2014年公共英语五级考试试题(三十五)

公共英语五级考试 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 (三十五) 一、Reading Comprehension（共15小题,共15.0分）Read the following three texts．Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D． 第1题 Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably hero to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work? The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coaling to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transportation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to be paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded—a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs. Research carried out in the recent opinion polls shows that A available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population. B new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures. C available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed. D the nowaday high unemployment figures are a truth of life. 【正确 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第2题 The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that A universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperity. B economic freedom came within everyone's control. C patterns of work were fundamentally changed. D people's attitudes to work had to be reversed. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 The enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries meant that A people were no longer legally entitled to own land. B people were driven to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves. C people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land. D people were badly paid for the work they managed to find. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that A the household and village community disappeared completely. B men now travelled enormous distances to their places of work. C young and old people became superfluous components of society. D the work status of those not in paid employment suffered. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 The article concludes that A the creation of jobs for all is an impossibility. B our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficient. C people should begin supporting themselves by learning a practical skill. D we should help those whose jobs are only part-time. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第6题 Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats, beds, baths, marriages, and funerals. At one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household with six or more windows. And according to legend, there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjects. Why? To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth! Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden. Anyone who pays a tax is said to "bear the burden" of the tax. The burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on others. That is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxes, lifts spreads the burden of taxes among more people. From the standpoint of their use, the most important taxes are income taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Some are used by only one level of government; others by or even all three levels. Together these different taxes make up what is called our tax system. Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues. The federal government gets mere than three-fourths of its revenue from income taxes. As its name indicated, an income tax is a tax on earnings. Both individuals and business corporations pay a federal income tax. The oldest tax in the United States today is the property tax. It provides most of the income for local governments. It provides at least a part of the income for all but a few states. It is not used by the federal government. A sales tax is a tax levied on purchases. Most people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four states. Actually there are several kinds of sales taxes, but only three of them are important. They are general sales taxes, excise taxes, and import taxes. Other three closely related taxes are estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Everything a person owns, including both real and personal property, makes up his or her estate. When someone dies, ownership of his or her property or estate passes on to one or more individuals or organizations. Before the property is transferred, however, it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount. The reason that the Turkish ruler collected a dining tax is to pay for A the inconvenience for him to put on and take off clothes. B the damage that eating did to his teeth. C his efforts to cut the food into pieces. D the decay of his teeth because of sugar. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第7题 The government levies different kinds of taxes so that A the rich have to pay more and the poor less. B a wider range of taxpayers can be included. C each of three levels of government could got tax money. D the burden of taxes falls evenly on everybody. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第8题 The federal government get most of their income from A property tax. B income tax. C sales tax. D estate tax. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第9题 How many states levy import taxes in the U. S. A.? A 4 B 50 C 46 D 54 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第10题 Which of the following statements is not tree? A Any form of property is subject to an estate tax when transferred. B Property tax provides a part of income for local government. C There are a few kinds of sales taxes. D Individuals and corporations both pay income taxes. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第11题 World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth's life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U.S. Congress in slow motion. Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years—real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio. Or it didn't accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation.) After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions. An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it's as if Rio had never happened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, but governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U.S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990, and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the "Rio process" with progress. While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted. Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil, urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is net in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored. The writer's general attitude towards the world leaders meeting at the UN is A supportive. B impartial. C critical. D comedic. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第12题 What does the author say about the ordinary people in the Third World countries? A They are beginning to realize the importance of environmental protection. B They believe that many children are necessary for prosperity. C They are reluctant to accept advice from the government. D They think that earning a living is more important than nature conservation. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第13题 What did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992? A To sign a new climate treaty at Rio. B To draft an agreement among UN nations. C To force the United Sates to reduce its emissions. D To Limit the release of CO2 and other gases. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第14题 The word "deforestation" in paragraph 3 means A forest damage caused by pollution. B moving population from forest to cities. C the threat of climate change. D cutting large areas of trees. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第15题 Which of the following best summarizes the text? A As the UN hesitates, the poor take action. B Progress in environmental protection has been made since the Rio Summit. C Climate changes can no longer be neglected. D The decline of earth's life-support systems has been halted. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 二、Writing（本大题1小题．每题25.0分，共25.0分。You should write your responses to both Part A and Part B of this section on ANSWER SHEET 2． ） 第1题 With the widespread computers, there is an increase in the number of people making use of Internet. Some people believe that Internet will bring great benefits to people while others think Internet may cause depression. Write an article about it to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2. 【正确答案】： One possible version: As computers are increasingly popular, we can have more access to Internet. It is true that Internet can bring us a lot of benefits. With Internet we can connect with the rest of the world. We can build relationships with people who are in places we cannot go. We can enjoy services offered on the net. Internet, however, also brings us some side effects. Internet use may cause a decline in psychological well-being. According to the research done in an American university, even people who spent just a few hours a week on the Internet experienced more depression and loneliness than those who logged on less frequently. It wasn't that people who were already feeling bad spent more time on the Internet, but that using the Net actually appeared to cause the bad feelings. The fact that Internet use reduces time available for family and friends may account for the drop in well-being. Faceless, bodiless "virtual" communication may less psychologically satisfying than actual conversation, and relationships formed through it may be shallower. What's more, exposure to the wider world via the Net makes users less satisfied with their lives. Though Internet use may cause some side-effects, we must remember that this is not about the technology itself; it's about how it is used. If it can be used properly, Internet can be more beneficial to our life. none、三（共Reading Comprehension(子母填空)小题,15共分）15.0 第1题 Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple. It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists, last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain. 1 ______ "We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent." This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of "Frankenfoods". The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which bas been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens. 2. ______ Critics say that the new tomato—which cost $25 million to research—is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span. Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium over its California and Florida competitors. For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria. The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breeding methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Accordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional techniques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? "Knowledge is not toxic," said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things." Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by traditional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant variants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, traditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development. 3. ______ Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1,500 American chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of genetically engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced. In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human biology are unknown. Questions have arisen over whether new proteins in genetically modified food could cause allergies in some people. 