海运词汇(较全,全英文注释)

海运词汇（较全，全英文注释）AccreditationCertificationbydulyrecognizedbodyofthefacilities,capability,objectivity,competence,andintegrityofanagency,service,oroperationalgrouporindividualtoprovidethespecificserviceoroperationneeded.Forexample,theRegistrarAccreditationBoardaccreditsthoseorganizationsthatregistercompaniestotheISO9000seriesstandards.AdValoremInproportiontothevalue.Agent(Agt.)Apersonauthorizedtotransactbusinessfor,andinthenameof,anotherpersonorcompany.AMSAutomatedManifestSystem.AnapplicationthatexpeditestheclearanceofcargoforthesubsequentreleaseofcontainerswhenimportedtotheU.S.throughelectronicsubmissionofcargomanifestsinlieuofbulkpapermanifests.ArrivalnoticeAnadvicethatthecarriersendstotheconsigneeadvisingofgoodscomingforwardfordelivery.PertinentinformationsuchasBLnumber,containernumberandtotalchargesduefromconsigneeetc,areincludedandsenttoconsigneepriortovesselarrival.Thisisdonegratuitouslybythecarriertoensuresmoothdeliverybutthereisnoobligationbythecarriertodoso.Theresponsibilitytomonitorthetransitandpresenthimselftotaketimelydeliverystillrestswiththeconsignee.AwkwardcargoCargoofirregularsizethatcaneitherbecontainerized(packedincontainer)ornon-containerized(withoutequipmentassociatedwith)duringtransportation.Itrequirespriorapprovalonacasebycasebasisbeforeconfirmationofbooking.AxleloadMaximumloadpermittedtobecarriedoneachaxleofamotorvehicle.Billoflading(B/L)Officiallegaldocumentrepresentingownershipofcargo,anegotiabledocumenttoreceivecargo,andthecontractforcargobetweentheshipperandthecarrier.BlocktrainRailcarsgroupedinatrainbydestinationsothatsegments(blocks)canbeuncoupledandroutedtodifferentdestinationsasthetrainmovesthroughvariousjunctions.Eliminatestheneedtobreakupatrainandsortindividualrailcarsateachjunction.BlockingorbracingWoodormetalsupportstokeepshipmentsinplaceoronrailcars.Bls.Bales.Akindofcustomarypackingunit.BobtailMovementofatractor,withouttrailer,overthehighway.BonafideIngoodfaith.BookingnumberAreferencenumberforbookingsregistered.Itshouldbeuniquewithoutduplicationforathree-yearperiod.BowThefrontofavessel.BoxCommontermforanoceangoingfreightcontainer.BoxcarAclosedfreightcar.BPSBusinessProcessandSystems-sectionwithinISDresponsibleforimplementationofIRIS-2andusersupportinsystemandbusinessprocesses.Break-bulkcargoGoodsshippedlooseinthevessel抯holdandnotinacontainer.BritishThermalUnit(BTU)TheamountofheatrequiredtoproduceatemperaturechangeofonedegreeFahrenheitinonepoundofwater.BulkcarriersAvesselcarryingdry,liquid,grain,notpackaged,bundledorbottledcargo,andisloadedwithoutmarks&numberorcount.BullringsCargo-securingdevicesmountedinthefloorofcontainers;allowlashingandsecuringofcargo.Bunkersurcharge(BAF,BSC)BunkerAdjustmentfactor(BAF),orBunkerSurcharge(BSC)aresurchargesassessedbythecarriertofreightratestoreflectcurrentcostofbunker.BunkersHeavyoilusedasfuelforoceanvessels.C.A.F.CurrencyAdjustmentFactor.Surchargepercentageappliedtofreightratestoreflectcurrencyfluctuations.C.B.M.