2019年考研英语一真题答案(含解析)

2019年考研英语一真题答案(含解析)2019 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points) The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached suc...

2019 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题 Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points) The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. 5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 . One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19 it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.” 1．[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore 2．[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain 3．[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward 4．[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep 5．[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not 6．[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ 7．[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that 8．[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending 9．[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers 10．[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss 11．[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only 12．[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house 13．[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering 14．[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas 15．[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance 16．[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up 17．[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating 18．[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus 19．[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes 20．[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination 文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句；有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。文章首段主题句叙述到 The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.无家可归者在美国人口中占越来越大的比例。本文的中心思想为美国无家可归者的问题。本文的中心思想为美国无家可归者的问题。本文的中心思想为美国无家可归者的问题。题目解析： The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . 1．[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore 2．[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain 1. 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，前后两句的逻辑关系决定答案。句子叙述到 The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. , homelessness has reached such proportions that…。“无家可归者在美国人口中占越来越大的比例。…无家可归者所占的比例已经达到如此地步，以至于…。” 选项 A. indeed 一般表示强调； B. likewise 表示与前者相似；选项 C. therefore 因此，强调结果；选项 D. furthermore 进一步说，表示递进。不难发现，根据前一句“make up a growing percentage”与后一句“reach such proportion that”确定后者是对前者的例证强调。因此，正确答案为 A。 2. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词在定语从句中充当谓语。句子叙述到 homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly . “无家可归者所占的比例已经达到地方政府都无法…的地步。” 选项 A. stand 忍受； B. cope vi. 处理，忍受； C. approve 赞成，批准； D. retain 保留。不难发现，句子中“such proportion that local government can’t …”提供信息确定选择“忍受，承受”之意。选项 A. stand 忍受，作为及物动词在句子中要直接连接宾语，但是句子中没有宾语，因此该词不符合句子结构；选项 B. cope 处理，忍受，作为不及物动词，在句子中表达完整的含义；选项 C. approve 赞成，批准，“批准”的应该是文件，句子中提到的是无家可归者的数量问题，不能与“批准”连用；D. retain 保留，显然与“无家可归者的数量”不能构成合理的主谓关系。因此，正确答案为 B。 3 ． [A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward 4 ． [A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keepTo help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. 3.词汇辨析题，本题目选择介词，选择介词与句子中的动词有直接关系。句子叙述到 To help homeless people independence, the federal government must support job training programs,…. “为帮助无家可归者…独立，联邦政府必须提供就业培训项目…。” 选项 A. in 构成 help sb. in doing 帮助某人做某事； B. for 构成 help sb. for 为…而帮助某人； C. with 构成 help sb. with sth. 帮助…做事； D. toward 构成 help sb. toward 帮助…向某个方向发展。不难发现，句子中“help homeless people independence” 提供信息确定选择“帮助… 向某个方向发展”之意。因此，正确答案为 D。 4. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词，所在句子的主语、宾语提供信息决定答案。句子叙述到 the federal government must support job training programs, the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. “联邦政府必须提供就业培训项目,…最低工资标准，资助更多低收入家庭。” 选项 A. raise 增加，提高； B. add 加； C. take 拿来； D. keep 保留。不难发现，句子中“ the minimum wage”与前面的短语“support job training program 提供就业培训项目”和后面的短语“fund more low-cost housing 资助更多低收入家庭”是并列关系，是政府为无家可归者提供的服务。由此提供信息确定选择“提高”之意。选项 A. raise 增加，提高，“提高最低工资标准”，符合句子含义；选项 B. add 加，该词指数量的增加，不符合句子含义；选项 C. take 拿来，该词不能与“最低工资标准”连用；选项 D. keep 保留，“保留最低工资标准”，虽然这个短语意义完整，但是不能与前后的政府帮助无家可归者的举动构成并列。因此，正确答案为 A。 5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. 5．[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not 5. 语意辨析题本题目选择副词，在句子中限定范围。句子叙述到 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. “…每个人同意美国无家可归者的数量。” 选项 A. generally 一般来说； B. almost 几乎；选项 C. hardly 几乎不…（常用倒装）； D. not 置于句首表示部分否定，译为“并不是…”。不难发现，由于本题包含反义选项，而上文又没有提示，因此应先把下一句中的第 6、 7 两题做出，本题的答案才会迎刃而解。第 6 题所在的语境句意为“人们对此的估计数字从六十万到三百万不等”。而第 7 题又说“尽管这一数字可能不同，分析家们却在另外一件事情上的确达成了一致意见 ”。因此，本题答案应选 D. Not，本句意思为“关于美国无家可归者的数量，众说不一”。 6 ． [A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ 7 ． [A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that 8 ． [A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extendingEstimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 . 6. 词汇辨析题句子中的主语、宾语以及介词决定所选择的动词。句子叙述到 Estimates anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. “估计数字…60 万到 3 百万之间。” 选项 A. cover 覆盖、包括； B. change 改变、变化； C. range 在某范围中变化； D. differ 不同。不难发现，句子中要选择动词与 “from 600,000 to 3 million”构成搭配，句子提供信息确定选择“在…范围”之意。选项 A. cover 覆盖、包括，不能与 “from…to…”构成搭配；选项 B. change 改变、变化，该词所指的变化是无规律的变化，当然就不涉及在范围内变化的含义；选项 C. range 在某范围中变化，符合语句含义；选项 D. differ 不同，一般组成 “differ from…”短语，译为“与…不同”，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为 C。 7. 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，前后两句的逻辑关系决定答案。 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter:… “…（人们估计的）数字不同，分析家们对另一个问题的意见还是完全一致的。” 选项 A. Now that 既然； B. Although 虽然…但是； C. Provided 假设； D. Except 除去。不难发现，本题所在的语境句中，前文中的 may vary 与后文中的 do agree 互为反义，确定二者为转折让步关系。因此，正确答案为 B，句子译为“虽然（人们估计的）数字不同，分析家们对另一个问题的意见还是完全一致的”。 8. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词的现在分词形式，句子中的主语提供信息决定答案。 Although the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is . “虽然（人们估计的）数字不同，分析家们对另一个问题的意见还是完全一致的：无家可归者的人数正在…。” 选项 A. inflating 膨胀； B. expanding 发展、扩张； C. increasing 增加； D. extending 扩充、扩大。不难发现，句子中“the number of homeless is ” 提供信息确定选择“增加，膨胀”之意。选项 A. inflating 膨胀，超过既定标准（尤指通货膨胀）；选项 B. expanding 发展、扩张，体积增大；选项 C. increasing 增加，指数量增加；选项 D. extending 扩充、扩大，指形状变化、拉伸。因此，正确答案为 C。语境句意为“无家可归者的数量一直在增加”。 One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. 9．[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers 9. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词，句子中的主语、宾语提供信息决定答案。句子叙述到 One of the federal government’s studies that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. “联邦政府的一项研究…无家可归者的数量在近十年内将会达到大约 1900 万。”选择动词，主语和宾语提供信息确定答案。选项 A. predicts 预测、预计； B. displays 展示； C. proves 证明； D. discovers 发现。不难发现，句子中“that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. 无家可归者的数量在近十年内将会达到大约 1900 万。”“近十年会达到 1900 万”表达未来的状况，确定选择“预测”之意。因此，正确答案为 A。 Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 10 ． [A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss 11 ． [A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only 12 ． [A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house 13 ． [A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. 10. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词，句子中的宾语提供信息决定答案。句子叙述到 Finding ways to this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. “想办法…这些日益增加的无家可归者这一任务变得非常困难.” 选项 A. assist 帮助； B. track 追踪； C. sustain 承受、支持、供养； D. dismiss 解散。不难发现, 本文前两段提出无家可归者的问题并略加分析，本段开始解决方法的探讨。句子提供信息确定选择“帮助”之意。选项 A. assist 帮助，“想办法帮助这些日益增加的无家可归者这一任务变得非常困难”，符合句子含义，符合文章中心；选项 B. track 追踪，，“想办法追踪这些日益增加的无家可归者这一任务变得非常困难”，不符合句子含义；选项 C. sustain 承受、支持、供养，“想办法支持这些日益增加的无家可归者这一任务变得非常困难”，符合句子含义，但是与上文的内容“政府提供相关计划帮助无家可归者”却没有联系；选项 D. dismiss 解散，，“想办法帮助这些日益增加的无家可归者这一任务变得非常困难”，符合句子含义，但是与上文的内容“政府提供相关计划帮助无家可归者”却没有联系。因此，正确答案为 A。 11. 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后两句的逻辑关系。