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安徽专升本英语语法考点解析

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安徽专升本英语语法考点解析I•代词可以分为以下七大类:安徽省统招专升本英语语法表格示意图一•冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an,定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示每一相当于everyoneWestudyeighthoursaday4表示相冋相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5♦用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有...

安徽专升本英语语法考点解析
I•代词可以分为以下七大类:安徽省统招专升本英语语法表格示意图一•冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a,an,定冠词(the),和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相当于akindofAplaneisamachinethatcanfly2第一次提及某人某物,非特指Aboyiswaitingforyou.3表示每一相当于everyoneWestudyeighthoursaday4表示相冋相当于thesameWearenearlyofanage.5♦用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.6♦用于固定词组中Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahhryeawalk,inawordII.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物(这种泛指不需掌握)Thehorseisausefulanimal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?4♦用于乐器前面playtheviolin,playtheguitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人thereach,theliving,thewounded6[♦表示“一家人”或“夫妇”theGreens,theangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFre9♦在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代inthe1990,对比inthe1960和inhis60s10♦用于表示单位的名词前Ihiredthecabythehour(按小时计费)11♦用于方位名词,身体部位名词,表示时间的词组前Hepattedmeontheshoulde£the不能换成my)III.零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前BeijingUniversityJack,China,love,air2名词前有this,mywhose,some,no,each,ev®限制Iwantthisbook,notthatone.Whosepurseisthis?3♦季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March,SundayNationalDayspring但theSpringFestival4:♦表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.5♦学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前Helikesplayingfootball/chess.6♦与by连用表示交通工具的名词前bytrain,byair,byland7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight8:表示泛指的复数名词前Horsesareusefulanimals.IV有无冠词的词汇或词组的对比不可数名词的具体化用作可数名词cloth(布料一不可数)与atablecloth(桌布);beer啤酒)与abeer(一杯啤酒);glass(玻璃)与alookingglas(镜子)♦相似词组的对比inchargeof/inthechargeof;incaseof/inthecaseof;infrontof/inthefrontof;outofquestion/outofthequestion二、数词I.序数词onetwothree-与基数词firstsecondthird...II•分数onethird三分之一/twothirds三分之二…III•数词的重要表达1Tensofmillionsof复数名词;thousandso复数名词;dozensof/scores表示许多2Threedozenegg三打鸡蛋;threescorestudents十位学生(二个20);3Aten-year-oldboy;a300-wordcompositionatwo-minutedrive;twominuteSdive4Inthesixties在六十年代/inhissixties在他六十多岁时5Agreatnumbero复数名词/thenumbero复数名词/alargeamounto不可数名词三.代词:1人称代词主格I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they宾格me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them2物主代词形容词性my,your,his,her,its,our,their名词性mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs3反身代词myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves4指示代词this,that,these,those,such,some5疑问代词who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever6关系代词・that,which,who,whom,whose,as7不疋代词one/some/anyeach/everyone/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,other/another,all/both,neither/eitherII.不定代词用法注意点:♦不定代词示例oneone可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为onesOneshouldlearntothinkofothers.somesome多用于肯疋句也可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。some和数词连用表示大约Ihavesomequestionstoask.Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,if.anyTherearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.anyany多用于疑冋句和否疋句some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。any可与比较级连用表示程度。Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon'thaveaPleasecorrectthemistakes,if.anyDoyoufeelanybettertoday?eacheach强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上each可以单独使用,后面不跟名词EachstudenthasapocketdictionaryEach(ofushasadictionaryWeeachhaveadictionaryeveryevery强调整体,所指的数是二个或二个以上。every后接名词,everyone可以后接of结构Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints.Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.nonenone作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.nono等于notany作疋语。