summary-writing(原文及范文)

summary-writing(原文及范文)summarywriting(原文及范文）WritingDirections:Forthispart,youaretowriteasummaryofeitheroftwoarticlesthatarepresentedtoyouinthefollowing.Yoursummaryshouldbe150-200words.Remembertowriteneatly.ScienceandHumanityThetwentiethcenturysawmoremomentouschangethananypreviouscentury:changeforbetter,changeforworse;changethatbroughtenormousbenefitstohumanbeings,changethatthreatenstheveryexistenceofthehumanspecies.Manyfactorscontributedtothischangebut—inmyopinion—themostimportantfactorwastheprogressinscience.Academicresearchinthephysicalandbiologicalscienceshasvastlybroadenedourhorizons;ithasgivenusadeepinsightintothestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtbetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousevolution.Technology—theapplicationofscience—hasmadefantasticadvancesthathaveaffectedusbeneficiallyinnearlyeveryaspectoflife:betterhealth,morewealth,lessdrudgery(单调沉闷的工作),greateraccesstoinformation.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedtothedetriment(损害)ofmankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandmanufactureofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealthreattothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons.Althoughtheiractualuseincombathassofaroccurredonlyin1945—whentwoJapanesecitiesweredestroyed—duringthefourdecadesoftheColdWar,obscenelyhugearsenals(武器库)ofnuclearweaponswereaccumulatedandmadereadyforuse.Thearsenalsweresolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeendetonated(爆炸)theresultcouldhavebeenthecompleteextinctionofthehumanspecies,aswellasofmanyanimalspecies.WilliamShakespearesaid:"Thewebofourlifeisofamingled(混合的)yarn,goodandilltogether."Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonestrandofhumanactivities—science—seemstobearoutthisadage(格言).ButdoesithavetobesoMustillalwaysaccompanygooddeedsArewebiologicallyprogrammedforaggressionandwarIamnotanauthorityingenetics,butfrommyreadingsandlife-longobservationIdonotseeanyevidencethatwearegeneticallycondemnedtocommitevil.Onthecontrary,onverygeneralgroundsIwouldsaythatgeneticallywearedestinedtodothingsthatareofbenefittothehumanspecies,andthatthenegativeaspectsaremistakes,transienterrorsintheprocessofevolution.Inotherwords,IbelieveintheinherentgoodnessofMan.Wearethusfacedwithadaunting(威吓，使胆怯)dilemma.Asaprocessofnaturalevolution,scienceshouldbeallowedtodevelopfreely,withoutrestrictions.Butcanweaffordtheluxuryofuninhibitedresearchinthenaturalsciences,withitsawesome(可怕的)potentialoftotaldestruction,inaworldinwhichwarisstillarecognizedsocialinstitutionThepreservationofthehumanspeciesanditscontinuingenhancementdemandthatwelearntolivewithoneanotherinpeaceandharmony.Butthislearningprocesshasbeenslowandarduous(费力的),andisnotyetcomplete.Duetotheharshconditionsunderwhichprimitivemanlived,heoftenhadtofightwithotherhumanbeingsforsurvival.Individualkillingand,later,collectivekilling—war—thusbegantobeseenasanaturalphenomenon.Wearestillnotorganizedforawar-freeworld.Butinthemeantime,thehumanspeciesmaybebroughttoanendbytheuseofthetoolsofdestruction,themselvestheproductofscienceandtechnology.Inmyopinion,theproblemhastoalargeextentarisenfromtheunevenrateofadvanceinthedifferentareasofhumanactivities,inparticular,betweentheprogressinthenaturalsciences—whichincludethephysicalandbiologicaldisciplines,andthevarioussocialsciences—economics,sociology,politics(withpsychologyperhapsattheinterfacebetweenthetwomajorgroups).Undoubtedly,therehasbeenmuchfasterprogressinthenaturalsciencesthaninthesocialones.Whyhavethenaturalsciences,especiallythephysicalsciences,advancedsomuchfasterthanthesocialsciencesItisnotbecausephysicistsarewiserorclevererthan,say,economists.Theexplanationissimplythatphysicsiseasiertomasterthaneconomics.Althoughthematerialworldisahighlycomplexsystem,forpracticalpurposesitcanbedescribedbyafewgenerallaws.Thelawsofphysicsareimmutable(不可改变的).Theyapplyeverywhere,onthisplanetaswellaseverywhereelseintheuniverse,andarenotaffectedbyhumanreactionsandemotions,asthesocialsciencesare.HowcanwetacklethisunevennessintherateofprogressofofscienceTwowayscometomind:one,byacceleratingtherateofprogressinthesocialsciences;two,byslowingdowntherateofadvancementofthenaturalsciencesinsomeareas,forexample,bytheimpositionofethicalcodesofconduct.Clearly,theformerisbyfarthepreferableway.Whatwewouldliketoseeisfasterprogressinthesocialsciences,leadingtotheestablishmentofasocialsystemwhichwouldmakewarnotonlyunnecessarybutunthinkable;asysteminwhichtheexistenceofold,ortheinventionofnew,weaponsofmassdestruction,wouldnotmatter,becausenobodywoulddreamofusingthem;asysteminwhichpeoplewillbeabletosay:“nuclearweapons:whocares”Responsibilityforone'sactionsis,ofcourse,abasicrequirementofeverycitizen,notjustofscientists.Eachofusmustbeaccountableforourdeeds.Buttheneedforsuchresponsibilityisparticularlyimperativeforscientists,ifonlybecausescientistsunderstandthetechnicalproblemsbetterthantheaveragecitizenorpolitician.Andknowledgebringsresponsibility.Inanycase,scientistsdonothaveacompletelyfreehand.Thegeneralpublic,throughelectedgovernments,havethemeanstocontrolscience,eitherbywithholding(抑制)thepurse,orbyimposingrestrictiveregulationsharmfultoscience.Clearlyitisfarbetterthatanycontrolshouldbeexercisedbythescientiststhemselves,throughaself-imposedcodeofconduct.Theestablishmentofanethicalcodeofconductforscientistsisanideawhosetimehascome.Summary：ScienceandHumanityThetwentiethcenturyhasmadegreaterchangetotheworld,whichwasbroughtbytheprogressinscience,thananypreviouscentury.Unfortunately,notallthesechangesdidgoodtothehumansociety.Someofthemhavedoneseriousdamagetomankindandhavebeenevenpredictedtodestroythewholeworldsomedayifoutofcontrol.Infact,mankindisnotbiologicallyprogrammedforviolentbehaviorslikewar.Peoplearefacedwithadilemmainwhichwewouldliketoseesciencedevelopfreely,butcannotaffordtheresultofthat.Itisabasicinstinctthatmantendstoprotectoneselfbyfightingwithothers.Theprogressinthenautralsciencesismuchfasterthanthatinsocialsciencesbecauselawsinnaturalsciencesareimmutableandapplyeverywhereandarenotaffectedbyhumanreactionsandemotions.Forevendevelopmemtandforabetterfutureofmankind,impositionofethicalcodesisnecessary.Everyoneshouldberesponsibleforhisbehavior,especiallythescientists.