句子叙述到 _when homeless people individuals manage to find a that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day the street. “…当无家可归者找到…能提供一日三餐，晚上能睡觉，还是有很多人每天大部分时间…街头。” 选项 A. Hence 因此； B. But 但是； C. Even 即使； D. Only 仅仅。不难发现，前、后句子之间体现出让步关系。选项 A. Hence 因此，表示因果关系，与本句逻辑关系不符；选项 B. But 但是，表示转折关系，与本句逻辑关系不符；选项 C. Even 即使，表示让步关系，与本句逻辑关系相符，句子译为“当无家可归者找到地方能提供一日三餐，晚上能睡觉，还是有很多人每天大部分时间流浪街头”；选项 D. Only 仅仅，表示递进关系，与本句逻辑关系不符。因此，正确答案为 C。 12. 词汇/语法结构辨析题本题目选择名词，同时这个名词由定语从句来修饰。句子叙述到 even when homeless people individuals manage to find a that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, “即使无家可归者最终能够找到一个…，可以给他们提供一日三餐和夜里睡觉的地方”。选项 A. lodging 寄宿处； B. shelter 庇护所、避难所； C. dwelling 住处； D. house 房屋。不难发现，定语从句“that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night 能够提供一日三餐和晚上睡觉的场所”确定选择“庇护所或避难所”之意。选项 A. lodging 寄宿处，因为无家可归者人数众多，找到寄宿的地方不合常理；选项 B. shelter 庇护所、避难所，符合句子含义；C. dwelling 住处，指正常的居住场所，显然与无家可归者的景况不符； D. house 房屋，显然无家可归者找到正规的居家之房屋不符合常理。因此，正确答案为 B。 13. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词的现在分词，在句子中充当宾语补足语。句子叙述到 a good number still spend the bulk of each day _ the street. “很多人仍然每天大部分时间…街头。” 选项 A. searching 搜寻； B. strolling 漫步、闲逛； C. crowing 拥挤； D. wandering 游荡、徘徊、流浪。不难发现，无家可归者是流浪街头的。选项 A. searching 搜寻，不符合句子含义；选项 B. strolling 漫步、闲逛，指悠闲自在的走，显然不符合句子含义；选项 C. crowing 拥挤，该词是不及物动词，不能直接连用名词；选项 D. wandering 流浪，符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为 D。 Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . 14．[A]when 15．[A]life [B]once [B]existence [C]while [C]survival [D]whereas [D]maintenance 16．[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up 14. C 逻辑关系题本题目选择连词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到 Many others, not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday skills needed to turn their lives . “其他许多人，…既不吸毒，也没有精神障碍，他们却缺乏使自己生活变…的日常…技巧” 选项 A. when 当…时候； B. once 一旦； C. while 表示转折关系，意为“尽管”； D. whereas 表示对比关系。不难发现，句子中“即不吸毒也不饮酒”与“缺乏日常技巧”构成转折关系。因此，正确答案为 C。 15. 词汇辨析题本题目选择名词，句子中的宾语名词决定所选择的定语（名词）。句子叙述到 simply lack the everyday skills needed to turn their lives . “就是缺乏让自己生活变… 的…技巧”。选项 A. life 生活、生命； B. existence 存在； C. survival 生存、存活； D. maintenance 维护、坚持、生活费用。不难发现，“everyday 日常的”提供信息确定是一种生活、生存技巧。尤其是过去分词短语“needed to turn their lives .”确定选择“生存”之意。选项 A. life skills 生活技巧，指生活中的一些常识或者窍门等，与句子含义不符；选项 B. existence skill 存在技巧，没有该短语搭配；选项 C. survival skill 生存技巧，符合句子含义；选项 D. maintenance skills 维护技巧，与句子含义不符。因此，正确答案为 C。 16. 固定搭配题本题目选择与 turn 构成的短语。句子叙述到 to turn their lives . “使生活变….” 不难发现，这里表达“出现转机”之意。选项 A. around ,turn around（使）逆转、（使）出现转机；选项 B. over ,turn over 仔细考虑、移交；选项 C. on ,turn on 打开开关；选项 D. up ,turn up 调大、开大、出现。因此，正确答案为 A。 Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are _17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 17．[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating 17. 词汇辨析题本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语，被修饰的名词决定所选择的定语。 Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only there are programs that address the many needs of the homeless. “波斯顿环球日报记者克里斯雷迪认为只有通过…规划才能解决这些无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。” 选项 A. complex 复杂的； B. comprehensive 综合的、全面的； C. complementary 补充的、互补的； D. compensating 补偿的。不难发现，句子中空格后面定语从句中的 many 一词；由于要满足无家可归者的许多要求（many needs of the homeless），所以这份计划应该是考虑周全、无所不包的。选项 A. complex 复杂的，“复杂的计划”与“解决这些无家可归者的各种需求”没有直接联系；选项 B. comprehensive 综合的、全面的，“全面的计划”与“解决这些无家可归者的各种需求” 直接关联，符合句子含义；选项 C. complementary 补充的、互补的，，“互补的的计划”，句子中只提到一种计划，何谈“互补”；选项 D. compensating 补偿的，，“补偿的计划”与“解决这些无家可归者的各种需求”没有直接联系。因此，正确答案为 B。 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, _19 it, “There has to be _20 _of programs. What we need is a package deal.” 18．[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus 19．[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes 20．[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination 18. 逻辑关系题本题目选择逻辑关系词，前后两句的逻辑关系决定答案。句子叙述到 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, it, “There has to be of programs. What we need is a package deal. 像马塞诸塞州本特里学院社区服务部主任 Edward Zlotkowski 所…的：“各种项目必须…运行，我们需要的是一揽子计划”。选项 A. So 因此（因果关系，强调结果）； B. Since 既然（因果关系）； C. As 正如（引导非限制性定语从句，与前文表示层进关系）； D. Thus 因而（因果关系）。不难发现，前面句子叙述到 Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless. “波斯顿环球日报记者克里斯雷迪认为只有通过全面的规划才能解决这些无家可归者的各种需求，这种局面才有可能得到改善。”本句叙述到“像马塞诸塞州本特里学院社区服务部主任 Edward Zlotkowski 所说的…我们需要的是一揽子计划”。显然二者为层进关系，强调递进。因此，正确答案为 C。 19. 词汇辨析题本题目选择动词，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子中的主语和宾语决定所选择的动词。句子叙述到 Edward Blotkowsk it,“There has to be of programs. What we need is a package deal.” 提供信息确定选择“表达，说明”之意。选项 A. puts 口语中和正式场合宣讲是表示“说”；选项 B. interprets 口译，解释；选项 C. assumes 认为；选项 D. makes 制造。因此，正确答案为 A。 20. 词汇辨析题本题目选择名词，句子中的所有格关系决定所选名词。句子叙述到 There has to be of programs. What we need is a package deal. “各种项目必须…运行，我们需要的是一揽子计划。” 选项 A. supervision 监督、管理； B. manipulation 操作、处理； C. regulation 管理、调整； D. coordination 协调。不难发现，句子中“一揽子计划”提供的信息确定选择“协调”之意。选项 A. supervision 监督、管理，与句子含义不符；选项 B. manipulation 操作、处理，与句子含义不符；选项 C. regulation 管理、调整，与句子含义不符；选项 D. coordination 协调。综合前文中的 comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless（应对无家可归者多方面需求的综合性计划）和后文中的 a package deal（一揽子交易），不难选出与此意接近的 coordination。因此，正确答案为 D。全文翻译无家可归者在美国所占的比例越来越大。而且，无家可归者所占的比例已经大到地方政府都无法应对的地步。为了帮助无家可归者走向独立，联邦政府必须支持就业培训项目，提高最低工资标准和资助修建更多的廉价住房。对于美国到底有多少无家可归者，大家的意见并不一致，估计是在 60 万到 3000 万之间。尽管人们估计的数字可能各不相同，分析家们对另外一个问题的意见却是一致的：无家可归者的人数正在增长。联邦政府的一项研究预测，在目前这个十年结束之前，无家可归者的数量将接近 1900 万。想办法帮助这些越来越多的无家可归者的任务变得越来越艰巨。即使无家可归者找到了避难所，能提供一日三餐，晚上能睡觉，还是会有很多人每天大部分时间流落街头。部分问题在于许多无家可归的成年人都是酒鬼或者是瘾君子，而且相当多的无家可归者都有严重的精神病。还有许多人虽然不酗酒吸毒，精神也正常，但就是缺乏让自己生活好转的基本能力。《波士顿环球日报》记者克里斯雷迪认为只有通过全面规划来解决这些无家可归者的各种需求，此局面才有可能得到改善。用马萨诸塞州本特里学院社区服务部主任艾德华泽洛特科瓦斯基的话来说就是：“各种规划必须协调运作，我们需要的是一揽子计划”。 Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation------language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard” for language. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. 21．The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means . A. identifying B. associating C. assimilating D. monopolizing 22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century . A. played a role in the spread of popular culture. B. became intimate shops for common consumers. C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. . A. are resistant to homogenization. B. exert a great influence on American culture. C. are hardly a threat to the common culture. D. constitute the majority of the population. 24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5? A. To prove their popularity around the world. B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. C. To give examples of successful immigrants. D. To show the powerful influence of American culture. 25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is . A. rewarding B. successful C. fruitless D. harmful 文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，文章首段主题句是 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. 尽管人们对社会差异性有没完没了的争议，美国仍然是一步神奇的同化国民的机器。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. 移民很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English “well” or “very well” after ten years of residence.” 1990 年的人口普查表明“绝大多数移民在美国居住 10 年后英语说得好或很好，他们来自 15 个最常移民的国家。” 第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” 在外国出生的亚洲人和西班牙人比土生土长的美国白人和黑人的通婚比例高。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks. Rodriguez 注意到，世界各地住在偏远村庄的孩子是诸如阿诺德施瓦辛格和加思布鲁克斯这类超级巨星的影迷。第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? 美国存在分裂问题和骚动吗? 不难发现，这篇文章围绕着美国的移民问题来展开。题目解析： 21.识词题 The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means . 选项 A. identifying 识别、认为……等同于、确定； B. associating 使联合、使发生联系； C. assimilating 使同化、吸收； D. monopolizing 独占、垄断。该题将识别的短语“homogenizing”在文章中定位到第一段首句 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇前面出现。“In spite of “endless talk of difference,””，表达的是 in spite of 引起的转折关系。因此，homogenizing 应与前文中的 difference 构成反义，只有 C. assimilating “同化”符合题意。因此答案为 C。 22.细节题 According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century . 选项 A. played a role in the spread of popular culture. 