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.otherother泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用theother单数名词,特指两者中的另外一个theother复数名词=theothers(表示在一疋氾围中的其他…)other+复数名词=others(没有范围的其他…)女口:theotherdayeveryotherweekHeheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,buttheotherspassedtheexam.(ourclass是一个明确的范围)Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.anotheranothe指又一个,另一个无所指Thetrousersaretoolong.Pleasegivemeanotherpair.allbotheitherneithernoneall+复数名词,表示三个或以上概念all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both+复数名词,表示两个either+单数名词,表示两个中的一个neither表示两个都不none表示三个或以上都不全部否疋用neither和none.(表示都不是”(both/all与not拾配表示不都是)AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish.Allthatglittersisnotgold.发光的不都是金子。)Bothofusarenotteache我们俩不都是教师。Eitherofthetwoanswersisacceptable.Neitherofusisateache我们俩都不是教师。Noneofusis/areateac我们都不是教师。四•形容词和副词I.形容词:1.形容词的位置:1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:121修饰some,anyeveryno和bodything,one等构成的复合不定代词时nobodyabsent,everythingpossible2alive,alike,awake,aware,asl等可以后置♦theonlypersonawake3和空间、时间、单位连用时abridge50meterslong4形容词短语一般后置amandifficulttogetonwith2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:代词数词性状形容词冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 质地名词allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone♦从抽象到具体如:thebeautifulsmallroundnewredChinesewoodtable3)复合形容词的构成:1形容词+名词+edkind-hearted6名词+形容词world-famous2形容词+形容词dark-blue7名词+现在分词peace-loving3形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking名词+过去分词snow-covered4副词+现在分词hard-working9数词+名词+edthree-egged5副词+过去分词newly-built10数词+名词twenty-yearII.副词1副词的分类:1时间副词soon,nowearlyfinally;once,recently5频度副词always,often,frequentlyeldom,never2地点副词here,nearbyoutside,upwards,above6疑问副词how,where,when,why3方式副词hard,well,fast,slowlyexcitedlyreally7连接副词how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile4程度副词almost,nearlyveryfairly,quite,rather8关系副词「when,where,wh*2•几个副词的用法♦so/how/tooso/how/too+adj./advItissohotaday/Howhottheweatheris!/Itistoodifficultaquestion.what/suchwhat/such+(adj.)nounItissuchahotday.tissuchhotweatherWhatahotdayitis!enoughenough+nounadj./advenoughtodoIhaveenoughmoneytobuyahouse.Heisoldenoughtojointhearmyhowever表“但是”,用逗号隔开注意与while的区别Somepeopleagree.However,othersdisagree.=Somepeopleagreewhileothersdisagree.almostnot与high可测量的高度too肯定句中的“也”notnearlyhighly抽象的高度either否定句中的“也”III.♦形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est多音节和一些双音节词前加more和mos。同级比较时常常用as…as•以及notso(as)••如s-l-amnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfaraanyatdeal表示一方随另一方变化时用"themore(主谓)themore(主谓)”句型。女口:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentmoreworryingday5表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthayours./Ourschoolisourtimesaslargeyiours./Ourschoollourtimesthesizfyours.6-以or结尾的形容词,本身含有比较的含义,所以不能用-er或more/less构成比较级,其后加to如besuperior」inferior/junior/senior/major/minor/prior/posteriorto7.特殊结构notsomuchAasB不是A,而是B);nomoretha仅仅;aswellas/assoonas/as(so)longas/aswouldratherdoratherd。宁愿…而不愿意…);ratherthan而不是/otherthan除了;cannot(never卜too越…越好faras五•介词I.介词分类:1简单介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,beyond,during,in,on2合成介词inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without3短语介词accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto4双重介词fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween5分词转化成的介词.concerning(关于),given(鉴于)II.常用介词区别:1表示时间的in,on,atat表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关2表示时间的sinee,fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间,和元成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始3表示时间的in,afterin指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4表示地理位置的in,on,toin表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外5表示在…上的on,inon只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物部分6表示穿过的through,across;through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关.7表示关于的about,onabout指涉及到,on指专门论述8between与among的区另Ubetween表示在两者之间,among用于二者或二者以上的中间9besides与except的区别.besides指除了,包括在内,except指除了,不包括在内,beside在…旁边10表示用的in,withwith表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度里,单位,语言,声音11as与like的区别as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似12in与into区别in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置III•重要的介词1.