跨文化交际课件第七章非语言交流

NonverbalCommunicationIt’snotwhathesaid,butthewayhesaidit.EnglishSayingThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlips.WilliamShakespeareTeachingObjectives Definition Classification Function Content Teacher I’vebeenateacherfortenyearsandIcanalwaystellwhenstudentsdonotknowtheanswerduringtheclassdiscussion.Theyeitherlookdownattheirnotes,stareoutofthewindow,offixtheirshoelaces,buttheyneverlookatmeintheeye. CollegeStudent Marysaysshelikesme,butIdon’tknowhowshereallyfeelsaboutme.We’vegoneoutthreetimesandsherarelylaughsatmyjokesorsmilesatme.ShealwayslooksboredwhenItalktoher. Customer Iwasatthestoretryingtodecidewhichtelevisiontobuy.Anovereagersalesmanapproachedme,wavedhishandsinfrontofmyface,andnearlystoodonmyfeet.Ibecamesouncomfortableandlefttheshop.Definition Nonverbalcommunicationreferstotransmissionormessagesbyamediumotherthanspeechorwriting. Researchsuggeststhat93%ofthemessagewastransmittedbyvoicetoneandfacialexpressions,whereasonly7%wastransmittedbywords.(MehrabianA.&wienerM.,1967)Nonverbalcommunication,itsstudyareas Nonverbalcommunicationcoversfourareas:timelanguage(chronemics),spacelanguage(proxemics),bodylanguage(kinesics),andparalanguage(voicemodulation).Nonverbalcommunication,itsstudyareas Eachofthesebroadareasincludeover20topics.Belowaresomeofthecommontopicsmostcommunicationtheoristsaddress: 1.timelanguage(chronemics):punctuality,promptness,timeorientation,whatisearlyorlate,longorshort,etc. 2.spacelanguage(proxemics):bodydistanceandbodytouch 3.bodylanguage(kinesics):posture(thewaythebodyisheld),stance(thewayofstanding),gesture,facialexpression,eyebehavior,appearance(includingclothing,cosmetics,hairstyleandsmell),etc. 4.paralanguage(voicemodulation):speed,volume,pause,silence,etc.Functions Repeating Complementing Substituting Regulating ContradictingPotentialProblems Wearemorethanourculture.Wearenotallalikewhenitcomestovalues,attitudes,beliefs,andnonverbalcommunication. Wetendtoforgetthatnonverbalbehaviorsseldomoccurinisolation.Theyarenormallylinkedtobothourverbalmessagesandthesettinginwhichwefindourselves.TimeLanguage(Chronemics) Hallelaboratedontwotimesystems:MonochronicTime(M-Time)andPolychronicTime(P-Time). NorthernAmerican,WesternandNorthernEuropeanculturesaretypicalM-Timecultures. LatinAmerican,African,ArabandmostAsianculturesareP-Timecultures.MonochronicTime(M-Time) M-Timeculturesplacegreatemphasisonschedules. TwostrikingfeaturesofM-Timearepunctualityandpromptness. M-Timeischaracterizedbycuttingtimeintobitsandschedulingonethingatatime.punctual,onschedule,ontime,totheminute,onthehour,attheappointedtime,atthestatedtime,intime,ingoodtime,timely,well-timed,perfecttiming.PolychronicTime P-Timepracticedbymostotherpeoplesislessrigidandclock-bound. PeoplefromP-Timeculturesscheduleseveralactivitiesatthesametime,andthetimeforthemismoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.Case1 