在大众文化传播方面发挥作用。 B. became intimate shops for common consumers. 成为普通消费者的私人商店。 C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. 满足有知识的精英们的需求。 D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 商店的出现是消费文化出现的结果。该题利用定位词“the department stores of the 19th century”定位到文章第一段 People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered ‘vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. “人们融入了 19 世纪百货商店倡导的 “消费文化”，这些百货商店有幽雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品”。可见，the culture of consumption 是由这些百货商店发起的。选项 A. played a role in the spread of popular culture. 在大众文化传播方面发挥作用，与相关信息句动作“融入了 19 世纪百货商店倡导的消费文化”直接关联；选项 B. became intimate shops for common consumers.成为普通消费者的私人商店，与相关信息句动作“融入了 19 世纪百货商店倡导的消费文化，这些百货商店有幽雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品”没有任何关联；选项 C. satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.满足有知识的精英们的需求，与相关信息句动作“融入了 19 世纪百货商店倡导的消费文化，这些百货商店有幽雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品”没有任何关联；选项 D. owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.商店的出现是消费文化出现的结果，与相关信息句动作“融入了 19 世纪百货商店倡导的消费文化，这些百货商店有幽雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为 A. played a role in the spread of popular culture 在大众文化传播方面发挥作用。 23.细节题 The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. . 选项 A. are resistant to homogenization. 拒绝均质化。 B. exert a great influence on American culture.对美国文化施加重大影响。 C. are hardly a threat to the common culture. 对公共文化几乎没有威胁。 D. constitute the majority of the population. 占美国绝大多数人口。该题利用定位词“immigrants”定位到文章第二段 Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.“移民很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们。” 选项 A. are resistant to homogenization. 拒绝均质化，与相关信息句动作“很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们”没有任何关联；选项 B. exert a great influence on American culture.对美国文化施加重大影响，与相关信息句动作“很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们”没有任何关联；选项 C. are hardly a threat to the common culture. 对公共文化几乎没有威胁，与相关信息句动作“很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们”直接关联，动作“对公共文化几乎威胁”对应于“不会毒害人们”，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项 D. constitute the majority of the population. 占美国绝大多数人口，与相关信息句动作“很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为 C. are hardly a threat to the common culture 对公共文化几乎没有威胁。 24.结构题 Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5? 选项 A. To prove their popularity around the world. 证明他们在世界的受欢迎程度。 B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. 表明人们对移民的恐惧。 C. To give examples of successful immigrants. 给成功移民举例子。 D. To show the powerful influence of American culture. 表明美国文化的巨大影响力。该题将例子“Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks”定位到文章第五段 Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。因此，例子后面相邻的句子 yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”“但是一些美国人担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响。”是论点。选项 A. To prove their popularity around the world. 证明他们在世界的受欢迎程度，与相关信息句动作“担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响” 没有任何关联；选项 B. To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.表明人们对移民的恐惧，与相关信息句动作“担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响”没有任何关联；选项 C. To give examples of successful immigrants.给成功移民举例子，与相关信息句动作“担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响”没有任何关联；选项 D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.表明美国文化的巨大影响力，与相关信息句动作“担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响”直接关联，动作“担心为何没有受到该国同化作用的影响”对应于“表明美国文化的巨大影响”，体现 “同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为 D. To show the powerful influence of American culture 表明美国文化的巨大影响力。 25.主旨题 In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is . 选项 A. rewarding 有益的 B. successful 成功的 C. fruitless 未果的 D. harmful 有害的该题作为主旨题反映作者观点态度的题目，根据“方位论原则”：作者的观点体现在文章尾段的主题句或倒数第二段体现“I”的句子中。题目定位到文章尾段主题句 But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.“但是，当审视美国过去的骚动时，当今的美国社会各项指标不能表明社会环境变得腐败黑暗”，体现作者的态度是美国社会当前的现状还好。因此，正确答案为 B. successful 成功的。全文翻译尽管人们对于美国社会的差异性有没完没了的争议，美国还是一部神奇的同化国民的机器。美国社会呈现出“服饰和话语趋于平民化、一致化，自在随意和尊重缺失”通俗文化的特点。人们融入了 19 世纪百货商店倡导的“消费文化”。与那些迎合知识精英的优雅舒适的商店不同，这些百货商店有优雅的环境，提供各式各样的商品，不论阶层和背景如何，任何人都可以进入。从而使得购物成为一种公众的、民主的行为。而均质化的其他推动力还包括大众传媒、广告和体育。移民很快适应了这一共同文化，虽然这种文化可能不会引人向上，但也不会毒害人们。 Gregory Rodriguez 为《国家移民论坛》撰写文章，他在报道中指出，如今移民既没有创新高，也不拒绝被同化，1998 年移民占美国人口总数的 9.8%，而 1990 年移民人口所占比例是 13.6%。现在要考虑一下同化的三个指数：语言，住房所有权和通婚。 1990 年的人口普查表明“绝大多数移民在美国居住 10 年后英语说得得好或很好，他们来自 15 个最常移民的国家。”而这些移民的孩子往往会说双语，精通英语。“到了第三代，大多数移民家庭都不会说他们的本国语了。”因而美国被描述为语言的墓地。到 1996 年，那些在外国出生，于 1970 年前移民美国的人拥有的房屋的比例达到 75.6%，高于土生土长的美国人的房屋拥有比例，后者为 69.8%。在外国出生的亚洲人和西班牙人比土生土长的美国白人和黑人通婚比例高。到了第三代，三分之一的西班牙裔女性嫁给非西班牙裔男士，而 41%的亚裔美国女性嫁给非亚裔人士。 Rogriguez 注意到，世界各地住在偏远村庄中的孩子是诸如阿诺德·斯瓦辛格和加思·布鲁克斯这类超级巨星的影迷。但是一些美国人担心住在美国的一些移民却不知为何没有受到该过同化作用的影响。美国存在分裂问题和骚动吗？没错。国家大了，就会什么东西都会有点儿。但是，当审视美国骚动的过去时，今天的各项社会指标还不能表明社会环境变得腐败黑暗。 Text 2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry---William Shakespeare---but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights. The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making. The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus---and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side---don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)－lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. 26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that . A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue. B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage. C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms. D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism. 27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that . A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately. B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers. C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers. D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater. 28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that . A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects. B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties. C. the town is not really short of money. D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid. 29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because . A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending. B. the company is financially ill-managed. C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable. D. the theatre attendance is on the rise. 30. From the text we can conclude that the author . A. is supportive of both sides. B. favors the townsfolk’s view. C. takes a detached attitude. D. is sympathetic to the RSC. 文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，文章首段主题句是 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry－ William Shakespeare－but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. 正如我们所知的那样，Stratford-on-Avon 只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚。但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. Stratford-on-Avon 可敬的居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. 但是，常看戏的人在看戏同时的确会观光一些地方。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. 但该镇居民却不认可这种观点，地方议政厅并不直接给皇家莎士比亚公司拨款。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. 无论怎样，该镇居民不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款。不难发现，这篇文章围绕着埃文河盘的斯特拉特福镇的唯一产业 --- 威廉 . 莎士比亚：皇家莎士比亚公司和该镇居民之间的问题来展开。第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是 It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. 将票价大幅度提高很可惜，因为这会将那些对 Stratford 最值得拥有的年轻客户赶跑。题目解析： 26.推断题 From the first two paragraphs, we learn that . 选项 A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue. 居民们否定皇家莎士比亚公司对该镇的税收做出贡献。 B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage. 皇家莎士比亚公司的演员们台上台下都模仿莎士比亚。 C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms. 皇家莎士比亚公司的两个分支机构相处不够融洽。 D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism. 居民在旅游业中收益很少。