高级英语 Love is a Fallacyppt课件

LoveIsaFallacyMaxShulmanUnit4TeachingPlanTeachingObjectivesTohaveabasicknowledgeofthetermsinlogicTounderstandwhatloveisinanaffluentsocietyToappreciatethehumorousandsatiricalwritingstyleToappreciatethelanguageTeachingFocusTherulesoflogic:tounderstandalltheeightfallaciesreferredinthetext.Theparticularwritingstyleoftheauthor.Thelight,humorous,yetimpressingwayofdepictingthings.Subjective,personal,sensible.TeachingFocusTheself-boastingtoneof“I”.Differentadjectivesappliedtodescribe“I”andmy“rival”PeteyBurch.Thepositive,neutralandnegativesensesofthesimilaradjectives.TeachingMethodsTeacher-orientedteachingmethodStudent-orientedteachingmethodTheelicitedmethodTeachingProcedureⅠ.IntroductoryRemarksⅡ.BackgroundInformationⅢ.LearningFocusⅣ.KeywordsandExpressionsⅤ.ExplanationoftheTextⅥ.DivisionoftheTextⅦ.TheWritingStyleⅧ.ThePersonalityofDobieⅨ.ExercisesIntroductoryRemarksⅠ.IntroductoryRemarksAboutthetitle“Thereisdeceptiveordelusivequalityaboutlove”.“Lovecannotbededucedfromasetofgivenpremises”.AbouttheauthorMaxSchulmananAmerican’sbest-knownhumoristsaproductivewriterofmanytalentsHisworksBarefootboywithCheekTheFeathermerchantRallyRoundtheFlag,BoysTheManyLovesofDobieGillisAboutthetextThetextisexcerptedfromTheManylovesofDobbieGillisbyMaxShulman.Itisapieceofnarrativewriting.Thenarratorofthestory,DobieGillis,aself-conceitedfreshmaninaschoolstrugglesagainstPeteyBurch,hisstupidroommatewhosegirlfriendheplanstostealandPollyEspy,thebeautifuldumbgirlheintendstomarryaftersuitablereeducation.DetailedStudyoftheTextⅡ.BackgroundInformationExplanationofthelogicalFallaciesAlogicalargumentgivesevidencetosupportsomeconclusion.twonecessaryparts:aconclusionthethesisarguesforcertainpremisesorfactsonwhichtobasetheconclusionTheconclusionistobeinferredfromthepremises.Anargumentisdeductivelyvalidwhenitspremisesprovideconclusiveevidencefortheconclusion.Anargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalidandfallacious.Anargumentmaybefallaciousinthreeways:fallaciousinitsmaterialcontentbecauseoftheuseofamisstatementofthefacts;fallaciousinitswordingbecauseofanincorrectuseofterm;fallaciousinitsformbecauseoftheuseofanimproperprocessofinference.Fallaciesaredividedintothreegroups:a)material---fallaciesofpresumptionb)verbal---fallaciesofambiguityc)formal---astructuralpatternofgenericallyincorrectreasoningThefallaciesmentionedinthetextarematerialfallacies:1.DictoSimpliciter绝对判断（FallacyofAccident）Anargumentbasedonanunqualifiedgeneralization.Theargumentappliesageneralruletoaparticularcaseinwhichsomespecialcircumstancesmakestheruleinapplicable.2.HastyGeneralization（仓促推断）Theconversefallacyofaccidentariseswhenaspecialcaseisimproperlyappliedasageneralrule.Forinstance,acertainfoodisdelicioustosomepeople,butthefactdoesnotimplythatitisdelicioustoallpeople.3.TheFallacyofIrrelevantConclusionItoccurswhentheconclusionchangesthepointthatisunderconsiderationinthepremises.Specialcasesofirrelevantconclusionareproducedbytheso-calledfallaciesofirrelevance,whichinclude:1)PostHocergopropterhoc牵强附会/假性因果ThefallacyofFalseCauseThefallacymislocatesthecauseofonephenomenoninanotherthatisonlyseeminglyrelated.2)ContradictoryPremises循环论证BeggingtheQuestionItcomesintobeingwhenthepremisesopenlyorcovertlypresumetheveryconclusiontobedemonstrated.3）AdMisericordiam文不对题（appealtopity)Inalawcourt,atriallawyerdoesn’targueforhisclient’sinnocence,buthetriestomovethejurytosympathyforhim,justasapplicantforajobdoesn’tanswerthequestionraisedbytheboss.Insteadhetriestoappealtothebosssympathybysayingsomethingaboutthepoorsituationofhisfamily.4)FalseAnalogy“Itdoenotfollow”ariseswhenthereisnotevenadeceptivelyplausibleappearanceofvalidreasoning,becausethegivenpremiseshavevirtuallynothingtodowiththeconclusiondrawnfromthem.5）HypothesisContrarytoFactThefallacyofmanyquestionsconsistsinaskingfororgivingasingleanswertoaquestionwhenthisanswercouldeitherbeseparateorrefusedcompletely.6)PoisoningtheWell（井中投毒）Speaking“againsttheman”ratherthantoissue,orthefallacyofPoisoningtheWellinthetextwherethepremisesmayonlymakeapersonalattackonapersonholdingsomethesisratherthanoffergroundsshowingwhywhathesaysisfalse.Ⅲ.LearningFocusStructureoftheNarration1.Theprotagonist:DobieGillis---aselfconceitedfreshman2.Theantagonist:PeteyBurch---hisstupidroommatePollyEspy---thebeautifuldumbgirl3.Thetime:duringtheperiodofbeingstudents4.Theplace:onthecampusoftheuniversityofMinnesota5.Themaintheme:loveisaFallacy6.Theplot:FocusonaRaccoonCoatⅣ.KeywordsandExpressions1.unfetter:tofreefromfetters;tofreefromrestraintofanykind;liberate---freeandunfetteredtrade2.mumble:tospeakorsayindistinctlyandinalowvoice,mutter---Iwishyouwouldn’tmumble.---Ican’thearyouclearly.3.shed:castofforlosehair---Alltheleaveshaveshed.4.covet:wantardently;longforwithenvy---It’sasintocovet.5.veer:changedirection;shift;turnorswingaround---Thewindveeredroundtothewest.6.swivel:turnon---Heswiveledthecameraonthetripodtofollowtheriders.7.wax:togrowgraduallylarger;increaseinstrength,intensity,volume---Themoonwaxes.8.wince:toshrinkordrawbackslightly,usuallywithagrimace,asinpain,embarrassment,etc.---Hewincedattheinsult.9.chirp:speakinlivelyway10.blubber:weeploudly,likeachild11.fashion:shape;mold---Hefashionedtheclayintoajar.12.croak:tospeakinalow,roughvoiceasifyouhaveasorethroat---Thecrowcroakeddisaster.13.reel:togivewayorfallback;sway,waverorstaggerasfrombeingstruck---Hereeledfromthesharpblow.14.bellow:cryoutloudly,asinangerorpain15.enterprising:fullofenergyandinitiative;willingtoundertakenewprojects16.flaccid:hanginginloosefoldsorwrinkles;softandlimp17.pedantic:oforlikeapedant18.calculating:shrewdorcunning,esp.inaselfishway19.astute:havingorshowingacleverorshrewdmind;cunning;crafty20.unsightly:notslightly,notpleasanttolookat;ugly21.cerebral:appealingtotheintellectratherthantheemotions,intellectual22.pin-up:designatingagirlwhosesexualattractivenessmakesherasubjectforthekindofpicturesoftenpinneduponwalls23.greasy:smearedwithorcontaininggrease24.canny:carefulandshrewdinone’sactionanddealing;cleverandcautious25.glum:feelingorlookinggloomy26.fraught:filled,chargedorloaded27.yummy:verytasty;delicious28.grueling:extremelytiring;exhausting29.well-heeled:rich,prosperous---awell-heeleddandyⅤ.ExplanationoftheText1.CharlesLambCharlesLamb,anEnglishessayistandpoet,wasborninLondonin1775anddiedin1834.Hiswritingwasfullofgentlehumor.Hisdramaticessay“SpecimensofEnglishDramaticPoets”establishedhisreputationasacritic.2.ThomasCarlyleaBritishhistorianandessayistTheRevolution,Chartism:characterizedbyhistrenchantsocialandpoliticalcriticismandhiscomplexliterarystyleCarlyese:acompoundofbiblical,colloquialisms,andhisowncoinages,arrangedinunexpectedsequences.3.Ruskin---anEnglishwriter,artcriticandsocialtheorist---agreatpaintingtobeonethatconveysgreatideastotheviewer---thevirtualdictatorofartisticopinioninEnglandduringthemid-19thcenturyHisworksinclude:---ModernPainters(1843-1860),---ThesevenLampsofarchitecture(1849)---SesameandLilies(1856)---TheCrownofWildOlive(1866),---TimeandTide(1867).4.nothingupstairs:(AmE.slang)empty-headed,anitwit(BrE.slang)unfurnishedintheupperstorey5.surrenderoneselftosth.:tostoptryingtopreventyourselffromhavingafeeling,habit,etc.---Shesurrenderedherselftosleep.---Hefinallysurrenderedhimselftohiscravingfordrug.6.intheswim(ofthings):(informal)involvedinthingsthatarehappeninginsocietyorinaparticularsituation7.tear:makesb.feelveryunhappyorworried---Hisdistresstoremeapart.8.haveatonesfiguretips:tobecompletelyfamiliarwith9.batone’seyes/eyelashes:openandcloseone’seyesquickly,inawaythatissupposedtobeattractivenotbataneyelid:(BE)/notbataneye(AE):10.knocksb.out:tosurpriseandimpresssb.verymuch---Themoviejustknockedmeout.11.exasperate:toannoyorirritatesb.verymuch---Hermoodsexasperatedhim.Exasperation:n.Heshookhisheadinexasperation.12.knitone’sbrow(s):tomove/drawone’seyebrowstogether,toshowthatyouarethinkinghard,feelingangry13.hammeraway(at):keepemphasizingortalkingabout14.patronize:---Sometelevisionprogramstendtopatronizechildren.15.havebythethroat:attackbyseizingandsqueezingone’sthroat16.rat:mouse,ratpoison(informal)anunpleasantperson,esp.onewhoisnotloyalortricksb.Ⅵ.DivisionoftheTextPartIParas1-3Itservesasabriefintroductionto,andacomment,onthestory.PartIIParas4-59Ithumorouslydepictshowthepromiseofexchangingagirlfriendforaraccooncoatismadeandfulfilled.PartIIIParas60-125ItvividlydescribestheincrediblytoughprojectofmakingdumbPollysmart,andtheseemingsuccess.PartIVParas126-154ItironicallyrepresentstheseeminglyPygmalioneffect,whichturnsouttobeaFrankensteintragedyandformstheclimaxofthestory.SummaryⅦ.TheWritingStyleapieceofnarrationoflight,humoroussatireItstheme:“LoveisaFallacy”“love”isanerroradeceptionandemotionthatdoesnotfollowtheprinciplesoflogicsummaryThepurposeofthestorytodemonstratethatlogicisaliving,breathingthings,fullofbeauty,passionandtrauma,farfrombeingadry,pedanticsubject.Thelogicallinkofpassageideas“logic---alivingthing”“exchangeofaraccooncoatforaprettybutfoolishgirl”“teachinghertobelogicalandclever”“aPygmalionbecomesaFrankenstein”Affluencehasreplacedlove,thusthereisnoquestionoftakingbrilliance,talent,oreducationintoconsiderationwhenchoosingaboyfriendandahusband.IthasreducedthesearchtoamatterofseekingwealthandkeepingupwiththeJoneses.Indeed,thiskindofloveisafallacy.Theclimax:paras.147-150PollyrefusestogosteadywithDobiebecauseshealreadypromisedtogosteadywithPeteyBurch.Theend:inaveryironicnoteDobieignoresthefactthatloveisthesincereattachmentwhicharisesnaturallyfrombothhearts,andhefailstowinPollybecausehehasbeentoocleverforhisgood.TheFeaturesofWritingStyleAmericancolloquialismandslangalargelexicalspectrumtheultralearnedtermstheinfraclippedvulgarformsfigurativelanguageinversionforspecialemphasismanyfiguresofspeechsimilemetaphorhyperbolemetonymyantithesisshortsentenceellipticalsentencesdashestopic-centeredparagraphⅧ.ThePersonalityofDobieasmug,self-conceitedfreshman,smuglyboastingandsingingpraisesofhimself,heapingonhimselfallthebeautifulwordsofpraise:cool,logical,keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,powerful,preciseandpenetrating.takingeveryopportunitytodowngradePeteyBurch&PollyEspy:Petey:dumb,nothingupstairs,unable,impressionableandfaddistPolly:sheis“abeautifuldumbgirl”,whowouldsmartenupunderhisguidancegivingPollyacourseinlogicDobiehasgotwhathedeservedHehasbeentoocleverforhisowngood,soheendsupinlyingonthebedthathemakeshimself.ExercisesⅨ.ExercisesOralPresentationMakeafive-minutepresentationinclassbasedonyourresearch.SuggestedTopics:1.MaxShulman2.CharlesLambDiscriminatebetweenthesesynonyms.1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smart1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astuteThesewordsrefertounusualmentalagilityorperceptiveness.Keensuggestsboththeseattributes,addingtothemavigorousandforcefulabilitytograpplewithcomplexorobscureproblems.akeenmindforfinedistinctionsSometimesbyanalogywithgoodvision,thewordmaysuggestanabilitytoobservedetailsandseethemaspartofalargerpattern.akeenunderstandingoftheproblemsfacingtheconservationmovementAcutesuggestsafinelyhonedsensitivityorreceptivitytonuancesthatmightescapeothers;itmightalsoimplyahigh-keyedstateofnervousattentionthatisnotsustainableforlong.anacuteawarenessoftheslightestambiguityineachstatementmadebyhisopponentanacutealertness,heightenedbythestrangesilenceintheenemytrenchesAstutesuggestsathoroughandprofoundunderstanding,stemmingfromascholarlyorexperiencedmindthatisinfullcommandofagivenfield.anastuteassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessoftheplansforreorganizingthedepartmentanastuteevaluationofthegapsinourknowledgeofhowlifeevolvedPerspicaciousisthemostformalofthesewords;itstressesintensityofperception,withoutbeingveryrichinotherconnotations.aperspicaciousremarkthatilluminatedthewholeproblemforallofthemCalculatingmeansshrewdorcunning,especiallyinaselfishway2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smartIntelligentimpliestheabilitytolearnorunderstandingfromexperienceortorespondsuccessfullytoanewexperience.Cleverimpliesquicknessinlearningorunderstanding,butsometimesconnotesalackofthoroughnessordepth.Alertemphasizesquicknessinsizingupasituation.Brightandsmartaresomewhatinformal,lesspreciseequivalentsforanyofthepreceding.Brilliantimpliesanunusuallyhighdegreeofintelligence.READ,THINKANDCOMMENTReadthefollowingpassageandrespondtothesequestions:Whatisthemainideaofeachparagraph?Whatmethodsareusedtodeveloptheseparagraphs?ThemainideaofParagraph1isthatwitandhumoraresimilarforbothareassociatedwiththelaughable.However,thedistinctionbetweenthemishardtodraw.ThemainideaofParagraph3isaboutthedifferencesbetweenwitandhumor.Themethodsofdefinition,comparisonandcontrastareusedindevelopingtheseparagraphs.此 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