Once,aU.S.diplomat,newtoanAfricancountry,waseagertomeetwithahigh-levelgovernmentofficial.Afterwaitingforabouttwoweeks,hebecameimpatientandpressedforaninterview.Itwasgrudginglypermitted.Hearrivedattheagreedtimebutwasmadetowait.15minutespassed;hewasonpinsandneedles.Hedemandedananswerfromtheofficial’said.Buttherewasnone.Anhourpassedbeforehewasfinallyusheredin.Tohissurprise,however,therewerequiteanumberofguestspresent.Theofficialwasnotpreparedtoreceivehimalone. Whatwentwrong?Whowastoblame?Thehostofficialwasreluctanttogranttheinterviewbecausehedidnotthinktherewasenoughtodiscussyet.HereceivedtheAmericanonehourafterthescheduledtimebecauseitwasstillconsideredpunctualinhisculture.Hereceivedseveralguestsatoncebecauseitwasconsideredappropriateaccordingtohisculturalnorm.Case2 KatherinecametoBeijingin1998andfoundajobasanEnglishteacherinaforeignlanguageinstitute.Soonafterherclassesbegan,shefoundthatherstudentsshowednointerestinherteachingstyle.Quiteafewofthemavoidedattendingherclass.ShewasfeelingquiteupsetanddiscouragedsoshedecidedtoasktheDirector,Prof.Wang,forhelp.Prof.Wangreviewedhistimetableandsuggestedtheymeetatteno’clockonThursdaymorning.WhenThursdaycame,KatherinearrivedatProf.Wang’sofficeattheexactlyteno’clockfindinghimtalkingwithanotherteacherinChinese.Seeingthatshehadcome,Prof.Wangsmiledandcontinuedtotalkwiththeotherteacher.Afterfiveminutes,hefinishedhisconversation,andapologizedtoKatherine,andbegantofocushisattentiononhersituation. Prof.Wangshowedgreatconcernandaskedherwhattheproblemwas.Justasshewasdiscussingherproblem,anotherChineseteacherinterrupted,withaformthatrequiredtheDirector’ssignature.TheDirectorsmiled,apologizedtoKatherineagain,andturnedtotalkwiththeChineseteacherinChinese.Katherinebecameimpatient,andwonderedwhytheirdiscussionshouldbeinterruptedsinceshehadmadeanappointment.Also,shewasupsetandfrustratedthattheycontinuedtospeakChineseinfrontofher.Althoughtheirtalkcontinued,shewasapparentlyunhappyaboutwhathadhappened.Theconceptofappointmentanditsbehaviorpatterndifferalot.ToAmericans,anappointmentisaconfirmationtomeetataprecisetime.Ifanappointmentisscheduled,bothpartiesshouldrespecttheappointmenttime.However,Chineseviewappointmentsinamoreflexiblemanner.Theyaremorecasualaboutcommitments.TimeOrientations Pastorientation(China,Japan,Korea,UK) Presentorientation(Philippines,LatinAmerica) Futureorientation(America)SpaceLanguage(Proxemics) Proxemicsreferstobodydistanceandbodytouch. AccordingtoHall,thereare4majortypesofdistancesinAmerica: Intimatedistance(closefriends,familymembers):0-45cm Personaldistance(friends,acquaintancesandrelatives):45-80cm Socialdistance(colleaguesandpeopleinconversationatsocialgatherings):1.3m-3m Publicdistance(speakersandteachers):fartherthan2or3mbodybubbles Theamountofspacechangesdependingontheinterpersonalrelationship. Personalityalsodeterminestheamountofpersonalspace.(introvertsvs.extroverts) Culturalstylesplayabigparttoo.Case3 MarkhadrecentlymovedfromDenmarktoSydneytoworkasasalespersonforalargeAustraliancompany.Afterthreeweeks,hewasinvitedtojoinalocalclub.Oneday,ataneveningparty,oneofthefemalemembersapproachedhim.Markimmediatelyshowedhisinterestbytalkingabouttheatmosphereoftheparty.Atfirst,theconversationbetweenthemseemedtogoquitesmoothly,butasitprogressed,theladyseemedtostepfurtherandfurtherawayfromMarkashehadbeengraduallymovingclosertoher. Theladyobviouslyseemeduncomfortable.AsMarkwasabouttoaskherquestionsregardingAustraliansocialcustoms,anothermanstandingnearbydirectedaglancetowardthelady.Sheexcusedherselfandwenttotalkwiththatman,leavingMarkstandingaloneandwonderingwhytheirconversationhadcometosuchasuddenstop.Differentperceptionsaboutbodydistanceexist.InDenmark,ataformalevent,theintimatespaceisusuallybetween20-30cm;whileinAustralia,suchanoccasionrequiresabodydistanceof40-50cm. Anthropologistsdistinguishtwobroadcategoriesofculture:touchcultureandnontouchculture. CulturesofArabs,southernandwesternEuropeans,JewsandLatinsfallintotheformer. CulturesofAmericans,NorthernEuropeansandOrientalsbelongtothelatter. WhenArabstalk,theyvirtuallyenvelopeachotherintheirbreath.Theydon’tseemtofeelcomfortableunlesstheysmelleachother. Thereisalsoalotofbodytouch,suchasholdinghands,patting,andhugging. InEnglish-speakingcountries,physicalcontactisgenerallyavoidedinconversationamongordinaryfriendsoracquaintances. WithChineseandotherAsiancultures,thereislittlebodytouchinginpublic,notevenamongintimatefriendsorfamilymembers,withtheexceptiontobabiesandchildren. Culturesdifferinwheretotouch. Handshakingisbynowthemostpopulargreetingritual. Otherformsoftouchingsuchashuggingandkissingarecommon. InmanyLatinAmericancountries,handkissingiswidelyperformed. Culturesdifferintheexpectationsaboutwhotoucheswhom. highlow doctorpatient teacherstudent oldyoung malefemale Culturesdifferinthesettingsinwhichtouchisacceptable. publicsettingprivatesettingBodyLanguage(Kinesics) Bodylanguagemeansmorethanjusthandorarmgestures;itreferstoanylittlemovementofanypartofthebody.Posture Betterwaystosit,stand,moveandpresentyourselftotheworldisposture.Case4 Occasionally,someAmericanswillsitwiththeirfeetonthedesk.OnceIwenttoanAmericanbanktoclosemyaccountbeforeIleftAmerica.Whiletalkingwithme,thebankmanagerputhisfeetwithleathershoesontothedesk.WhenIreturnedhome,Istillcouldnotforgivehimforsuchbehavior,thinkingmaybehelookeddownonmebecauseofmysmallsavingsorforbeingChinese.LaterIcametoknowthatanAmerican’sputtinghisfeetonhisdeskshowsheiscomfortable.However,forLatinAmericansorAsians,suchbehaviorisrudeandarrogant.PeopleinArabcultureandinThailandbelievethatthesoleisthelowestpartofthebody,andshouldneverbepointedinthedirectionofanotherperson.Posture brisk,erectwalk—confidencePosture standingwithhandsonhip—aggressionPosture sittingwithlegscrossed,footkickingslightly—boredomPosture sitting,legsapart—open,relaxedPosture armscrossedonchest—defensivenessPosture bitingnails—insecurity,nervousnessVsign Palm-outVsign:victory,peaceorfriend,twoandbunnyears. Palm-inVsign:insultinginUK,Ireland,SouthAfrica,Australia,andNewZealand.AnOKgesture InAmerica,whenthingsgotdoneorapersongetsready,onemakesthisgesture.Italsomeanspermission,andeverythinggoesonwell. AmongArabsthisgestureisusuallyaccompaniedbyabaringofteeth,andtogethertheysignifyextremehostility. ThissamegestureisconsideredobsceneinsomeLatinAmericancountriesandGermany. InFrance,itmeanszero. InTurkey,itmeans“I’llkillyou.” InJapanandKorea,itmeans“money”.Pointingtoobjectsandpeople IntheU.S.,peoplepointtoobjectsandevenpeoplewiththeindexfinger. Germanspointwiththelittlefinger Japanesepointwiththeentirehand,palmsup. InmuchofAsia,pointingwiththeindexfingerisconsideredrude.Thumbsup/down Iran,Afghanistan,Nigeria,IraqGreeceandsouthernSardiniatakeitasobsceneasthemiddlefinger. InAmerica,hitchhikersuseittosolicitridesfromoncomingvehicles. InJapan,itmeans“father”,“husband”ora“male”.Athumbsdownmeansrefusal“no”.FacialExpressions