该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的前两个段落的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，第一段段落中间句没有转折词，段落首句 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry－William Shakespeare－but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.“正如我们所知的那样，Stratford-on-Avon 只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚。但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构。” 和第二段段首句 The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.“Stratford-on-Avon 可敬的居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收。” 选项 A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue.居民们否定皇家莎士比亚公司对该镇的税收做出贡献，与相关信息句动作“只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚；但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构；居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收”直接关联，动作“否定皇家莎士比亚公司对该镇的税收做出贡献”对应于“怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收”，体现同意替换关系；选项 B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage.皇家莎士比亚公司的演员们台上台下都模仿莎士比亚，与相关信息句动作“只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚；但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构；居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收”没有任何关联；选项 C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms.皇家莎士比亚公司的两个分支机构相处不够融洽，与相关信息句动作“Stratford-on-Avon 只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚；但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构；居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收” 似乎有关联，但是选项中的“the two branches of the RSC 皇家莎士比亚公司的两个分支机构” 与相关信息句中的“Stratford-on-Avon 有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构”相悖，这种命题陷阱称为“瞒天过海”；选项 D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism.居民在旅游业中收益很少，与相关信息句动作“只有一个产业，就是威廉莎士比亚；但是在那儿有两个完全独立，敌意渐浓的分支机构；居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收”没有任何关联。综上所述，可以确定答案为 A. the townsfolk deny the RSC ’ s contribution to the town’s revenue. 居民们否定皇家莎士比亚公司对该镇的税收做出贡献。 27. 推断题 It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that . 选项 A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately. 观光者不能单独参观 Castle 和 the Palace。 B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers. 看戏的人比观光客花钱要多。 C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers. 观光者比看戏的人购物多。 D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater. 看戏的人除了去剧院之外不会去任何其他地方。该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的第三段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，第三段 The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus－and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side－don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. 从段中的主题句 The playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing 可以看出，D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater. 看戏的人除了去剧院之外不会去任何其他地方，不符合题意。[A]和[C]两项内容并未在本段提及。本段倒数第二句 It is the playgoers, …pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants 明确地揭示了正确答案为 B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers. 看戏的人比观光客花钱要多。 28. 识词题 By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that . 选项 A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects. Stratford 承担不起扩建计划。 B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties. Stratford 长期以来一直陷入财务困难。 C. the town is not really short of money. 该镇并不是真的资金短缺。 D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid. 该镇居民过去收入很低。该题将识别的短语“Stratford cries poor traditionally”在文章中定位到第四段 The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“Nevertheless”，表达的是转折关系，因此相关信息句为 Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.但是该镇的每一家宾馆似乎都在加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，可想而知那里会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵。从中不难看出，Stratford 并非真的陷入财政困难。选项 A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects. Stratford 承担不起扩建计划，与相关信息句动作“加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵”完全相悖；选项 B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties. Stratford 长期以来一直陷入财务困难，与相关信息句动作“加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵”完全相悖；选项 C. the town is not really short of money. 该镇并不是真的资金短缺，与相关信息句动作“加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项 D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid.该镇居民过去收入很低，与相关信息句动作“加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧，班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为 C。 29.细节题 According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because . 选项 A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending. 可以提高票价来弥补支出。 B. the company is financially ill-managed. 公司财政管理混乱。 C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable. 演员的行为不被社会所接受。 D. the theatre attendance is on the rise. 看戏的人数量在增加。该题利用定位词“RSC”和“subsidy”定位到文章第五段 Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the RSC needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) “无论怎样，该镇居民不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款。（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录。去年，该剧院 1431 个座位的全年上座率为 94%，今年将更高。）” 选项 A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending. 可以提高票价来弥补支出，与相关信息句动作“不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录）”没有任何关联；选项 B. the company is financially ill-managed. 公司财政管理混乱，与相关信息句动作“不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录）”没有任何关联；选项 C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable.演员的行为不被社会所接受，与相关信息句动作“不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录）”没有任何关联；选项 D. the theatre attendance is on the rise. 看戏的人数量在增加，与相关信息句动作“不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款（该剧院已经连续三年打破上座记录）”直接关联，体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为 D. the theatre attendance is on the rise. 看戏的人数量在增加。 30.推断题 From the text we can conclude that the author . 选项 A. is supportive of both sides. 支持双方。 B. favors the townsfolk’s view. 支持居民的观点。 C. takes a detached attitude. 漠不关心。 D. is sympathetic to the RSC. 对 RSC 感到同情。该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的第六段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，第六段 It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)－lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. 段落中间没有转折词，因此段落的主题句为段首句 It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. “将票价大幅度提高很可惜，因为这会将那些对 Stratford 最值得拥有的年轻客户赶跑。”shame 一词体现了作者的感情色彩。因此，正确答案为 D. is sympathetic to the RSC. 对 RSC 感到同情。全文翻译正如我们所知的那样，埃文河畔的斯特拉特福只有一个产业，那就是威廉·莎士比亚，但是那儿有两个完全独立的、敌意渐浓的分支机构。一个是皇家莎士比亚公司，它在该镇莎士比亚纪念剧院上演莎翁最好的戏剧作品。另一个是该镇居民，他们在很大程度上靠从来这儿的游客那儿赚钱为生，这些游客来这儿不是为了看戏剧，而是为了看 ANNE Hathaway 的小屋，莎翁的出生地和其他景点。斯特拉特福镇可敬的居民怀疑剧院是否给他们带来任何税收。他们坦然承认自己不喜欢 RSC 公司的演员，那些人留着长发，蓄着胡须，穿着便鞋，吵吵闹闹。想一想他们赖以为生的莎士比亚本人也是位演员（留着胡须），也制造噪音，就具有绝妙的讽刺意味。游客并未完全分流。乘公交车而来的观光者通常会参观离这儿不远的沃里克城堡（Warwick Castle）和布伦海姆宫（Blenheim Palace）。他们通常不会去看戏，一些人在斯特拉特福看到剧院甚至会感到惊异。但是，常看戏的人在看戏同时的确会观光一些地方。皇家莎士比亚公司辩称，正是那些看戏的人为城镇带来大部分税收，这是因为他们在该镇过夜（有些人会呆四五个晚上），在宾馆和餐厅消费。观光客在夜幕降临之前就能看完所有景点，离开城镇。但该镇居民却不认可这种观点，地方议政厅并不直接给皇家莎士比亚公司拨款。斯特拉特福一直在哭穷，但是该镇的每家宾馆似乎都在加添一个侧厅或鸡尾酒大厅。希尔顿正在那儿建自己的饭店，可想而知那里会有一个哈姆雷特汉堡酒吧、里尔休息厅、班柯宴会厅等等，价格将十分昂贵。不管怎样，该镇居民不能理解皇家莎士比亚公司为什么需要拨款。（该剧院已经连续三年打破了上座率记录。去年该剧院 1431 个座位的全年上座率达到 94%，今年将更高。）当然，原因是成本增加，而票价却很低。将票价大幅提高很可惜，因为这会将那些对斯特拉特福最值得拥有的年轻客户赶跑。他们来这儿纯粹是为了看戏，而不是观光。他们看起来很相似（尽管他们来自世界各地），脸都瘦瘦的，尖尖的，一脸热诚，穿着仔裤和便鞋，吃圆面包，晚上睡在剧院外面的石板上，在上午 10 点半售票口开放时买 20 张座位票和 80 张专对这些人出售的站席票。 Text 3 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that . A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment. B. small species survived as large animals disappeared. C. large sea animals may face the same threat today. D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones 32. We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that . A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago. C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount. D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old. 33．By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that . A. fishing technology has improved rapidly. B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss. D. the data collected so far are out of date. 34. Dr Myers and other researchers hold that . A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time. B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level. D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations 35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ . A. management efficiency B. biomass level C. catch-size limits D. technological application. 