介词的意思.across(穿过;在对面);against(反对、在•衬托下、靠着);beyond(超出);等2.介词的搭配.resultin导致/resultfrom由…导致;befamousfor/as/;tobefamiliarto/withbedifferentfrom/i;besimilarto/ininthemorning/onTuesdaymornjnwhatfor;prevent/stop/keepsbfromdQipgotectsbfromdoing等等Onseeingthepicture,heburstintoteaAs.thesightofthepicture,heburstintotears.Hewillbebackinfivedays.Afterfivedays,hereceivedarewardfromthegovernment.itisimportant/necessary/easy/difficult/convefOaisbtodo;itiskind/considerate/thoughtfu表示人性格的词汇)Ofsbtodo(=sbiskind/considerate/thoughtfultode)sth.六•名词(数、格、主谓一致)I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days2以s,x,ch,si结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wive♦加-sbelief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities5以音辅字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomal不少外来词加-spiano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,2.不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1改变名词中的兀音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2♦单复数相同sheep,dees,eries,meanworks,fishspecies3:只有复数形式ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,cc4♦一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police,cattle,staff5♦部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audienee,class,farniikyrowd,couple,group,committee,governmpopulation,crew,team,public,enemrty6复数形式表示特别含义customs海关),forces军队),times时代),spirits情绪),drinks(饮料),sands沙滩),papers文件报纸),manners礼貌),looks(外表),brains头脑智力),greens青菜),ruins废墟)7表示“某国人”加-SAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8♦合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-lawlookers-on,passers-byory-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,drawbacks,go-betweens将两部分变为复数womensingers,menservants,womendoctorsIII.名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1.所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather,Jack’sbonkawersephoto,复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys,women’srights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’或者’Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,tauSmiths’表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes♦表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather♦表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle♦callatthedenti敏与callonthedentist♦合成词最后加’anyoneelse,whoels(s,father-in-law2.所有格的用法:1表示时间today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindi4表示工作群体theship’smaeority’sview,theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjojufiveydollarsworthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime,theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyea/stwne’,sathrow’swi不知所措nd(3.of所有格的用法:1用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook2用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长疋语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents♦双重所有格:afriendofmine,aportraitofMr.BroWr和aportraitofMr.BrownIV主谓一致♦♦♦(语法一致;意义一致;就近原则)A做主语A为单数名词Amaniscrossingthestreet.A为复数名词(thead表示人,复数;物,为单数)Threemenarecrossingthestreet./Theold-areA为不可数名词Waterisessentialtous.A是集体名词以people,cattle,police代表,复数概念Chinesepeopleareverymodest.以family,crew,government,class,tear为代表,强调整体为单数,强调成员为复数MyfamilyisabigfamilyMyfamilyarenowwatchingTVathome.以information,equipment,furniture,news,advice,machiner等为代表,不可数名词Muchinformationiscontainedinthebook.但ThreepiecesofinformationareprovidedbyhA是-s结尾的词表示学科,是单数,女口physics,economicStatisticsisabranchofma统计学是数学分支。sStatisticsshowthatthepopulationisontherise.统计数据(是复数,不是学科概念)组织机构等的名称,如theUnitedNationsTheBeijingOlympicGamesiswonderful.度量衡概念,强调整体概念是单数,而强调个体概念是复数300wordsisarequirementforthiscomposition.300wordshavebeentaughtrecently以shoes,trousers,sciss为代表TheseshoesaremadeinHefei.ThispairofshoeswasmadeinHefei.ThesetwopairsofshoesweremadeinHefei.A前面有修饰成分Manya/morethanoneA+谓语单数Manyastudentisdiligen许许多学生很勤奋。)