InmanyMediterraneancultures,peopleexaggeratesignsofgrieforsadness. IntheUnitedStates,malesoftensuppresstheseemotions. Japanesemenevengosofarastohideexpressionsofanger,sorrowordisappointmentbylaughingorsmiling.FacialExpressions InAmerica,asmilecanbeasignofhappinessorfriendlyaffirmation. InJapan,asmilealsocanmaskanemotionorbeusedtoavoidansweringaquestion. InKorea,toomuchsmilingisoftenperceivedasthesignofashallowperson. Thaissmilemuchofthetime.Case5 WhenanAmericanwasparkinghisbicycle,thebicycleaccidentallyfellover,hefeltembarrassedathisawkwardness,andwasquiteangeredandhumiliatedbythelaughoftheChineseonlookers.Suchlaughtermayconveyanumberoffeelings:don’ttakeitsoseriously,laughitoff,it’snothing,orsuchthingscanhappentoanyofus.EyeContact PeopleinWesternsocietiesexpectthepersonwithwhomtheyareinteractingto“lookthemintheeye”. Directeyecontactisnotacustomthroughouttheworld.InJapan,prolongedeyecontactisconsideredrude,threateninganddisrespectful. Arabs,ontheotherhand,lookdirectlyintotheeyesoftheircommunicationpartners,anddosoforlongperiods.Case6 LindawasayoungPuercoRicangirlstudyinginaNewYorkCityhighschool.Shewasoncesuspectedofsmokingwithagroupoftroublemakersandwaspunishedwiththembytheprincipal.Shewasthoughtsobecausewhenshewasinterviewedbytheprincipal,sheavoidedmeetinghiseyeandonlystareddownatthefloor,hencebeingregardedasslyanddishonest.Hermotherinsistedthatshewasagoodgirlwhiletheprincipalfirmlybelievedthatshewasnot.ThisledtoademonstrationofPuercoRicanparentsattheschoolthenextmorning.Case6 ItwaswhenJohnFlores,aSpanishliteratureteacherattheschool,explainedsomebasicfactsofPuercoRicanculturetotheprincipalthatherealizedthathemighthavemisunderstoodthegirl.AndlaterhefoundthatLindawasindeedagentleandsweetgirl.Smell Filipinoloverstradesmallpiecesofclothingonparting. Americanstendtobeuncomfortablewithnaturalsmells. MostArabsperceiveaperson’ssmellasanextensionoftheperson.Paralanguage Voicemodulationcarriesverystrongemotionalovertones. Tempoinspeechalsoillustratesculturalvariations. Volumevarieswithsituationsandacrosscultures. Silenceisinterpretedaspassivity,ignorance,apathyorhesitationintheAmericanculture,whereasitisviewedasnecessaryanddesirableinJapan.It’snotwhathesaidbutthewayhesaidit.Yes好对Thehostofficialwasreluctanttogranttheinterviewbecausehedidnotthinktherewasenoughtodiscussyet.HereceivedtheAmericanonehourafterthescheduledtimebecauseitwasstillconsideredpunctualinhisculture.Hereceivedseveralguestsatoncebecauseitwasconsideredappropriateaccordingtohisculturalnorm.Theconceptofappointmentanditsbehaviorpatterndifferalot.ToAmericans,anappointmentisaconfirmationtomeetataprecisetime.Ifanappointmentisscheduled,bothpartiesshouldrespecttheappointmenttime.However,Chineseviewappointmentsinamoreflexiblemanner.Theyaremorecasualaboutcommitments.Differentperceptionsaboutbodydistanceexist.InDenmark,ataformalevent,theintimatespaceisusuallybetween20-30cm;whileinAustralia,suchanoccasionrequiresabodydistanceof40-50cm.PeopleinArabcultureandinThailandbelievethatthesoleisthelowestpartofthebody,andshouldneverbepointedinthedirectionofanotherperson.Suchlaughtermayconveyanumberoffeelings:don’ttakeitsoseriously,laughitoff,it’snothing,orsuchthingscanhappentoanyofus.