文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，文章首段主题句是 Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. 现在，类似现象（大型的生长缓慢的动物比较容易猎取，由于被捕猎而迅速灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. 人类发现鱼类过度捕捞已经有些年了。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. Worm 博士声称这些数字比较保守。不难发现，这篇文章围绕着海洋大型生物灭绝的问题来展开。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. Myers 博士和 Worm 博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内。题目解析： 31. 结构题 The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that . 选项 A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment. 大型海洋动物面对环境变化很脆弱。 B. small species survived as large animals disappeared. 由于大型动物消失所以小型动物存活下来。 C. large sea animals may face the same threat today. 大型海洋动物可能面对相同的威胁。 D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones 生长慢的鱼类生存时间比生长快的长。该题将例子“The extinction of large prehistoric animal”定位到文章第一段 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.” 例子从段落首句开始到倒数第二句结束。根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。因此，例子后面相邻的句子 Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. “现在类似现象（大型动物灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生。”是论点。选项 A. large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment.大型海洋动物面对环境变化很脆弱，与相关信息句动作“现在类似现象（大型动物灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生”没有任何关联；选项 B. small species survived as large animals disappeared.由于大型动物消失所以小型动物存活下来，与相关信息句动作“现在类似现象（大型动物灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生”没有任何关联；选项 C. large sea animals may face the same threat today.大型海洋动物可能面对相同的威胁，与相关信息句动作“现在类似现象（大型动物灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生”直接关联，动作“大型海洋动物面对相同的威胁”对应于“类似现象可能正在海洋中发生”，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项 D. Slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones.生长慢的鱼类生存时间比生长快的长，与相关信息句动作““现在类似现象（大型动物灭绝）可能正在海洋中发生” 没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为 C. large sea animals may face the same threat today. 大型海洋动物可能面对相同的威胁。 32. 细节题 We can infer from Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that . 选项 A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. 有些老渔场大型动物的存活量已经减少了 90%。 B. there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago. 现在渔场的数量是 15 年前的一半 C. the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount. 新渔场中的捕鱼量只占雨总量的 20%。 D. the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old. 新的渔场中大型食肉类的数量比旧渔场下降的快。该题利用定位词“Dr Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper”粗略定位到文章第二段 What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.利用 “paper”准确定位到段落的句子 According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.“根据他们最近发表在《自然》中的论文，一个新的渔场中大型食肉鱼类的数量在开始开发海洋资源的 15 年间平均下降了 80%，在一些旧的渔场，这 15 年来，大型食肉鱼类的数量在此基础上又减少了一半。”因此，正确答案为 A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%. 有些老渔场大型动物的存活量已经减少了 90%。 33．识词题 By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr Worm means that . 选项 A. fishing technology has improved rapidly. 捕鱼技术发展很迅速。 B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. 实际上捕鱼量比记录的要少。 C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss. 海洋生物群遭受了严重的损失。 D. the data collected so far are out of date. 目前收集的数据过时了。该题将识别的短语“these figures are conservative”在文章中定位到第三段 Dr Worm acknowledges that the figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“That means”，表示解释说明关系相关信息句为 That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. “这意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大。” 选项 A. fishing technology has improved rapidly. 捕鱼技术发展很迅速，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”没有任何关联；选项 B. the catch-sizes are actually smaller then recorded. 实际上捕鱼量比记录的要少，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”恰恰相反；选项 C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss.海洋生物群遭受了严重的损失，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”没有任何关联；选项 D. the data collected so far are out of date.目前收集的数据过时了，与相关信息句动作“意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”直接关联，动作“目前收集的数据过时了”对应于“现在和过去的渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大”。因此，答案应选 D. the data collected so far are out of date. 目前收集的数据过时了。 34. 细节题 Dr Myers and other researchers hold that . 选项 A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time. 人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准。 B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass. 渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的 50%以下。 C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level. 海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平。 D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations. 人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件。该题利用定位词“Dr Myers and other researchers”定位到文章第四段 Dr Myers and Dr Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. “Myers 博士和 Worm 博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内。” 选项 A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联；选项 B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass.渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的 50%以下，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联；选项 C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内” 没有任何关联；选项 D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件，与文中定位语句的动作“确定了一个正确的基准，未来的海洋管理必须将其考虑在内”没有任何关联。可见，定位词定位的语句不能确定唯一正确的答案。作为细节题，要向下一句一句逐一与选项比较，知道最终确定答案。后面语句叙述到 They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". “他们相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准。” 选项 A. people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time.人们应该寻找一个能适用较长时间的基准，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”没有直接关联；选项 B. fisheries should keep the yield below 50% of the biomass. 渔场应该将捕鱼量控制在存活量的 50%以下，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”没有任何关联；选项 C. the ocean biomass should restored its original level.海洋生物群落应该恢复到原来的水平，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”没有直接关联；选项 D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations.人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件，与相关信息句动作“相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准”直接关联，动作“调整捕鱼基准适应变化的条件”对应于“改变基准”，体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为 D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to changing situations. 人们应该调整捕鱼的基准以适应时时变化的条件。 35. 细节题 The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ . 选项 A. management efficiency 管理效率 B. biomass level 生物群落水平 C. catch-size limits 捕量限制 D. technological application 技术应用该题利用定位词“mainly”粗略定位到文章第四段 That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. “这很重要，因为理论表明当这一目标物种生物群落的数量是原来的 50%时，人们能够从渔业得到的最大的可持续性的产出。但大多数渔场的数量低于 50%这种做生意的方式很糟糕。”显然，生物群落的数量和水平决定了从事该行业人的收入。因此，正确答案为 B. biomass level 生物群落水平。全文翻译当史前人类来到地球新的地域时，大型动物发生了一些奇怪的事情，他们突然之间灭绝了，小一点儿的物种得以存活。那些大型的、生长缓慢的动物比较容易猎取，由于被猎杀而迅速灭绝。现在类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。人们知道海洋中的鱼类过量捕捞已经有些年了。Ransom Myers 和 Boris worm 这些研究人员只是让我们知道了事情变化得多快。他们查询了来自世界各地渔场的 50 年的数据，目的并非去估算在海洋中的某些特定部分的鱼类的实际数量，而是不同时间内鱼类数量的改变。根据他们发表在《自然》期刊上的最新论文，一个新的渔场中的大型食肉鱼渔类的数量在开始开发海洋资源的 15 年间平均下降了 80%，在一些旧的渔场，这 15 年来，大型食肉鱼类的数量在此基础上又减少了一半。 Worm 博士生成这些数字比较保守。一个原因是捕鱼技术有所改进。如今，船只可以借助卫星和声纳定位仪发现猎物，这在 50 年前无法作到。这意味着更多的海洋生物被捕获，因此现在和过去渔业情况的真实差距可能比记录下来的捕获量的变化还要大。此外，在早些年，多钩长线上可能会挂满更多的鱼，但是因为没有挂了鱼饵的鱼钩来诱惑它们了，所以一些鱼就没被捕到，这就造成了对过去海洋中的鱼类数量估计不足。而且，在早期用多钩长线钓鱼时，许多鱼在上钩后被鲨鱼吃掉了。现在这不成问题了，因为现在鲨鱼数量少了。 Myers 博士和 Worm 博士指出，他们的工作确定了一个正确的基准，未来的（海洋）管理必须将其考虑进去。他们相信这些数据能够支持目前海洋生物学家认可的观点：改变基准。这一观点指出人们没有察觉发生在海洋中的巨大变化是因为他们在审视与现在做对比的过去时，用来衡量这个变化的时间段相对较短。这很重要，因为理论表明当某一目标物种的数量是原来的 50%时，人们能够从渔业得到最大的可持续性的产出。但大多数渔场的数量低于原来的 50%，这种做生意方式很糟糕。 Text 4 Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today. After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda---to lure us to open our wallets---they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. "Celebrate!" commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks. What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. 