEorAS)Celtic→Anglo-Saxon(thesettlementfrom450AD.)/OldNorse/Latin2ndperiod(1100-1500):MiddleEnglishPeriod(ME)French(theNormanConquestin1066)Latin3rdperiod(1500-present):ModernEnglishPeriodEarlystagesofModernEnglish(1500-1700)Latin(Renaissance)Greek(Renaissance)ContemporaryEnglish(1700-present):ThreeRomanceLanguages:French,Spanish,ItalianOtherEuropeanlanguages:Portuguese,German,Dutch…Non-Europeanlanguages(exploration,colonization,trade)back1.2ClassificationofEnglishWordsQuestions:1.ThemaincriteriabywhichwecanclassifyEnglishwords?2.Accordingtodifferentcriteria,howcanweclassifyEnglishwords?1.2ClassificationofEnglishWordsThreemaincriteria:byorigin/词源bylevelofusage/用法bynotion/概念Byorigin:1.nativewords本族词2.loanwords外来词Nativewords:wordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginorofoldEnglishLoan/borrowedwords:thoseborrowedfromotherlanguagesFeaturesofnativewords:MostaremonosyllabicformingthegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockBasicwordstock:auxiliary,modalverbs,numerals,pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,themostfrequentlyusedwords(essentialtolife)NationalcharacterStabilityWord-formingabilityAbilitytoformcollocationsbackWinstonChurchillWeshallfightonthebeaches;weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreetsweshallfightinthehills;weshallneversurrender.LoanwordsyachtcottoncooliekimonochiliwontonMuslinwokczarshampooKangarootatami(Dutch)游艇(Arabic)棉(Hindi)苦力(Japanese)和服(Mexican)干辣椒(Chinese)馄饨(Arabic)穆斯林(Chinese)锅(Russian)沙皇(Hindi)香波(Australian)袋鼠(Japanese)草垫Bylevelofusage:1.Commonwords普通词2.Literarywords 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 面词3.Colloquialwords口头词4.Slangwords俚语5.Technicalwords术语Note:Therearenoclear-cutboundariesbetweenthevariousclassesofwords.backCommonwords/普通词:connectedwiththeordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylifeThecoreofthecommonwordsisthebasicwordstock.StylisticallyneutralbackLiterarywords/书面词:chieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbookswritteninamoreelevatedstyle,inofficialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.MostareofFrench,LatinorGreekorigin.Amongtheliteraryword,twocategoriesarenoteworthy:archaicwords(c.f.obsoletewords)poeticalwordsbackCommonWordsthesamespeechroundbeheadqueerdestroylearnedfireLiterarywordsidenticalorationcirculardecapitateeccentricannihilateEruditeconflagrationCommonwordsandLiterarywordssharpchoosecrazystiffplaypaintbookacuteelectmaniacalRigiddramapigmentvolumeCommonwordsandLiterarywordsteacherkingpiecetrybravebuildingairinstructorsovereignfragmentendeavorvalorousedificeatmosphereCommonwordsandliterarywords:outlinethoughthrowfindmarriagebuyvisualizespitadumbratealbeitcastlocatematrimonypurchaseforeseeexpectorateSlang/俚语:Language,wordsorphrasesofavigorous,colorful,facetious,ortaboonature,inventedforspecificoccasions,orderivedfromtheunconventionaluseofthestandardvocabularyNotgenerallyusedininformalconversationunlessthespeakersareonintimatetermsEmbracingthosedaringandnewexpressionsthathavenotbeenacceptedasstandardEnglishThechiefreasonforuseofslang:securefreshnessandnoveltybackYou'dbetterleaveamessageonhervoicemail.Anne:I'vebeentryingtogetthroughtoJennyonmymobileforthelastfewminutesbutshe'sjustnotanswering.Fiona:Whatdoyouwantherfor?Anne:Well,IhavetocancelourmeetinglatertodaybecauseI'vegotasuddenpaininmyarmandIneedtogotothedoctorstraightawayFiona:Wellyou'dbetterleaveamessageonhervoicemailexplaining.Anne:Yes,that'sagoodidea.AndI'llaskhertoringmebackassoonasshecansowecanrearrange.Fiona:I'msureshe’llbehappytodothat.playitbyear"Ihaven'thadachancetoprepareanynotessoallIcandoisstarttalkingandplayitbyear.""IamnotsureifmywifewantsmetogoshoppingwithheronSunday.Ifshedecidestogowithhersisterinstead,thenIcanplaytenniswithyou.Let'sjustplayitbyear."I'vefinishedburningmyholidayphotos.Tony:I'vejustfinishedburningmyholidayphotos.Gordon:Whatdidyoudothatfor?Weren'ttheyanygood?Tony:No,youdon'tunderstand,ImeantI'vejustfinishedburningthemontoCD.Icanviewthemonmycomputernow.Gordon:Ididn'tknowyoucoulddothat.Tony:Yes,it'sdeadeasy.ComeroundwithsomephotosofyourownandI'llshowyouhowtodoit.Gordon:Great!Thanksalot.I'monmyway.Technicalwords/术语:usedinvariousfields:science,professionortrade,art,sportincreasingprecisioninnomenclatureonespecificmeaningLatinorGreekinoriginbackBynotion:1.functionwords功能词2.contentwords实义词BynotionFunctionwords:theydonothavelexicalmeaningandsomeofthemhavenolexicalmeaningoftheirown；theyservegrammaticallymorethananythingelse.Contentwords:wordsusedtonameobjects,qualities,actions,processesorstates,andhaveindependentlexicalmeaning.Functionwords:determiners,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliariesnothavingmuchlexicalmeaningservinggrammatically:behavinglikegrammaticalsignalsorfunctionalmarkers,expressingthekindsofconnectionbetweencontentwordsconstructingacceptableEnglishsentencessmallinnumberandstable:inrelativelyclosedlistsbelongingtoarelativelysmallandpermanentsetofwords)highfrequencycontentwords(orlexicalwords):theseincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,andmostadverbs,althoughsomeadverbsarefunctionwords(e.g.,thenandwhy)Review1.0TheDefinitionoftheterm“word”词的定义aminimumfreeformsoundlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning)syntacticfunctionReview1.1TheDevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary/英语词汇的发展史Native:CelticOldEnglish(449-1100)Anglo-Saxon(thesettlementfrom450AD.)/OldNorse/LatinGreek(indirectly)MiddleEnglishPeriod(1100-1500)French(theNormanConquestin1066)LatinGreek(indirectly)ModernEnglishPeriod(1500-present)EarlystagesofModernEnglish(1500-1700)Latin(Renaissance)Greek(Renaissance)ContemporaryEnglish(1700-present):ThreeRomanceLanguages:French,Spanish,ItalianOtherEuropeanlanguages:Portuguese,German,Dutch…Non-Europeanlanguages(exploration,colonization,trade)Review1.2ClassificationofEnglishWords/词的分类Byorigin:1.nativewords本族词2.loanwords外来词B.Bylevelofusage:1.commonwords普通词2.literarywords书面词3.colloquialwords口头词4.slangwords俚语5.technicalwords术语Bynotion:1.functionwords功能词2.contentwords实义词T.S.EliotForlastyear’swordsbelongtolastyear’slanguageAndnextyear’swordsawaitanothervoice. 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 增补(addition):and,also,too,furthermore,inaddition,besides,moreover,whatismore.......表等同/同位(equation):equally,similarly,namely,inthesameway,inotherwords,thatis,Imean,thatistosay......表替换(replacement):alternatively,or......表转折对比(adversativeandcontrastive):but,yet,nevertheless,instead,anyhow,onthecontrary,allthesame,ontheotherhand...表结果(result):consequently,hence,so,therefore,thus,asaconsequence,forthatreason......表原因(cause):for,because......表解释(explanation):thatis,thatistosay,namely,forexample......表总结(summation):altogether,overall,then,therefore,allinall,inconclusion,insum,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,tosumup,tosummarize......表时间:when,afterward,soon,while,before,then,shorly......