(166words)ChinaSeesOpportunitiesinClimateChangeUNLIKEAmerica’sleaders,China’sbossesarenotmuchtroubledbyrecalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures.Thegovernmenthasthereforehadnodifficultyinexecutingasmartvolteface（完全改变）onclimatechange.Aroundthreeyearsagoitsfierceresistancetothenotionofanylimitonitsgreenhouse-gasemissionsstartedtosoften.Itnowseemstobemakingseriouseffortstocontrolthem.Onereasonforthischangeisthecountry’sgrowingawarenessofitsvulnerabilitytoawarmingworld.Themonsoon（季风）seemstobeweakening,travellinglessfarinlandanddumpingitsrainfallonthecoasts.AsaresultChinaisseeingfloodsinthesouth-eastanddroughtsinthenorth-west.Atthesametimethecountry’sleadersaredeeplyconcernedaboutthemeltingoftheglaciersontheTibetanplateau,whichfeednotjusttheGanges,theIndus,theBrahmaputraandtheMekongbutalsotheYangziandYellowrivers.AsecondreasonisChina’sgrowingsenseofglobalresponsibility.Thecountryisnotonlytheworld’slargestemitterofgreenhousegases;itnowregardsitself,andisregarded,asoneoftheworld’sleadingpowers,andthereforeexpectstoworkwiththeotherbigpowerstotackleglobalproblemssuchastheeconomiccrisis,nuclearproliferation（核扩散）andclimatechange.Athirdreasonisenergysecurity.AlthoughChinahaslargecoalreserves,itisalsoabigimporter.ConcernsaboutexcessivedependenceonforeignfossilfuelssharpenedwhenChina’soilimportsrocketedand,in2005,theattemptbyCNOOC（ChinaNationalOffshoreOilCorporation),China’slargestoffshoreoilandgascompany,tobuyAmerica’sUnocalwasrebuffed.China’spushintonuclearandrenewableenergyhasbeendrivenbyitsneedtodiversifyitsenergysources.Thefourthreasoniseconomic.TheKyotoprotocolhasgivenChinaanincentivetocleanupitsact.Chinahasreceived$2billionthroughtheCDM（CleanDevelopmentMechanism)forcleaningupitsindustrialprocessesandbuildingclean-energycapacity—halfthemoneythathasflowedthroughtheCDM.Thatisexpectedtoriseto$8billionby2012.Butalonger-termeconomicmotivespringsfromashiftinthewayChinathinksaboutgrowth.Inthepast,itsall-outdriveforgrowthhasledittorebuffpressuretocutemissions.Attemptstocontrolpollutionfounderedontheperformance-assessmentsystemforofficialsatalllevelsofgovernment,whichprioritisesgrowth.Butthathasbeenadjustedtoencourageenergyefficiency,andatthesametimetheleadershiphasstartedtoarguethatgrowthandgreeneryarecompatible.SinceWenJiabaotookoverasprimeminister,theleadershiphastriedtodefineeconomicgrowthassomethingbroaderandlonger-termthanGDPfiguresimply:theemphasishasbeenona“harmonioussociety”and“scientificdevelopment”.Nobodywassurewhatthelattermeant,butMrWenhasrecentlybeentalkingaboutamore“resource-efficientenvironmentallyfriendlysociety”andHuJintao,thepresident,hasreferredseveraltimestoa“low-carboneconomy”anda“greeneconomy”.Localpollutionmayhelptoexplaintheshift.Residentsareinfuriatedbyfilthyairandwaterthatkillspeopleanddamagesunbornchildren.Policiestocutcarbon-dioxideemissions—throughreducingtheenergyusedtoproducegoods—canhelpcleanupChina’scitiesatthesametime.Moreinterestingistheideathatcleanenergymightbeasourceofgrowthratherthanaconstraintonit.China,sotheargumentgoes,missedoutonthecomputerrevolution.Itmakeshardware,butAmericanfirmsownmostofthevaluablestuff—theintellectualpropertyforthesoftware.“Youcan’tgetrichmakingsocksandtoys,”explainsLinJiang,directoroftheChinaSustainableEnergyProgrammeattheEnergyFoundationinSanFrancisco.“They’relookingforthenextgrowthindustry.Cleanenergyclearlyhashugepotential.Andnocountrydominatestheindustryyet.It’sawide-openfield.”HuAngang,aneconomistatTsinghuaUniversity,callsthis“ahugeopportunityforChina.Thecountrywillbecomethelargestrenewable-energymarket,bio-energymarket,clean-coalmarket,nuclear-powermarket,carbon-exchangemarket,environmental-technologymarket,low-carboneconomy,exporteroflow-carbonproductsandlow-carbon-technologyinnovator.”Thegovernmentisgivingtheeconomyashoveinthatdirection.In2006thefive-yearplansetatargetfora20%cutintheenergyintensityofGDPbytheendof2010.Thestartwasslow,butbytheendoflastyearithadmanaged10%anditnowlooksontrackforitstarget.AccordingtoMrLin,thatwouldmeanareductionincarbonemissionsofbilliontonnesperyearby2010,morethantheWaxman-Markeybill’scapsfordomesticindustrywouldtakeoutofAmerica’seconomyby2020.Chinahasrelativelytightvehiclefuel-efficiencystandards.Electricvehiclesarebeinggenerouslysubsidised($8,800foracarand$73,500forabus)andthegovernmentplanstobuildthecapacitytoproducehalfamillionayearby2012.Themostvisiblechangeshavecomeinrenewableenergy.In2005theNationalPeople’sCongresspassedlegislationtooffersubsidiesforrenewableenergy—aroundtwicetheamountforcoal.Forwindenergy,thetargetwassetat20GWofcapacityby2020.ThesubsidygeneratedsomuchbuildingthatChinanowexpectstohitthattargetbytheendofthisyearandisaimingfor150GWby2020.“It’slikeagoldrushrightnow,”saysMrLin.Thetargetforsolarenergy,similarly,hasbeenraisedfromto20GWby2020.Toputthisincontext,windcurrentlygeneratesonly%ofChineseelectricity.Coalgenerates80%.And,althoughChina’sgovernmentdoesnothavetojumpthelegislativehurdlesfacedbyAmerica’spresident,itsometimesstrugglestogetpolicyimplementedontheground.YetifChina’smanylayersofgovernmentcanbepersuadedthatgreenmeansgrowth,theywillcleave（坚持）tothispolicy;andtheleadershipseemskeentomakethathappen.China,thus,isafterthesame“greenjobs”thatAmericanshavebeenpromisedaspartoftheirroadtoeconomicrecovery.Americahashugeadvantagesintermsoftechnologyandcapital,butChinahasacoupleofthingsgoingforittoo:cheaperlabourandaleadershipunconstrainedbytheneedtogetre-electedeveryfouryears.Chinacanplayalonggame,whichhelpswhendealingwithclimatechange.SummaryChinaSeesOpportunitiesinClimateChangeInordertohelpdealwithclimatechange,Chinesegovernmentmadeasmartchangeandwillmakeseriouseffortstocontrolitsgreenhousegasemissions.Asabigimporterofenergyresources,withtheraisingawarenessofitsvulnerabilitytoawarmingworldandthegrowingsenseofglobalresponsibility,withtheincentivegivenbytheKyotoProtocoland$2billionprovidedbytheCDMforcleaningupitsindustryprocessesandbuildingclean-energycapacity,thischangeisjustifiedforChina.SinceChina'sleadershiprealizedthatgrowthandgreeneryarecompatibleandadvocatedtohavea"low-carbon"and"green"economy,thegovernmentsetatargetofareductionincarbonemissionsofbilliontonsperyearby2010bytighteningvehicle-efficiencystandardsanddiversifyingitsenergysources,suchaswindenergy.Actually,thepracticeof"greenjobs"isagreatopportunityforChinatocleanupitscitiesandbuildclean-energycapacity.Inthelongrun,Chinawillbecomethelargestrenewableenergymarketintheworld.Withcheaperlaboursandastrongerleadership,Chinacanplayalonggameindealingwithclimatechange.(187words)CTRL+A全选可调整字体属性及字体大小-CAL-FENGHAI.NetworkInformationTechnologyCompany.2020YEAR