36．By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that . A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music. B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling. C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness. D. artists have changed their focus of interest. 37. The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something . A. religious B. unpleasant C. entertaining D. commercial 38. In the author’s opinion, advertising . A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art. B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public. C. replaces the church as a major source of information. D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes . A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness. B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied. D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms. 40. Which of the following is true of the text? A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality. C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality. D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths. 文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，文章首段主题句是 But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. 最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感。第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是 This wasn't always so. 但情况不总是这样。第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是 But it's not as if earlier times didn't know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. 但是这并非是说在早些时候就没有没完没了的战争、灾难以及对无辜者的屠杀。第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是 After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. 最终，什么是一种几乎能够完全致力于描绘幸福的现代表达方式呢？广告。第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是 People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. 早期的人们被不幸包围着。第六段确定段落内容方向的语句是 Today the messages your average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. 如今，普通的西方人不断接收的并非是宗教信息，而是商业信息及永远快乐的信息。不难发现，这篇文章围绕着人的负面情感问题来展开。第七段确定段落内容方向的语句是 What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. 我们所忘记的（即我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的）是幸福，不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。题目解析： 36．结构题 By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that . 选项 A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music. 在表达快乐时，诗歌的表现力不如绘画和音乐。 B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling. 艺术来自正面和负面的情感。 C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness. 如今的诗人对于幸福少了些怀疑。 D. artists have changed their focus of interest. 艺术家的关注点发生了变化。该题将例子“Wordsworth and Baudelaire”定位到文章第二段 This wasn't always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. 根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。例子前面相邻的句子 The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. “诸如绘画和音乐这样的早期艺术形式最适合表达快乐。”也同样是例子。因此，段落首句 This wasn't always so.“但情况并不总是这样的。”为论点。但是，该句由于代词“this”表达的含义不完整，所以要找到“this”的指代，即前一段落的尾句 But the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感。” 选项 A. poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music.在表达快乐时，诗歌的表现力不如绘画和音乐，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感” 没有任何关联；选项 B. art grows out of both positive and negative feeling.艺术来自正面和负面的情感，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”没有任何关联；选项 C. poets today are less skeptical of happiness.如今的诗人对于幸福少了些怀疑，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”没有任何关联；选项 D. artists have changed their focus of interest. 艺术家的关注点发生了变化，与相关信息句动作“最怪异的事情是艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”相关联，动作“艺术家的关注点发生了变化”对应于“艺术家唯一的工作是探索情感，并且选择关注那些负面情感”，体现了“包含与被包含”的关系。综上所述，正确答案为 D. artists have changed their focus of interest. 艺术家的关注点发生了变化。 37. 识词题 The word “bummer” (Line 5. paragraph 5) most probably means something . 选项 A. religious 宗教的 B. unpleasant 不快的 C. entertaining 娱乐的 D. commercial 商业的该题将识别的词汇 “bummer” 在文章中定位到第五段 People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too. 作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面出现“too”，表示并列关系，因此相关信息句为 In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. “在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众传媒是教堂，他提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。”句子中“心灵处于危险之中，可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬”表现出一种消极不快的情绪和状态。因此，答案应选 B. unpleasant 不快的。 38.细节题 In the author’s opinion, advertising . 选项 A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art. 广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现。 B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public. 广告是普通人失望的原因。 C. replaces the church as a major source of information. 广告取代教堂成为主要的信息来源。 D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福。该题利用定位词“advertising”定位到文章第四段 After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology“. 宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态。” 选项 A. emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art. 广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，还是意识形态”似乎相关联，但是选项中“广告随着宣扬不幸的艺术觉醒而出现”与相关信息句中的“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来”相悖；选项 B. is a cause of disappointment for the general public. 广告是普通人失望的原因，与相关信息句动作 “宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”没有任何关联；选项 C. replaces the church as a major source of information. 广告取代教堂成为主要的信息来源，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”没有任何关联；选项 D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福，与相关信息句动作“宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”相关联，动作“广告带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福”对应于“在广告文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，而是意识形态”，体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为 D. creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself. 带来幸福的幻象而不是真正的幸福。 39. 推断题 We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes . 选项 A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness. 幸福时常以悲伤终结。 B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快但是令人有新鲜之感。 C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied. 应该欣赏而不是否认不幸。 D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms. 宣扬不幸的艺术在经济繁荣时兴盛起来。该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，第七段 What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air. 段落中间没有转折词，段落首句 What we forget---what our economy depends on us forgetting---is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain.“我们所忘记的（即我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的）是幸福，不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。”明确是细节。因此段落的主题句为段尾句 It's a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.“这个信息比丁香烟叶还苦，但是会以某种方式带来一股清新的气息。” 选项 A. happiness more often than not ends in sadness. 幸福时常以悲伤终结，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”相悖；选项 B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快，但是令人有新鲜之感，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”相关联，动作“令人不快，但是令人有新鲜之感”对应于“比丁香烟叶还苦，但带来一股清新的气息”，体现“同意替换”的关系；选项 C. misery should be enjoyed rather than denied. 应该欣赏而不是否认不幸，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”没有直接联系；选项 D. the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms. 宣扬不幸的艺术在经济繁荣时兴盛起来，与相关信息句动作“比丁香烟叶还苦，但以某种方式带来一股清新的气息”没有任何联系。因此，正确答案为 B. the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing. 那些宣扬不幸的艺术令人不快但是令人有新鲜之感。 40. 推断题 Which of the following is true of the text? 选项 A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. 宗教曾经发挥提醒人们不幸的功能。 B. Art provides a balance between expectation and reality. 艺术在期待和现实之间提供了一种平衡。 C. People feel disappointed at the realities of morality. 人们对道德的现状感到失望。 D. Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths. 大众传媒倾向与报导灾难和死亡。推断题，在第五段谈论 reminders of miser（y 痛苦的提醒者）话题时，作者说：the church… reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms（教会提醒朝拜者，他们的灵魂处于危险之中，他们的躯体将成为蠕虫的美食）。在第七段，作者把反幸福艺术的警示作用与宗教的提醒作用等同起来（…we need art to tell us, as religion once did…）。选项 A. Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery. 