4. ______ Then there are the vegetarians who may be consuming animal non-vegetable proteins in what they think is a common tomato, or the practicing Jew who unknowingly consumes a fruit that has been enhanced with a pig's gene. As yet, producers are under no obligation to label "transgenetic" products. Environmentalists worry that new, genetically engineered plants may damage natural environment. A genetically engineered pest-resistant strain of plant that contacts with a native strain, for example, could turn them into virulent weeds beyond chemical control. Animal welfare groups worry about the quality of life of farm animals manipulated so that they produce more meat, milk, and eggs but which may suffer physical damage in the process. 5. ______ Many of these fears spring from ignorance. And although it is hard to separate the paranoia from the benefits, the fact remains that genetic engineering offers ways of solving serious medical and agricultural problems. A. Western farmers have already bred cattle with mare muscle than a skeleton can carry. B. Supporters say the tomato, unsurprisingly called Flaw Saw, will taste better because it will be able to mature on the branch longer. C. Consumer opposition means that there are genetically manipulated foods on the German markets, and the Norwegian government has recently put research into genetically engineered foods on hold. D. For example, if a corn gene is introduced into a wheat gene for pest resistance, will those who are allergic to corn then be allergic to wheat? E. "Mushrooms in the past were almost impossible to cross," says Philippe Callac, one of the three scientists working on the mushroom. F. Genetic engineering will interfere with the balance of nature. 【正确答案】： E 第2题 【正确答案】： B 第3题 【正确答案】： C 第4题 【正确答案】： D 第5题 【正确答案】： A 第6题 A=The New England Region B=The Middle Atlantic Region C=The South Region Which region... A New England consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. All axe located in the northeastern comer of the country. This section is among the oldest and played an important role in American history. New England is featured with mountains, valleys and rivers. Although there is large area of farmland, New England is not a farming area which is due to the poor soil there. Most New Englanders, therefore, are working in factories today. They are good at making watches and clocks, shoes and clothing, leather goods and special tools for industry. New England has also been famous as a fishing center ever since its early part of history because of its advantageous location and some of the best fishing waters. Many people are today involved in fishing and fish processing. Of the six states which form New England, Massachusetts has the largest population and is generally considered the most important one because in history no other state in the entire United States played so important a part. Boston, the capital, is a leading port and a financial and cultural center. Rhode Island is the smallest state in size but the most densely Populated state of the U. S. A.. B This region also contains six states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia. To the north of this region lies the New England region and to the south lies another region—the South region. The six states are very important in many ways. One fourth of the whole population lives in this section. One-third of all the products made in America are from these six states. Three-fourths of the country's foreign trade pass through New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, all of which lie within this region. The region is marked by its industry, and it is often called the "Industrial Northeast". Many large factories are located in this section. The main transportation of every kind is concentrated and highly developed here. Almost every industrial product of any importance is produced, in whole or in part, somewhere within this area. This region is also rich in minerals, particularly coal and iron. Owing to the good soil and temperate climate here, agriculture is also important. There axe many large farms and ranches. In order to meet the needs of the cities, the agricultural products such as vegetables, dairy products, poultry and various kinds of fruits are grown and processed in large quantities. Many important cities are located in this section such as New York City, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The states of this region are also among the oldest in the U. S. A. C The South is a large section of the United States, consisting of eleven states: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Louisiana and Arkansas. The South has, in general, a warm climate. People often call it the "Sunny South". In the past, this region grew no other important crops than cotton and tobacco. But in recent years, the southern farmers have turned to raising other things such as sugar, peanuts, corn and a wide variety of garden vegetables. Florida is very rich in citrus fruits. Over half of the people of the South live on farms or in small towns, making their living from the land. In recent years, however, a great deal of industries has moved into the South from the North due to the lower wages paid to the black workers here. Much of the cotton grown in the South can now be directly sent to the textile plants in southern cities. Other industries such as oil refinery, aircraft and spacecraft have been established in many places in the South. The South, in spite of its great size, has few large cities. The notable ones are New Orleans, Memphis, Atlanta and Birmingham. · is marked by its industry? 1. ______ · has, in general, a warm climate? 2. ______ · is among the oldest sections and played an important role in American history? 3. ______ · is often called the "Sunny South"? 4. ______ · is abundant in minerals, particularly coal and iron? 5. ______ · has been well-known as a fishing center? 6. ______ · is not a farming area, though there is a large part of farmland? 7. ______ · has few large cities despite its great size? 8. ______ · includes some of the oldest states of the U. S. A? 9. ______ · consists of eleven states? 