欧洲文化入门(九)

DivisionNineRealismContents GeneralIntroduction RealisminFrance RealisminRussia RealisminNorthernEurope RealisminEngland RealismintheUnitedStates Art MusicattheTurnoftheCenturyDefinition WhatisRealism? InartandliteraturethetermrealismisusedtoidentifyaliterarymovementinEuropeandtheunitedStatesintheLasthalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Therealistswantedatruthfulrepresentationintheirworksofcontemporarylifeandmanners.Background TheHistoricalBackground Therealistmovementwasgreatlyinfluencedbythedevelopmentofscienceinthe19thcentury.Theageofrealismwastheageofrailway,wirelesstelegraphyandcountlessothermechanicalinventionsthatrevolutionizedthenatureofsocietywithinaveryshortspanoftime.RealisminFrance Stendhal(pennameofMarieHenriBeyle,1783-1842)司汤达 Works:ArmanceLeRoughetleNoir(TheRedandtheBlack)红与黑, laChartreusedeParme(TheCharterhouseofParma)巴马修道院 HonoredeBalzac巴尔扎克(1799-1850) Balzachasbeencalled“theFrenchDickens”. Works:LaComedieHumaine(theHumanComedy)人间喜剧, EugenieGrandet欧也妮·葛朗台,LePereGoriot高老头 LaCousineBette贝蒂 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 妹 GustaveFlaubert福楼拜(1821-1880) Flaubertisoneofthegreatliteraryartistofthe19thcentury. Work:MadameBovery包法利夫人 EmileZola左拉(1840-1902) Zolawasthefounderofthenaturalistschool. Work:LesRougen-Macquarts罗根.马塔里. GuydeMaupassant莫泊桑(1850-1893) Work:TheNecklace项链, ThePieceofString一条绳子 TheUmbrella雨伞RealisminRussia 1.NikolaiGogol果戈里(1809-1852) NikolaiGogolwasthefirstmasteroffictioninRussiatoleaveromanticconventionsandgotolifeforhissubjects. Works:DeadSouls死魂灵 IvanSergeyevichTurgenev屠格涅夫(1818-1883) TurgenevwasthefirstRussionauthortogainrecognitionintheWest. Works:AHunter’sSketches猎人笔记, ANestofGentlefolk贵族之家, FathersandSons父与子 FyodorDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基(1821-1881) Works:TheHouseofDeath死屋手记, CrimeandPunishment罪与罚, TheBrotherKaramazov卡拉马佐夫兄弟 CountLeoTolstoy列夫·托尔斯泰(1828-1910) WithDostoyevsky,TolstoymadetheRussianrealisticnovelaliterarygenrethatranksinimportancewithclassicalGreektragedyandElizabethandrama. AntonPavlovichChekhov契科夫 Works:TheSeagull海鸥, UncleVanya万尼亚舅舅, TheThreeSisters三姊妹, TheCherryOrchard樱桃园RealisminNorthernEurope HenrikIbsen易卜生(1828-1906) Works:ADoll’sHouse玩偶之家, Ghosts群鬼, AnEnemyofthePeople人民公敌 TheWildDuck野鸭andHeddaGabler海达高布乐 AugustStrindberg奥古斯特·斯特林堡 (1849-1912) Works:MasterOlaf奥洛夫老师,TheSonofaServant女仆的儿子RealisminEngland CharlesDickens狄更斯(1812-1870) Works:PickwickPapers匹克威克外传, ATaleofTwoCities双城记,OliverTwist雾都孤儿, HardTimes艰难时事 BleakHouse荒凉山庄, DavidCopperfield大卫科波菲尔 2.GeorgeEliot乔治·艾略特(pennameofMaryAnnEvans1819-1880) Works:Middlemarch 米德尔马契, TheMillontheFloss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 WilliamMakepeaceThackeray萨克雷(1811-1863) Work:VanityFair名利场 ThomasHardy哈代 Works:FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣,TheReturnoftheNative还乡, TheMayerofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长, Tessofthed’Urberyvilles 德伯家的苔丝 JudetheObscure无名的裘德 GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳(1856-1950) ShawwontheNobelPrizein1925. Works: HeartbreakHouse伤心之家, St.Joan圣女贞德, TheAppleCart苹果车 