宗教曾经发挥提醒人们不幸的功能。这与题意完全相符。（补充：这种提问方式是推断题。按照推断题方位论原则，对应段落的主题句是相关信息句。但是，间或会出现对应段落的主题句与选项没有任何关联，不能确定答案的情况。这种题目就只能利用四个选项分别回归文章定位，通篇考虑，逐一比较才能够确定答案。由于这种题目仅仅考察信息的对应，没有涉及分析理解能力的水平，所以不是考研英语试题中的重点试题。）全文翻译有许多事情让人们认为艺术家很怪异，而最怪异的事情是艺术家的唯一工作是探索感情，并且选择关注那些负面感情。但情况并不总是这样的。诸如绘画和音乐这样的早期艺术形式最适合表达快乐。但是大约在 19 世纪，从英国诗人华兹华斯的水仙花到法国诗人波德莱尔的恶之花，更多的艺术家开始认为快乐是无意义的，虚伪的，甚至是快乐让人感到厌烦。你可能会辩解，艺术对幸福更为怀疑这是因为现代社会目睹了这样的不幸。但是这并非是说在早些时候就没有没完没了的战争，灾难及对无辜者的屠杀。事实上，可能恰恰相反，（艺术对幸福更为怀疑的）原因是如今这个世界有了太多该死的幸福。最终，什么是一种几乎能够完全致力于描绘幸福的现代表达方式呢？广告。宣扬不幸的艺术的出现几乎完全是紧随大众媒体的出现而来，随大众媒体而来的是一种广告文化，在这种文化中，幸福不仅仅是理想，还是意识形态。早期的人民被不幸包围。他们一直工作，直到累的筋疲力尽，生活几无保障，年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。在西方，在大众传播开始出现，人们开始读书识字之前，最强势的大众媒体是教堂，它可以提醒那些礼拜者他们的心灵处于危险之中，有一天可能会受到蠕虫的啃噬。考虑到这些，人们也确实不需要让艺术也变成让人不快的东西了。如今，普通西方人不断接收的并非宗教信息，而是商业信息及永远快乐的信息。食用快餐者，新闻主播，通信员们，所有人的人都在微笑、微笑、不停地微笑。我们的杂志上以容光焕发的名字和住在漂亮房子里的幸福家庭做特写。因为这些信息有秘密目的——诱使我们打开钱包，这让幸福的感觉看起来不可信。在我们发现治疗关节炎的药物 Celebrex 可能增加患心脏病的风险之前，有关该药物的广告让我们为它的诞生而庆祝。我们所忘记的（也及我们的经济所依赖我们要遗忘的）是幸福不仅仅是没有痛苦的快乐。那些能够带来巨大快乐的东西也会有可能带来巨大的损失和失望。如今，我们周围到处都是唾手可得的幸福的承诺，我们需要有人像过去宗教所做的那样告诉我们“无常”的象征，即记主要你会死去，一切都会消亡，记住幸福不是否认这些，而是与这些共存。这个信息比丁香烟叶还苦，但是会以某种方式带来一股清新气息。 Part B Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A- G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”. (41) . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998, a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. (42) . The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun ... and always bet with your head, not over it”. Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling”, intentionally worked to ”lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will”. Well. (43) . The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall. (44) . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities. (45) . Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on---you might say addicted to---revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business. (A). Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected. (B). It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative? (C). By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit. (D). Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government. (E). David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it. (F). It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will. (G). The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so? 41．答案：[C] 本文通过 David William 的赌博经历，评述美国社会普遍的赌博现象。本题比较容易。在第一次赌博中，他输了 20 美元，随后便一发不可收。注意第二段和第三段中数字的递增现象（20→800→……→21,000→72,186）。而在所有选项中，[C]项中的数字 5,000 正好填补了 800 与 21,000 之间的空白，含义也完全吻合上下文。 42．答案：[A] 空格前一段谈到：William 的一个朋友帮助他进入一家戒赌中心，并把 William 的问题通知给赌场；赌场发回来一封禁赌信，并说，William 必须提供医学或心理方面的证据证明他进入赌场不会对他的身体健康造成损害，否则，赌场不会再准许他去赌博。后一段的大意是：《华尔街日报》报道了赌场的 24 条声明，比如“以赌为乐……不要过火”；每张门票上都留有心理咨询的免费电话；然而，明知他赌博成瘾，赌场还故意诱惑他“做违背自己意愿的事情”。空格中应涉及赌场重又引诱 William 去赌博的内容。选项[A]大意为：赌场继续以强大的攻势诱使 William 进入赌场，而并没有人察觉他是“禁赌人员”。[A]与上下文完全符合，因此是正确答案。 43．答案：[B] 空格后一段大意为：一份精神障碍方面的专业杂志说，“病态的赌博”是指持续地、复发性地、不可控制地追求突发横财带来的刺激，而不是追求金钱本身。这显然是在分析“病态的赌博”的症状。而上一段谈到赌场诱使 William 进入赌场，“做违背自己意愿的事情”。选项[B]的意思是：并不清楚究竟是什么在引诱他；从何种意义来说，他的意愿才算不被强制？此项正好符合上下文逻辑。另外，上文最后一句中的 lure 一词与[B]项中 luring 相互照应。因此，[B]是答案。 44．答案：[F] 由于本题空格是在段首，因此空格内容与后文关系更为密切。后一句的大意是：在科学或所谓科学的推动下，社会正把曾经认为的性格缺陷或道德缺点重新归类为与身体残疾相似的个性障碍。选项[F]的大意是：令人担忧的是，社会正在用药物处理越来越多的行为问题，并把意志力薄弱定义为“毒”瘾发作。这两句的结构与内涵非常相似，因此应选[F]为答案。 45．答案：[D] 参考译文空格后文说到：44 个州有彩票，29 个州有赌场，大多数州都不同程度地依赖着赌博业带来的税收。这显然是一种政府行为。涉及政府行为的有[D]和[G]两个选项，而[G]讲的是本文最后才提到的网络赌博，只有[D]符合题意。 Evansville 镇坐落在印第安纳州俄亥俄河的北岸，是 52 岁的大卫·威廉姆斯的家乡，镇上有一家内河船赌场。威廉姆斯是州政府的一名审计员，年薪 35，000 美元。在那家赌场赌了几年，他大约输了 175000 美元。以前他从未参与赌博，直到有一天，那家赌场送他一张价值 20 美元的赌博优惠券。他去了那家赌场，输了 20 美元，然后离开了。第二次去赌场他输了 800 美元。作为一名优秀顾客，赌场发给他一张“娱乐卡”，赌场里使用可以获得积分，换取食物和饮料，赌场也可以以此来追踪使用者的赌博活动。对于威廉姆斯而言，这些活动成为他所谓的“电子海洛因”。在他输了 5，000 美元的时候，他对自己说如果能捞回本钱，他就会停手。有一天晚上他赢了 5，500 美元，但是他并未停手。在 1997 年，他玩投币赌博游戏时两天时间内输了 21，000 美元。1997 年三月间，他输了 72，186 美元。有时候，他同时玩两台投币机，整晚整晚地玩，直到凌晨 5 点赌船进港关门为止，在赌场没有禁止他光顾，原因是赌场知道他沉溺其中不能自拔。赌场的确知道他有问题。 1998 年三月，威廉姆斯在一个朋友在他不情愿的情况下将他送入治疗中心，戒除赌瘾，并写信告知赌场威廉姆斯上瘾的事实。赌场将威廉姆斯的照片放入被禁止赌博的赌徒名单中，给他写了一封“禁止进入赌场”的信。注明了赌博行为的医学/心理学特征，信中指出在允许他重新进入赌场之前，威廉姆斯必须提供证明他光临赌场不会对他的安全和生活幸福造成危害。尽管他没有提供这些证明，赌场的市场部还是不断地给他寄资料。他进入赌场，使用“娱乐卡”，而赌场并未察觉。据《华尔街周刊》报道，该赌场有 24 个警告牌，写着诸如“享受乐趣，用头脑赌博，不要头脑发热”一类的警告语。每张入场卷上都印着一个免费电话号码，可以向印地安纳州心理健康部门进行咨询。然而，威廉姆斯的诉状指出赌场明明知道他无可救要地沉溺与赌博，却故意引诱他做出违背自己意愿的行为。考虑到他强迫性的行为，赌场是否故意引诱他还不得而知，而他的意愿又体现在那些方面呢？第四版《心理紊乱诊断数据手册》指出，病态赌博指的是在追求意外横财时，持续地、反复地、无法自控地寻求冒险刺激，并非仅仅为了钱。令人不安的是，现在社会越来越多地用医学方法处理行为问题，以前严厉的前辈们称之为意志薄弱的行为现在被认为是上瘾。由于科学或所谓科学的推动，社会正在对行为问题进行重新分类，把从前认为是性格缺陷、道德过失的重新归类到类似于胜利障碍的病态人格。赌博一直是美国人生活中的普遍现象。长期以来，人们认为赌博是一种罪过或者是一种社会疾病。现在赌博却成为一种社会政策：在美国，最主要、最有力的赌博推动者是美国政府。四十四个州发行彩票，29 个州设有赌场，而这些州中大多数在不同程度上倚赖于（你可能会说沉溺于）来自赌博的税收。自从 1995 年建立了第一个赌博网站以来，争夺赌徒资金的竞争加剧。据 10 月 28 日那期《新闻周刊》的报道，200 万赌徒每周光顾 1800 个虚拟赌场。今年网络赌徒们输掉的钱达到 35 亿美元，赌博业已经超越色情业，成为网络上最赢利的行业。 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10points) Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals --- the average scientist for one (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties---he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. ANSWERSThe definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in “public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, “is something else.” 46．I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 翻译步骤分析 [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义 define…as…“把…定义为…” elected as… “选择…作为…” thinking in Socratic way about “用苏格拉底式的方式思考…” them it 遵循代词的指代原则，them 指代“知识分子” [结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句 1、，and 原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的 and, or 等并列连词要首先区分）（ I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 2、which/that 原则用来区分主句和从句，句子中的 which, that, because, while, when 等标志词区分主句和从句） I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 3、较长不定式短语或介词短语原则（用来将单句中的不顶事短语和介词短语与主句区别对待，即恢复单句完整，理解短语功能） I shall define him as an individual who has elected the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. as his primary duty and pleasure in life 这是一个复合句。I shall define him as an individual 是主句。定语从句 who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems 用来修饰名词“individual”。该定语从句中构成“elect…as…”的结构。 [翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序 I shall define him as an individual 我将知识分子定义这种个体： who has elected the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems. 用苏格拉底式的方式思考对道德问题， as his primary duty and pleasure in life 并将此作为自己人生首要责任和快乐的人。 [参考译文] 我将知识分子定义这种个体：用苏格拉底式的方式思考道德问题，并将此作为自己人生首要责任和人生乐趣。翻译步骤分析47．His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义 is analogous to “与…相似” accept（the obligation of） “接受”在此意为“承担” revealing “揭露”在此意为“揭示” led him to his decision. “他自己得出结论” [结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句 1、，and 原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的 and, or 等并列连词要首先区分）（ His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 2、which/that 原则用来区分主句和从句，句子中的 which, that, because, while, when 等标志词区分主句和从句） His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 3、较长不定式短语或介词短语原则（用来将单句中的不顶事短语和介词短语与主句区别对待，即恢复单句完整，理解短语功能） His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing the course of reasoning in as obvious a matter as possible which led him to his decision. 这是一个复合句。His function is analogous to that of a judge 是主句。非限制性定语从句 who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision 用来修饰前文名词 judge。在该定语从句中，which led him to his decision 是定语从句，修饰名词短语“the course of reasoning”。 [翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序 His function is analogous to that of a judge 他的职责与法官相似， , who must accept the obligation of revealing the course of reasoning 必须承担揭示推理过程的责任。 in as obvious a matter as possible 用尽可能明了的方式 which led him to his decision. 自己做出决定的 [参考译文] 他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。翻译步骤分析48．