(C.M.)Cubicmeter.C.K.D.AbbreviationforCarsKnockedDown.Automobilepartsandsubassembliesmanufacturedabroadandtransportedtoadesignatedassemblyplant.AclassificationofThirdPartyInternationalshippers.SeeKnockedDown.C.O.D.Collect(cash)onDelivery;CarriedonDocket(pricing);ChangeofDestination.CargomanifestAmanifestthatlistsonlycargo,withoutfreightandcharges.CarrierAnyindividual,companyorcorporationengagedintransportinggoods.CellsTheconstructionsystememployedincontainervessels;permitsbelowshipcontainerstobestowedinaverticallinewitheachcontainersupportingtheoneaboveit.CellularvesselAvesseldesignedwithinternalribbingtopermitthesupportofstackedcontainers.CertificateoforiginDocumentcertifyingthecountryoforiginofgoodswhichisnormallyissuedorsignedbyaChamberofCommerceorEmbassy.CFC's(Chlorofluorocarbons)Chemicalcompoundscontainingmixturesofcarbon,chlorineandfluorinemolecules.Becauseoftheirstability,lackofflammabilityandabilitytoabsorbandgiveupheatreadily,CFC'shaveinthepastbeenpopularrefrigerants.However,CFC'shavebeenfoundtocontributetothedeteriorationoftheozonelayeroftheupperatmosphere,whichisaconditionbelievedtobehazardoustoglobalhealth.Thesecompoundsshouldnotbereleasedintotheatmosphere,butshouldbecarefullycollectedforrecycling.ProductionofCFC'sisbeingphasedoutbyaninternationalconvention,theMontrealProtocol.CFS/CFSAkindofcargomovementbycontainer.Deliveredlooseatoriginpointwithvanningbycarrier,devannedbycarrieratdestination,andpickeduplooseatdestination.ChassisAwheeledflatbedoratrailerconstructedtoaccommodatecontainersmovedovertheroad.ClosingdateLastdayonwhichexportcargocanbeacceptedforanominatedsailing.ConsolidatedcargoCargocontainingshipmentsoftwoormoreshippers,usuallyshippedbyafirmcalledaconsolidator.TheconsolidatortakesadvantageoflowerF.C.L.rates,andsavingsarepassedontoshippers.ConsolidationThecombinationofmanysmallshipmentsintoonecontainer.ConsolidatorApersonorfirmperformingaconsolidationserviceforothers.ConsortiumGroupofcarrierspoolingresourcesinatradelanetomaximizetheirresourcesefficiently.ContainerAreceptacledesignedtotransportcargoofmanytypesincontinuoustransportation.Containerfreightstation(CFS,C.F.S.)Consolidationdepotswhereparcelsofcargoaregroupedandloadedintocontainers.ContainergrossweightPleaserefertoGrossWeight.Containerloadplan(CLP)Adocumentpreparedtoshowalldetailsofcargoloadedinacontainer,e.g.weight(individualandtotal),measurement,markings,shippers,consignees,theorigin&destinationofgoods,andlocationofcargowithinthecontainer.ContainernumberTheuniqueidentificationofacontainer.ContainersealnumberThenumberofhighsecuritysealsprovidedbyOOCL.ContainersizeThelengthofacontaineri.e.20'',40''and45''(feet).ContainerterminalAlsoreferedtoasaContainerYard(CY).Afacilitythatreceivesfullexportcontainersfromoneshippertoloadingthevesselanddeliversfullimportcontainerstotheconsigneeafter;itisthesamelocationwhereoceanvesselsareloaded&unloaded.ContainertypeThepurposeofacontainerofwhichthecodeistobeadheredtoISOstandard.ContainershipAnoceanvesselspecificallydesignedtocarryoceancargocontainers.Itisfittedwithverticalcellsformaximumcapacity.Controlledatmosphere(CA)Anatmosphereinwhichoxygen,carbondioxideandnitrogenconcentrationsareregulated,aswellastemperatureandhumidity.Cu.Cubic.Aunitofvolumemeasurement.Cubicfoot1,728cubicinches.CustomhouseAcountryTreasuryDepartmentofficewhereduties,etc.,onforeignshipmentsarehandled.Customsbondedwarehouseapublicorprivatelyownedwarehousewheredutiablegoodsarestoredpendingpaymentofdutyorremovalunderbond.Thestorageordeliveryofgoodsareunderthesupervisionofcustomsofficersandifthewarehouseisprivatelyownedthekeeperhastoenterintoabondasindemnityinrespectofthegoodsdeposited,whichmaynotbedeliveredwithoutareleasefromthecustoms.Cut-offtimeLastestpossibletimethecargomaybedeliveredtothevesselordesignatedpoint.Cwt.Hundredweight(U.S.A.,100pounds;UnitedKingdom,112pounds).CYContainerYard.See"ContainerTerminal".CY/CFSCargoloadedinafullcontainerbyashipperatorigin,deliveredtopierfacilityatdestination,andthendevannedbythecarrierforloosepickup.CY/CYCargoloadedbytheshipperinafullcontaineratoriginanddeliveredtothecarrier'sterminalatdestinationforpickupintactbyconsignee.D&HDangerousandHazardous.