10. ______ 【正确答案】： B 第7题 【正确答案】： C 第8题 【正确答案】： A 第9题 【正确答案】： C 第10题 【正确答案】： B 第11题 【正确答案】： A 第12题 【正确答案】： A 第13题 【正确答案】： C 第14题 【正确答案】： B 第15题 【正确答案】： C 四、Listening Comprehension（共10小题,共15.0分） 第1题 What role do most people in the manufacturing trades play? A Designers. B Supervisors. C Assistants. D Employees. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.3分 【答案解析】 [听力 原文 少年中国说原文俱舍论原文大医精诚原文注音大学原文和译文对照归藏易原文 ]11-14 Manufacturing includes all occupations that are involved in making products by hand or by machine. These products range from simple plastic or wooden objects, such as clothespins or toothpicks, to highly complicated electronic computers. Manufactured goods also vary in size, from microscopic electronic parts to giant aircraft carriers and supertankers. About two-thirds of the workers in manufacturing actually make products. These employees include craft-workers, skilled and semiskilled workers, and unskilled laborers. Craft-workers are highly skilled in such trades as tool designing, tool and die making, and tailoring. Many craft-workers supervise other employees. Skilled workers, who include engravers, machinists, printers, and welders, use special job skills to make items or to operate machinery. Semiskilled workers include machine operators and assistants to skilled workers. Many semiskilled occupations require workers to repeat the same task again and again. Unskilled laborers perform jobs that require no special skills, such as sorting, packing, or moving materials. Most employees in manufacturing work in factories or shops. Common working conditions include high levels of dust, heat, or noise. Some factory jobs require great strength or standing for long periods. Many scientists, engineers, and technicians also work in manufacturing. Scientists perform laboratory testes and other research to develop new products and improve old ones. Engineers design and test airplanes, automobiles, household appliances, machine parts, and countless other products. They also design production equipment and improved manufacturing techniques. Some technicians assist scientists and engineers. Others plan or supervise production activities, such as packing or storing products. The manufacturing cluster also includes management workers. They develop and enforce company policies, plan and direct production activities, purchase equipment and materials, or work in labor relations or public relations. 第2题 Which of the following best characterizes the job of a semiskilled worker? A Repetitive. B Consistent. C Exceptional, D Complicated. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.3分 第3题 How are the working conditions for most manufacturing jobs? A Disgraceful. B Forceful. C Harsh. D Monotonous. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.3分 第4题 Who are responsible for panning and directing the manufacturing process? A Scientists and engineers. B Management workers. C Technicians. D Public relation workers. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.3分 第5题 Which are not a regular part of the student dorms? A Desks. B Suites. C Kitchens. D Closets. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.7分 【答案解析】 [听力原文]15-17 Welcome, everyone, to this workshop on student housing. I'll go through the information about types of housing available for the fall and the procedure for application. Then, if you have any questions, feel free to ask me. There are three main types of housing here for you to choose from: the student dorms, the married student apartments, and the international houses. Now, there is some space available in each type, but they are filling up fast. You should get your application in as soon as possible. Let me explain some of the main features of each type of housing. The student dorms are for any student. We have men's dorms, women's dorms, and coed dorms. There is one large bathroom and shower area for both sexes to use. Most of the rooms have two beds, two closets, and two desks. We also have a few triples, and a few single suites, but I think the suites are already taken. There are no cooking facilities in the dorms, but you can buy a meal ticket for the cafeteria. The married student apartments are for married students only. Each apartment has a kitchen, a living-dining area and either one or two bedrooms. Children are allowed in the apartments. The international houses are a group of apartments for both foreign students and domestic students. They are organized into language and culture themes, and some of them have rules about speaking only a certain language during meal times. It's been a good way for students to learn about other cultures and languages. I think that Spanish House is full, but there are rooms available in all the other houses. That's the main information. I'll pass out these applications now and answer your individual questions. 第6题 What do the married student apartments not allow? A Children. B Cooking. C Spouses. D Single students. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.7分 第7题 Which of the following is most likely required in Spanish House during some periods? A Spanish nationals. B Spanish majors. C Spanish speaking. D Spanish cooking. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.7分 第8题 What is the main topic of the talk? A How quartz sand is formed. B How underground water differs. C How rain is formed. D How water tables change. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.7分 【答案解析】 [听力原文]   Last week we were discussing the way weather conditions wear away rock. At that time in talking about how rainwater affects rock, we concentrated on what happens to the rock. Today we'll talk about what happens to the water. You know that rainwater usually alters rocks and soil chemically as it filters into the ground. This process results in ground water that contains dissolved irons and other materials from the plant and animal life on and in the soil. We use the terms "soft-water" and "hard water" to indicate the extent to which water has minerals dissolved in it. Soft water has few impurities or none at all. Hard water contains calcium plus other dissolved minerals. Hard water is normally drinkable, but it may have a slight taste because of the various irons in solution. One place where hard ground water can be found is below the water table in the soil-covered terrain with an underlying calcium base of limestone. Rainwater dissolves materials as it filters down, and these contribute to the ground water's taste and hardness. We can sometimes find ground water that is almost dissolved as rainwater under a bare sandy hill or sand dune that is made of pure quartz sand. Analysis of such ground water showed that it has about the same amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in it as rainwater does and little else. This is because quartz is so insoluble that for practical purposes it is inert and adds no dissolved substances to the water as it seeps into the ground. Now in view of the geological make-up of our own region, would you expect our ground water to be primarily hard or soft? Please look into the problem and give me your answers next Monday. 第9题 What characteristics of hard water does the speaker mention? A It is undrinkable. B It has minerals in it. C It is slightly colored. D It only tastes horrible. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.7分 第10题 What does the speaker say about quartz? A It usually absorbs mineral impurities. B It is rarely found in sand dunes. C It does not dissolve in water. D It wears away other rocks. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.7分 none、五（共Listening Comprehension小题,10共分）10.0 第1题 When was the organization of Red Cross established? 【正确答案】： in 1859 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 [听力原文]21-30 Red Cross is the name and symbol of a worldwide voluntary organization. Its purpose is to help the wounded, sick, and prisoners-of-war in time of war, and to do first aid, nursing, and welfare work in time of peace. In 1859 the sight of the French and Italian wounded due to a battle in northern Italy made a Swiss feel uneasy. His name was Jean Henri Dunant. He set out to rally the local townsfolk to care for them. He published a book urging that voluntary societies should be formed to do these jobs. As a result, the governments of several countries took part in an international conference at Geneva in 1864 and drew up a treaty called The Geneva Convention. The principle of this Convention was that in war the sick and wounded, whatever their nationality, should be protected and cared for~ and that the people looking after them, the transport conveying them, military hospitals and medical equipment should be safe from at- tack. Then a clearly marked red cross and white ground became the symbol of this, Certain countries used other forms. For example, in Persia a Red Lion and Sun is used instead of the Red Cross. By now nearly every nation has its own Red Cross Society with similar aims and objects. Since 1864 the original Convention has been revised several times, and the last revision was in 1949. Its principles now apply to shipwrecked persons and prisoners-of-war, and include certain measures for the protection of civilians in wartime. The International Red Cross Committee of twenty-five members, with permanent offices in Geneva, is the neutral which is particularly active in time of war. The Committee was the chief means of the Red Cross. Through this means regular supplies of parcels containing food and other necessities were sent to prisoners-of-war; and through this means postal messages came bringing news of civilians as well as prisoners-of-war to their family members and relatives. In 1919 the League of Red Cross Societies was founded to develop and encourage the work of the national societies in peace-time, and to co-ordinate their work for refugees and their relief activities for the victims of hurricanes or typhoons, floods, earthquakes, and other natural disasters, in many countries, Red Cross are now also responsible for work such as the blood-supply program, The British Red Cross Society was first active in 1870. Its Voluntary Detachments of men trained in first aid and women in first aid and nursing became well known in both the First and the Second World Wars. They staffed and administered hospitals and ambulances, transported the wounded in every theatre of war. They also helped to trace wounded and missing men, During the Second World War they undertook these and many additional duties. The Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachments shared the work of civil defence in earing for civilian casualties of enemy action. In peace, much of the Society's welfare work is done by Red Cross members who are not trained as Voluntary Aid Attachments. The British Red Cross has overseas branches in the Crown colonies and dependencies where health teaching and maternity and child welfare are important aspects of the work. The first junior Red Cross sections were formed in 1917, and by now many millions of boys and girls throughout the world are members of the organization. In Britain, after suitable training, they undertake service which is similar to adult members in caring for the sick and suffering. The U. S. Red Cross was founded in 1881 by Clara Barton. Miss Barton was called the Angel of the Battlefield. She set up a supply service during the U. S. Civil War and was anurse in army camps and on battlefields. She also led searches for the missing. After the founding of Red Cross in the U. S. , she was its head until 1904. 第2题 What did several countries take part in in 1864? 【正确答案】： an international conference 第3题 What happened to the Geneva Convention in 1949? 【正确答案】： the (its) last revision 第4题 How many members did the International Red Cross Society consist of? 【正确答案】： 25 (members) 第5题 What are sent to the family members of both prisoners-of-war and civilians through Red Cross? 【正确答案】： postal messages 第6题 What work is the Red Cross also responsible for in time of peace in many countries? 【正确答案】： the blood-supply (program) 第7题 What were the Voluntary Detachments of Men trained for in Britain? 【正确答案】： first aid 第8题 When were the junior Red Cross Sections first formed? 【正确答案】： 1917 第9题 What did Clara Baron set up during the U. S. Civil War? 【正确答案】： a supply service 第10题 When did Miss Barton retire from the leading office of Red Cross in U.S.A.? 【正确答案】： 1904 none、六（共Use of English小题,20共分）20.0 第1题 Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (1) praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, (2) research the relation (3) actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (4) rewards often destroy creativity (5) encouraging dependence (6) approval and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (7) educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (8) in grade-school children, suggesting (9) properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, (10) to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a (11) and can focus (12) a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity", says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for (13) performance or creating too (14) anticipation for rewards." A teacher (15) continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (16) high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (17) discouraged students, Eisenberger holds. (18) an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing (19) . In earlier grades, the use of se-called token economies, in (20) students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. 【正确答案】： warm 第2题 【正确答案】： who 第3题 【正确答案】： between 第4题 【正确答案】： that 第5题 【正确答案】： by 第6题 【正确答案】： on 第7题 【正确答案】： among 第8题 【正确答案】： creativity/inventiveness 第9题 【正确答案】： that 第10题 【正确答案】： according 第11题 【正确答案】： reward 第12题 【正确答案】： on 第13题 【正确答案】： poor/bad 第14题 【正确答案】： much 第15题 【正确答案】： who 第16题 【正确答案】： out 第17题 【正确答案】： with 第18题 【正确答案】： As 第19题 【正确答案】： grades/scores 第20题 【正确答案】： which 七、Listening Comprehension（共10小题,共10.0分）Directions: 　　This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test ,you should first put down your answers in your test book- let ,NOT on the ANSWER SHEET. At the end of the listening comprehension section ,you will have 5 minutes to transfer your answers from your test booklet onto ANSWER SHEET 1. If you have any questions ,you may raise your hand NOW as you will not be allowed to speak once the test is started. Now look at Part A in your test booklet. 第1题 Psychologists say there are two different kinds of loneliness. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] Most people feel lonely sometimes, but it usually lasts only between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people, though, loneliness can last for years. Psychologists are studying this complex phenonmenon in an attempt to better understand long-term loneliness. These researchers have already indentified three different types of loneliness. The first kind of loneliness is temporary, This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation, for example, a divorce, the death of a loved one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. Situational loneliness is easy to understand and to predict. The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their condition. Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person's social contacts, i. e. , friends, family members, coworkers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents and teachers give us guidance, and our friends share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that the number of social contacts we have is not the only reason for loneliness. It is more important how many social contacts we think or expect we should have. In other words, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their own popularity. Most researchers agree that the loneliest people are between the ages of 18 and 25, so a group of psychologists decided to study a group of college freshmen. They found that more than 50 percent of the freshmen were situationally lonely at the beginning of the semester as a result of their new circumstances but had adjusted after a few months. Thirteen percent were still lonely after seven months due to shyness and fear. They felt very uncomfortable meeting new people, even though they understood that their fear was not rational. The situationally lonely freshmen overcame their loneliness by making new friends, but the chronically lonely remained unhappy because they were afraid to do so. Psychologists are trying to find ways to help habitually lonely people for two reasons. First of all, they are unhappy and unable to socialize. Secondly, researchers have found a connection between chronic loneliness and serious illnesses such as heart disease. While temporary and situational loneliness can be a normal, healthy part of life, chronic loneliness can be a very sad, and sometimes dangerous condition. 第2题 All kinds of loneliness last only a short time. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 Temporary loneliness is very serious. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 Divorce sometimes causes loneliness. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 Loneliness can cause sleeplessness and headache. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第6题 Chronic loneliness usually lasts more than two years. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第7题 Lonely people have no social contacts. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第8题 The loneliest people are over 50 years old. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 第9题 Habitual loneliness can cause serious illness. 【正确答案】：　√ 【本题分数】：1.0分 第10题 Temporary and situational loneliness are also considered as an unhealthy but normal part of life. 【正确答案】：　X 【本题分数】：1.0分 跟多试卷请访问《做题室》www.zuotishi.com