I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义 excluded “排除在外” contribute to “促成” has not been charged with (the obligation)“被控告”在此意为“承担” approaching (the factual aspect)“接近”在此意为“探究” him 遵循代词的指代原则，him 指代“普通科学家” [结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句 1、，and 原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的 and, or 等并列连词要首先区分） I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 2、which/that 原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的 which, that, because, while, when 等标志词区分主句和从句） I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 这是一个复合句。I have excluded him 是主句。because,引导原因状语从句。在该原因状语从句中 while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems 和 he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.构成让步关系的主、从句。 [翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序 I have excluded him 我已经把普通科学家排除在外， because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems 是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题， , he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。 [参考译文] 我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成果可能会有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实方面。翻译步骤分析49．But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义 think about “思考，考虑” governs his activity “管理”在此意为“支配” is expected to “期望…” dedicate his energies to “投身于…；专注于…” [结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句 1、，and 原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的 and, or 等并列连词要首先区分） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity , any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 2、which/that 原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的 which, that, because, while, when 等标志词区分主句和从句） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code , which governs his activity , any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 这是一个复合句。But his primary task is not to think about the moral code any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business 是主句，在该句子中体现了结构“not…any more than”，译为 “不是…也不是”。非限制性定语从句 which governs his activity 用来修饰名词“moral code”。 [翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code 但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑道德规范， , which governs his activity 支配自己行为的 , any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。 [参考译文] 但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行为的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人专注于探索行业规范一样。翻译步骤分析50．They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. [词义推敲] 步骤一、浏览语句，识别动词和代词含义 teach “教” earn their salaries “挣工资” make little or no independent reflections on “很少或几乎没有独立思考” involve（moral judgment） “包括”在此意为“需要（道德判断）” [结构分析] 步骤二、浏览语句，断句 1、，and 原则（用来区分并列句，句子中的 and, or 等并列连词要首先区分） They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 2、which/that 原则（用来区分主句和从句，句子中的 which, that, because, while, when 等标志词区分主句和从句） They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. 这是一个并列句。They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries 与 but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.构成并列关系。在 but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment 中，定语从句 which involve moral judgment 修饰名词“human problems”。 [翻译润色] 步骤三、单句翻译，准确排序 They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries 他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水， , but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems 但他们大多数人却很少或没有对、人的问题进行独立思考。 which involve moral judgment. 需要进行道德判断的参考译文[参考译文] 他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。美国知识分子受到排斥，人们认为他们在社会中无关紧要，确实如此吗？这里指出的是情况并非那样。Father Bruchbergen 让我们了解到部分真实情况。他指出是美国受到知识分子的排斥。然而，知识分子所做的还不止这些，他们对知识分子所发挥的作用日益感到不满。正是他们自己，而不是美国，成了反知识分子者。首先，我们要对研究对象进行定义。什么是知识分子？我将知识分子定义为这样的人。他把用苏格拉底的方法思考道德问题作为自己的主要责任和人生乐趣。他有意识地、清楚坦诚地探索这一问题，首先针对一些事实问题提问，然后针对道德问题提问，最后根据已经获得的事实和道德信息提出一些看似合理的建议，建议人们如何行动。他的职责与法官相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。这一定义将许多通常被称为知识分子的人排除在外，那些普通科学家便是其中之一。我把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他们的成就有助于解决道德问题，但却仅仅限于这些问题的事实方面，他们并未承担解决道德问题的任务。与其他人一样，他们会在完成自己的日常任务时遇到道德问题——他不应该伪造实验，捏造证据，修改实验报告。但是科学家的主要任务不是思考支配自己行为的道德准则，正如人们不会期待商人将精力投入到研究商业中的行为规范一样。普通科学家在大部分醒着的时日都会认为自己的道德准则理所当然，这和商人是一样的。这个定义也将绝大多数教师排除在外，尽管从传统意义上来说，多数知识分子的谋生手段是教书。这些教师可能擅长教书，而且不仅仅专注于赚钱，但大多数人很少或者没有对涉及道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。这种情况也适用大多数杰出学者。在人类知识的某一领域学识渊博是一回事，而：“对社会进行卓越的思考”（爱默生语）则是另一回事。 51. DIRECTIONS: You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write your letter no less than 100 words. Write it on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address. To those that is concerned, I write this letter to request your help to recommend a proper candidate to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial assistance to a child in a remote area. I wonder if it is convenient for you if three things concerning the child are taken into consideration. First, the child should come from Gansu Province, for I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if the child is a primary school student. I hope I will help him/her from the very beginning. In addition, he/she must be willing to return to his hometown to help built it after graduation from university. My plan will be carried out as follows. On one hand, I will remit at least 2,000 yuan in cash every year until he/she finishes his/her education before entering college. On the other hand, I decide to teach the child math and English in person during my summer vacation, which will surely be more beneficial to the child. Your prompt help would be highly appreciated. And I am expecting your reply at your earliest convenience. Sincerely yours, Li Ming 52. DIRECTIONS: Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should 1. describe the photos briefly, 2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and 3. give your point of view. 谋篇分析根据漫画不难发现，漫画场景一，一位年轻人的脸上写着“贝克汉姆”的名字，眼睛却被蒙上了。漫画场景二，一位理发师给年轻人剪“贝克汉姆”的发型，眼睛也被蒙上了。显然，漫画反映的是 “ 盲目明星崇拜 ” ，即该文章的主题。根据提纲中的信息 1. describe the photos briefly, 本文开头需要一个段落，即描述漫画段。根据提纲中的信息 2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, 引出暗含主题段根据提纲中的信息 3. give your point of view. 本篇文章下文要体现出作者的观点以及最后得出的结论。SAMPLE How ironic the two pictures are in describing one of the most widespread social phenomena concerning idol adoration! In the first picture, a young man writes the name of Beckham on his face. In the second picture, another young man spends 300 yuan in dealing with his hair to make himself look like Beckham. The meaning conveyed in the two pictures reveals that in current China some young people are losing themselves due to idol adoration. I am greatly shocked by the enthusiasm for this British football superstar shown by these two young men. Frankly speaking, things of this kind really happen among us. Some people, especially college students, do nothing but concentrate on imitating superstars. This does great harm to their study and growth. If we can’t stop the worsening of this tendency, our own culture will be damaged, and we ourselves will be the ultimate victims. From my point of view, a lot of measures should be taken to save our losing culture and re-find ourselves. In fact, some measures have already been taken. In my university, campaigns have been launched to educate people to pay more attention to our traditional culture and read more books instead of focusing on our appearances. 文章结构分析As a result, we have witnessed some improvements but still there is a long way to go. 第一段 How ironic the two pictures are in describing one of the most widespread social phenomena concerning idol adoration! 用来引出漫画内容，并且给人以“心领神会”之感。 In the first picture,…… 描述漫画内容。 In the second picture,…… 描述漫画内容，并指出两幅漫画的相似之处。第二段 The meaning conveyed in the two pictures reveals that……用来引出主题，并且顺利的强调主题的重要。 I am greatly shocked by…… Frankly speaking, things of this kind really happen among us. 用来联系现实，只有将主题与现实联系到一起才能体现出主题的意义和作用。第三段 From my point of view,…… 指出自己的观点，符合提纲要求来展开文章。第四段 As a result, we have witnessed some improvements but still there is a long way to go. 下结论，并把文章顺利结尾。

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2019年考研英语一真题答案(含解析)

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