(Alsosee"DangerousGoods")D.W.DeadWeight.Thenumberoftonsashipcantransportofcargo,storesandbunkerfuel.(Alsosee"DeadweightTonnage")DangerousGoodsThetermusedbyI.M.C.O.forhazardousmaterialswhicharecapableofposingasignificantrisktohealth,safetyorpropertywhilebeingtransported.DDCDestinationDeliveryCharges.Achargeassessedbythecarrierforhandlingpositioningofafullcontainer.DeadSpaceSpaceinacar,truck,vessel,etc.,thatisnotutilized.DeadweightTonnage(D/W)Thenumberoftotalweighttonsthatavesselcantransportofcargo,storesandbunkerfuel.Itisthedifferencebetweenthenumberoftonsofwateravesseldisplaces"light"andthenumberoftonsitdisplaceswhensubmergedtothe"loadline."DedicatedUnitTrainAnunittrainoperatedbyvariousrailroadsforexclusiveusage.DeliveryOrderAdocumentauthorizingdeliverytoanominatedpartyofgoodsinthecareofathirdparty.Canbeissuedbyacarrieronsurrenderofabillofladingandthenusedbythemerchanttotransfertitlebyendorsement.DepotContainerContainerfreightstationoradesignatedareawhereemptycontainerscanbepickedupordroppedoff.DestinationTheplacewherethecarrieractuallyturnsoverthecargotoconsigneeorhisagent.DetentionChargesraisedfordetainingcontainer/traileratcustomer抯premisesforlongerperiodthanprovidedinTariff.DetentionChargeSee"Detention".DevanningTheremovalofcargofromacontainer.Alsoknownasunstuffing,unloadingorstripping.DFGDynamicFlowGuidelines--whichisusedtocontroltheon-landstocklevelofeachregiontakingintoaccountofthetrafficpatternandlocalvanning/devanningdwelltime.Theshortestthedwelltime,thelowesttheDFGandthemoreefficienttheequipmentutilizationwillbe.DifferentialRateAnamountaddedordeductedfrombaseratetomakearatetoorfromsomeotherpointorviaanotherroute.DiversionAchangemadeintherouteofashipmentintransit.DivertTherouteofashipmentchangedintransitfromthatshownontheoriginalbilling.Usedinterchangeablywithreconsign.Dock(a)Thewateralongsideapierorwharf.(b)Loadingorunloadingplatformatanindustriallocationorcarrierterminal.DockReceiptAformusedtoacknowledgereceiptofcargoatasteamshippier.Whendeliveryofaforeignshipmentiscompleted,thedockreceiptissurrenderedtothevesseloperatorortheoperator'sagentandservesasbasisforpreparationoftheoceanbilloflading.Door-to-DoorThroughtransportationofacontaineranditscontentsfromconsignor'spremisestoconsignee'spremises.Double-DeckLoadAsecondtierofcargoplacedontopofthefirsttier.DrayAtruckorotherequipmentdesignedtohaulheavyloads.DrayageChargemadeforlocalhaulingbydrayortruck.DryCargoCargothatdoesnotrequiretemperaturecontrol.DryDockAnenclosedbasinintowhichashipistakenforunderwatercleaningandrepairing.Itisfittedwithwatertightentrancegateswhichwhenclosedpermitthedocktobepumpeddry.Dry-BulkContainerAcontainerconstructedtocarrygrain,powderandotherfreeflowingsolidsinbulk.DSTDoubleStackTrain.Railortraincapableofcarryingtwo40'containers,oneontopoftheother.Dunnage(Dge.)Lumberorothermaterialusedtobracematerialincarrier'sequipment.DwellTimeItisexpressedintermofno.ofdaythatacontainerchangedfromonestatustoanothere.g.fromunderinboundload(UIL)toemptyavailable(MTA)tounderoutboundload(UOL).Theshorterthedwelltime,themoreefficientthecontainerutilizationwillbe.ECUEuropeanCurrencyUnits.AfinancialunitusedforECaccounting.EnrouteAlongtherouteofmovement.ETAEstimatedtimeofarrival.ETDEstimatedtimeofdeparture.ExWorkAnINCOTERMStermofsaleapplicabletoallmodesoftransport.ExportShipmentofgoodstoanothercountry.ExportDeclarationAgovernmentdocumentpermittingdesignatedgoodstobeshippedoutofthecountry.F.A.K.FreightAllKind.Systemwherebyfreightischargedpercontainer,irrespectiveofthenatureofthegoods,andnotaccordingtoaTariff.F.A.S.FreeAlongsideShip.F.C.L.FullContainerload.Arrangementwherebyshipperutilizesallthespaceinacontainerwhichhepackshimself.F.I.O.FreeInandOut.F.O.B.StandsforFreeOnBoardwhichisamercantileexpressionusedinsalecontractsdenotingthatgoodshavetobedeliveredbytheshippersonboardthevesselataparticularplace,freeofcharge.FCL/FCLSeeCY/CY.FCL/LCLSeeCY/CFS.FeederVesselVesselemployedinnormallyshortsearoutestofetchorcarrygoodsandcontainerstoandfromoceangoingvessels.FEUForty-footEquivalentUnit(40''or2TEUs)FinalDestination(FND)Endofcarrier抯liabilitywherecarrierdeliversthecargotoconsignee.FlashPointAtemperaturethatwhencertaininflammablecargoreacheswilltriggerspontaneousignition.ItisanIMCOstandardinformationrequirementfordangerousgoods.FMCFederalMaritimeCommission.USGovernmentAgencyresponsibleforregulatoryaspectsofallmaritimeactivities.Freight(a)Thepricepaidtothecarrierforthetransportationofgoodsormerchandisebyseafromoneplacetoanother.(b)Freightisalsousedtodenotegoodswhichareintheprocessofbeingtransportedfromoneplacetoanother.FreshAirExchange(FAE)Thefreshairexchangesystemonareeferremovesharmfulgasesfromreeferscarryingsensitiveperishablecommodities.Thefreshairventislocatedonthereefermachineryendofthecontainer.Thefreshairventisadjustabletoaccommodateavarietyofcargoandchilledloadoperatingconditions.Thefreshairventshouldbetightlyclosedwhencarryingfrozencargo.FullCellularShipAshipfittedforcontainercarriageinallavailablespace.Theshipisfittedwithverticalcellsforcontainerplacementbothbelowandabovedeck.Noprovisionsareavailableforcargootherthancontainers.FumigationTreatmentwithapesticideactiveingredientthatisagasundertreatmentconditions.G.R.I.GeneralRateIncreaseGATTGeneralAgreementonTariffandTrade.Aninternationalmultilateralagreementembodyingacodeofpracticeforfairtradingininternationalcommerce.GeneralAverageGeneralaverageisanunwritten,non-statutory,internationalmaritimelawwhichisuniversallyrecognizedandapplied.Itisfoundedontheprinciplethatvesselandgoodsarepartiestothesameventureandshareexposuretothesameperils,whichmayrequiresacrificeortheincurringofextraordinaryexpenseonthepartofoneforthebenefitofthewholeventure.Genset(GeneratorSet)Aportablepowergenerator,whichconvertsfuelintoelectricalpowerbymechanicalmeans,andfromwhichareeferdrawspower.Aclip-ongeneratorsetismountedtothefrontoftherefrigerationunit.Anunderslunggeneratorsetismountedtothechassisuponwhichthereeferismountedforhandlingandtransport.Theunderslunggeneratorsetcanbeeitherside-mountedorcenter-mountedonthechassis.GooseneckThefrontrailsofthechassisthatraiseabovetheplaneofthechassisandengageinthetunnelofacontainer.GrossTonnageAppliestovessels,nottocargo.Determinedbydividingby100thecontents,incubicfeet,ofthevessel'sclosed-inspaces.Avesseltonis100cubicfeet.GrossWeightEntireweightofgoods,packagingandcontainer,readyforshipment.HagueRules1924InternationalConventiononCarriageofGoodsbySea.Theserulesgovernliabilityforlossordamagetogoodscarriedbyseaunderabilloflading.Hague-VisbyRules1968RevisionofHagueRules.HamburgRulesInMarch1978aninternationalconferenceinHamburgadoptedanewsetofrules(TheHamburgRules),whichradicallyaltertheliabilitywhichshipownershavetobearforlossordamagetogoodsinthecourtsofthosenationswheretherulesapply.HarmonizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystemAmulti-purposeinternationalgoods-classificationformanufacturers.Transporters,exporters,importers,customsofficials,statisticians,andothersinclassifyinggoodsmovingininternationaltradeunderasinglecommoditycode.DevelopedundertheauspicesoftheCustomsCooperationsCouncil(CCC),aninternationalcustomsorganizationinBrussels,thiscodeisahierarchicallystructuredproductnomenclaturecontainingapproximately5,000headingsandsubheadingsdescribingthearticlesmovingininternationaltrade.Itisorganizedinto99chaptersarrangedin22sections.Sectionsencompassanindustry[(e.g.,SectionXI,TextilesandTextileArticles);chaptersencompassthevariousmaterialsandproductsoftheindustry(e.g.:Chapter50,Silk;Chapter55,ManmadeStapleFibres;Chapter57,Carpets).]Thebasiccodecontainsfour-digitheadingsandsix-digitsubheadings.(TheU.S.willadddigitsfortariffandstatisticalpurposes.IntheU.S.dutyrateswillbethe8-digitlevel;statisticalsuffixeswillbeatthe10-digitlevel.TheHarmonizedSystem(HS)isscheduledtosupplantthecurrentU.S.tariffschedule(TSUSA)inJanuary1988.)HatchTheopeninginthedeckofavessel;givesaccesstothecargohold.HaulierTheparticipatingcarrierresponsiblefordrayage.HeavyLiftArticlestooheavytobeliftedbyaship'stackle.Heavy-LiftChargeAchargemadeforliftingarticlestooheavytobeliftedbyaship'stackle.HighCubeAnycontainerwhichexceeds8feet6inches(102inches)inheight,usually9feet6inches.HouseB/LBillofladingissuedbyforwarder.House-to-House(H/H)SeeCY/CY.House-to-Pier(H/P)SeeCY/CFS.HullThebodyofavesselexclusiveofmasts,yards,sails,rigging,machineryandequipment.HullUnderwriterThepersonwithwhomtheship抯hull,machineryapparel,andtackleisinsured.I.M.C.O.InternationalMaritimeConsultativeOrganization.Aforuminwhichmostmajormaritimenationsparticipateandthroughwhichrecommendationsforthecarriageofdangerousgoods,bulkcommoditiesandmaritimeregulationsbecomeinternationallyacceptable.I.P.I.InlandPointsIntermodal.Inlandcarriagebyanothermodeoftransportationafterdischarge.IMDGCodeInternationalMaritimeDangerousGoodsCode.TheIMOrecommendationsforthecarriageofdangerousgoodsbysea.ImportShipmentofgoodsfromaforeigncountry.ImportLicenseAdocumentrequiredandissuedbysomenationalgovernmentsauthorizingtheimportationofgoodsintotheirindividualcountries.ImportPermitUsuallyrequiredforitemsthatmightaffectthepublichealth,morals,animallife,vegetation,etc.Examplesincludefoodstuffs,feedstuffs,pharmaceuticals(humanandveterinary),medicalequipment,seeds,plantsandvariouswrittenmaterial(includingtapes,cassettes,movies,TVtapesorTVmovies).Insomecountriesanimportpermitisthesameasanimportlicense.InTransitIntransit,orinpassage.InboundInwardbound.Directionofvesselorcargogoingtoportofdischargeorfinaldestination.IncotermsIncotermsareasetofuniformrulescodifyingtheinterpretationoftradetermsdefiningtherightsandobligationofbothbuyerandsellerinaninternationaltransaction,therebyenablinganotherwisecomplexbasisforasalecontracttobeaccomplishedinthreeletters.IncotermsaredraftedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce.InlandClearanceDepotACFSwithCustomsClearanceFacilities.InsulatedContainerAcontainerinsulatedonthewalls,roof,flooranddoors,toreducetheeffectofexternaltemperaturesonthecargo.InsulatedTankContainerTheframeofacontainerconstructedtoholdoneormorethermallyinsulatedtanksforliquids.InterchangeTransferofacontainerfromonepartytoanother.InterchangePointsAterminalatwhichfreightinthecourseoftransportationisdeliveredbyonetransportationlinetoanother.IntercoastalWaterservicebetweentwocoasts;usuallyreferstowaterservicebetweenapointontheAtlanticandPacificCoasts.IntermodalUsedtodenotemovementsofcargoorcontainerbetweenmotor,railorwatercarriers.IntermodalTransportMovingoceanfreightcontainersbyvarioustransportationmodes.Thefactthatthecontainersareofthesamesizeandhavecommonhandlingcharacteristicspermitsthemtobetransferredfromtrucktorailroadtoaircarriertooceancarrier.InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO)ISOisaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodiesfromsome130countries,onefromeachcountry.Itisanon-governmentalorganizationestablishedin1947topromotethedevelopmentofstandardizationfacilitatinginternationaltrade.ISO'sworkresultsininternationalagreementswhicharepublishedasInternationalStandards.KeelThemaincenter-linestructuralmember,runningforeandaftalongthebottomofaship,sometimesreferredtoasthebackbone.KnotAunitofspeed.Theterm"knot"meansvelocityinnauticalmilesperhourwhetherofavesselorcurrent.Onenauticalmileisroughlyequivalentto1.15statutemilesor1.85kilometers.L.C.L.LessthanContainerLoad.Cargoinquantitylessthanrequiredfortheapplicationofacontainerloadrate.LCL/FCLSeeCFS/CY.LCL/LCLSeeCFS/CFS.LetterofIndemnityGuaranteefromtheshipperorconsigneetoindemnifycarrierforcostsand/orloss,ifany,inordertoobtainfavorableactionbycarrier,e.g.sometimes,itisusedtoallowconsigneetotakedeliveryofgoodswithoutsurrenderingB/Lwhichhasbeendelayedorbecomelost(forstraightconsignmentcase).LienAlegalclaimupongoodsforthesatisfactionofsomedebtorduty.Lift-On/Lift-Off(LO-LO)Acontainershipontowhichcontainersareliftedbycrane.LighterAnopenorcoveredbargetowedbyatugboatandusedmainlyinharborsandinlandwaterways.LighterageReferstothecarriageofgoodsbylighterandthechargeassessedtherefore.Line-haulTransportationfromonecitytoanotherasdifferentiatedfromlocalswitchingservice.LinerVesselplyingaregulartrade/definedrouteagainstapublishedsailingschedule.LinerTermsFreightincludesthecostofloadingontoanddischargingfromthevessel.Lloyds'RegistryAnorganizationmaintainedforthesurveyingandclassingofshipssothatinsuranceunderwritersandothersmayknowthequalityandconditionofthevesselsofferedforinsuranceoremployment.LoadFactorPercentofloadedcontainersagainsttotalcapacityofvesselorallocation.LockingBarDevicethatsecurescontainerdoorsattopandbottom.LongTon2,240pounds.(l.t.,l.tn.)LongshoremanIndividualemployedlocallyinaporttoloadandunloadships.LooseWithoutpacking.Low-BedAtrailerorsemi-trailerwithnosidesandwiththeflooroftheunitclosetotheground.ManifestDocumentthatlistsindetailallthebillsofladingissuedbyavesseloritsagentormaster,i.e.,adetailedsummaryofthetotalcargoofavessel.Usedprincipallyforcustomspurposes.ItisalsocalledsummaryofBillsoflading.MarineInsuranceBroadly,insurancecoveringlossordamageofgoodsatsea.Marineinsurancetypicallycompensatestheownerofmerchandi