Oneof/EachofA复数名词)+谓语单数OneofthemisfromHefei.Therestof/MostcA+谓语(取决于A)Mostoftheearthiscoveredwithwater.ThenumberofA+谓语单数AnumberofA谓语复数Thenumberofcollegestudentsisontherise.Anumberofcollegestudentsarestudyinghard.None/neitherof复数名词+谓语(单复数皆可)Neitherofthemlike/likesmusic.AandBAandB通常表示复数概念,谓语用复数形式HeandIaregoingthere.AandB表示整体概念谓语用单数Breadandbutterishisfavoritefood.Each/everyAandeach/every谓语用单数EachboyandeachgirlhasadictionaryAwithBwith可以替换为aswellas,togetherwith,alongwithinadditionto,but,except介词短语,或followedbysurroundedb或定语从句,谓语取决于A.Theteacheraswellasthestudentsiscoming.Theteacher,followedbythestudents,iscomingTheteacherwhoissurroundedbythestudentskgoingtogiveusalecture.AorBor可以替换为either…or/neither-nor/notonly…butalso谓语动词采取就近原则Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsit.Hasheoryoutakenmypen?特殊句式主语从句、tododoing作主语,谓语一般用单数Togotobedearlyisagoodhabit.TogotobedearlyandtogetupearlyisagoodhWhat主语从句,谓语取决于表语的单复数情况Whatheneedsisaradio./Whatheneedsareb定语从句Heisoneofthestudentswhoareabsent.todayHeisthe(only)oneofthestudentswhoisabsen倒装句(包括thereb@,谓语取决于就近原则Inthecornerstandsachairandtwobenches.强调句ItisIthat/whoamgoingthere.abit.)oks.现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask/asksaskedshall/willaskshould/wouldask进行am/is/areaskingwas/wereaskingshall/willbeaskingshould/wouldbeasking完成have/hasaskedhadaskedshall/willhaveaskedshould/wouldhaveasked完成进行have/hasbeenaskincJhadbeenaskingshall/willhavebeenaskin(jshould/wouldhavebeenasking七.动词I.动词的时态:1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famousw已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:Ireadthenovellastmont只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyea(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。1现在时在条件和时间状语从句中用现在时表示将来概念Ifitrainstomorrowwewillnotgoout.从句中一般现在时表示客观真理,不受主句时态影响Theteachersaidthattheearthmovesaroundth2现在完成时短暂性动词的现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响,其动作不能和一段时间连接,但可以用havebeen+ad表示一种状态,可以和时间段连接。Hehasgotmarried.(不能说hehasgotmarriedforthreemonths.)Hehasbeenmarriedforthreemonths.Hehasleft./Hehasbeenawayforashortwhile3现在完成进行时完成进行时强调“一直”,应试中这种题目往往有情景介绍。--Youlooksotired!(情景)--Ihavebeenrunningforthewholemorning.4过去完成时过去的过去Theyhadfinishedthetaskbytheendoflastyea5将来完成时在将来某个时间前完成的动作或状态BythetimetheyarriveinHefei,wewillhaveleftBeijing.(从句中arrive形式表示将来概念。)5.重要的时态用法♦♦♦sun.将来时用法例句1will/shall+动词原形[表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态Mysisterwillbetennextyear.2begoingto动词原形含有打算,计划,即将做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事It'sgoingtoclearup.We'regoingtohaveapartytonight.3be+doing进仃时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arr等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope?4beaboutto+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语IwasabouttoleavewhenthebellranThemeetingisabouttoclose.5beto+动词原形表示按计划进仃或征求对方意见We'retomeetattheschoolgateat6一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来Themeetingstartsatfiveo'clTheplaneleavesattenthisevening.g.noon,ock.Ihavereadthatboo我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorni我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式:II.动词的被动语态:常用被动语态]构成常用被动语态构成1一般现在时am/is/areasked6过去进行时was/werebeingasked2一般过去时was/wereasked7现在完成时have/hasbeenasked3一般将来时shall/willbeasked8过去完成时hadbeenasked4过去将来时should/wouldbeasked9将来完成时will/wouldhavebeenasked5现在进行时am/is/arebeingasked10含有情态动词的can/must/maybeasked注意被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadb变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。女口:Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:It-issaidthat…ItissupposedthatItishopedthatItisbelievedthat…ItisgenerallyconsideredthatItiswellknownthat…ItmustbepointedoutthatItisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…♦Sthissaid/believed/reported/supposed(将来)/tohavedon(已完成)如:ThebookissaidtobetranslatedintoforeignIanguages./ThebooksissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoforeignIanguages下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Theclotheswasheswell.・Thebooksellswell.(事物的内在属性,不强调具体的动作)Thedishtastesdelicious.aterfeelsverycol(.系表结构)下面词或短语没有被动态:leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,halppriongcOakeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupIcOthsistOhaveon,Ioseheart等♦Hewasmadeodothehomework.主动态Hismothermadehimdothehomework.)♦Hewasseetoentertheroom.(主动态Someonesawhimentertheroom.(但Someonesawhimenteringtheroom.