MajorBarbara芭芭拉少校Pygmalion卖花女RealismintheUnitedStates HarrietBeecherStowe比彻·斯托夫人(1811-1896) Work:UncleTom’sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋 WaltWhiteman惠特曼(1819-1892) ConsideredbymanytobethegreatestofallAmericanpoets,Whitmancelebratedthefreedomanddignityoftheindividualandsangthepraisesofdemocracyandthebrotherhoodofman. Works: LeavesofGrass草叶集 WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d当丁香花最后在庭院开放的时候. MarkTwain马克·吐温(pennameofSamuelLanghorneClemens1835-1910) Works：TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCaravrasCountry 卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙 TheAdventuresofHckberryFinn哈克贝利分历险记,TheGildedAge镀金时代, TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆索菲亚历险记, ThePrinceandthePauper王子与穷人 HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯(1843-1916) Works:ThePortraitofLady贵妇画像,ThePassionatePilgrimandOtherStories,DaisyMiller黛西米勒,TheGoldenBowl金碗Art RealisminArt GustaveCourbet居斯塔夫·库尔贝(1819-1877) works:TheStonebreakers, BurialatOrnans b.Jean-FrancoisMillet让·弗朗索瓦·米勒(1814-1875) Hisworksgenerallydepictoneortwopeasantfiguresquietlyengagedinearthlyordomestictoil. Works:TheSower, GleanersImpressionisminArtGenerallyspeaking,theimpressionistsaimedatcapturingthefleetingimageofascenetakeninbytheeyeinreallifeandrecreatingthetransitoryexperiencewithbrushstrokeswhichareeventuallytransformedintoawebofinfinitelyvaried,tinyunitsthatdissolvesoliedobjectsintoadense,coloredatmosphere. a.EdouardManet爱杜尔·马奈(1832-1883) Manetwasregardedastheleaderoftheimpressionistmovement. Works:leDejeunersurL’herbe, FoliersBergers b.ClaudeMonet克劳德·莫奈(1840-1926) c.CamillePissarro卡米耶·毕沙罗(1830-1903) Work:ThePlaceduTheatreFrancais d.PierreAgusteRenoir皮埃尔-奥古斯特·雷诺阿 Work:MoulindelaGalette e.HilaireGermainEdgarDegas埃德加·德加(1834-1917) Works:CaféConcert,TheGlassofAbsinthe,BallerinaonthestagePost-Impressionism a.PaulCezanne保罗·塞尚(1839-1906) Cezannecreatedanewworldofformsoutofnaturalobjects,evendistortingappearanceandreducingobjectstogeometricalpatternsinordertomakeacoherentwholeinhispictures. Works:TheBoyinRedVest, ruitBowl,GlassandApples b.VincentvanGogh梵高(1853-1890) HeisaDutchimpressionistpainter,whostressestheexpressionofhissubjectiveemotioninhispaintings. Works:StarryNight, Sunflower, TheNightCafé c.PaulGauguin保罗高更(1848-1903) Works:LaOranaMaria, VisionaftertheSermonSculpture Works: TheManwiththeBrokeNose, TheThinkerArchitecture Forthenineteenth–centuryarchitectcomesgraduallytoabandonsentimentalandromanticadesignsfromthehistoricalpastintheinterestofanhonestexpressionofhisbuilding’spurpose.MusicattheTurnoftheCentury AntoninDvorak德沃夏克(1841-1904) Czechnationalisticmusician,basinghisstyleonmelodicandrhythmicpatternsfoundinthefolkmusicofhisowncountry. Works:SymphonyNo.3inE-flat,Op.10 SymphonyNo.9inEminor,Op.95 CelloConcertoinBminor,Op.104 ClaudeDebussy克罗德·德彪西(0862-1918) Frenchcomposer.Debussywasamongthefirsttobreakawayfromthemelodicandharmonicconventionsofthe18thand19thcenturies,andhasbeendescribedasthefounderofmodernmusicalimpressionism. Works:Preludeto“TheAfternoonofaFarm”,Thesea,Images,PelleasetMelisande