=Hewasseenenteringth®room.情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can能力(体力,智力,技能)允许或许可(口语中常用)可能性(表猜测,用于否疋句或疑冋句中)cannot/cannot/canCa'…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can't.couldcouldn'tdomay可以(问句中表示请求)可能,或许(表推测)祝愿(用于倒装句中)maynotdoMay…do…?Ys,…mayNo,…mustn't/can't.mightmightnotdoMight…do…?eY,…mightNo,…mightnot.must必须,应该(表主观要求)肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)mustnot/mustn'td(Must…do…?es,…must.No,…needn't/don'thavehaveto只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)don'thavetodoDo…havetodo…?Yes,…do.No,…don't.oughtto应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用shouldoughtnotto/oughtntddotOught…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtnshall将要,会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shallnot/shan'td(Shall…do…?Yes,…shall.No,…shan't.should应当,应该(表义务责任)本该(含有责备意味)shouldnot/shouldn'Should…do…?will意愿,决心请求,建议,用在冋句中would比较委婉willnot/won'tdoWill…do…?:(Yes,…will.No,…won't.wouldwouldnot/wouldn'dare敢(常用于否定句和疑冋句中)darenot/daren'td(Dare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren'need需^<必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)neednot/needn'td(Need…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn'usedto过去常常(现在已不再)usednot/usedn't/udodidn'tusetodoUsed…todo…?sentto,Yes,…usedNo,…use(d)nDid…usetodo…?Yes,…did.No,…didn't.to.t.t.t.七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:'t.II.情态动词must,maymight,could,ca表示推测:♦♦♦以must为例。must+do(be是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedon是推测可能已经发生过的事情。must"肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.can和could"可能”could表示可疑的可能性,不及can'语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。TheweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnowWecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassone推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan'tbethere,feyJisstwow语气fieibra常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点:can和beableto都可以表示能力。但beablet可以表达"某事终于成功",而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。neec和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn't/daren;'Ndeid/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dat®cdo,don't(doesn't/didnneed/daretodo八•非谓语动词♦♦♦I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:非谓语形式构成特征和作用时态和语态否定式复合结构不定式todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendone在非谓语前加notforsb.todosth.具有名词,副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语分词现在分词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendone具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语过去分词done动名词doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonesb'sdoing具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语情况常用动词只接不疋式做兵语的动词hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretendmanage,agree,afforddetermine,promise,happed只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语mind,miss,enjoyimagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevedislike,avoid,risk,resist,consiftercan'thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insistonproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,1bebusypayattentionto,stick®两者都可以♦♦意义基本相同begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,contin接不疋式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)need,want,require接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,右接不疋式则应用被动形式)意义相反stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事意义不同remember/forget/regrettod®旨动作尚未发生)remember/forget/regretdoing指动作已经发生)goontodo(接着做另外一件事)goondoing(接着做同一件事)trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)meantodo(打算做,企图做)meandoing(意识是,意味着)can'thelpto(不能帮忙做)can'tpoebing(忍不住要做)II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:nt,keep,thinkof,be)eworth,III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句不定式ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成,女口seesbdosthIheardhimcallmeseveraltimehave,notice,see,watch,hear,felet,makekel,现在分词notice,see,watch,hear,find,ke(主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚?p未元成,女口seesbdoingsthIfoundherlisteningto
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