整理文体学答案41419

文体学课后题1、2单元Identifyandclassifypatternsofsoundrepetitioninthefollowingexamples.Wordsandphrasesshilly-shally=pararhymesuper-duper=rhymehighandmighty=assonancefairandsquare=rhymekithandkin=reverserhymetoilandmoil=rhymepartandparcel=reverserhymebyhookorbycrook=rhymePrideandPrejudice=alliterationTheLove'slabourLost=alliterationOfMiceandMan=alliterationBillRogers,MarvelousMarathonMan=alliterationFatherinaFix=alliterationWitchWatch=alliterationTheWonderofWaterfall=alliterationAdvertisements--DrinkaPintaMilkaDay=soundelision--ExtraPintasWarmaWinta=soundelision--Bedifferentdaily.Bedreamyordramatic.Experiment,butstilleconomise.Beboldandbebeautiful—butdon'tbreakthebank.=(inorder)alliteration;alliteration;reverserhyme;alliterationTheunderlinedword(s)ineachofthefollowingexamplesNimChimpskysoundslikeNoamChompsky,whobelievesthatmanhasalanguagelearningdeviceinthemind,whichenablesthechildtolearnthelanguagehoweverbadlyitistaught.Thismakesmandifferentfromanimal,whichdoesnothavesuchadevice.Thatiswhychimpanzee(whoisconsideredtobethemostintelligentanimal)canneverlearnthelanguagehoweverharditistaught.RomeowisawordimitatingthesoundmadebyacatandsharesthesamepronunciationwiththemaincharacterinShakespeare'stragedyRomeoandJuliet.RomeohasdeeploveforJuliet.ItindicatesthatRomeowthecathasaffectionforthemaster.RecordshopnamedMobyDisc,whichimpliesitisahugeshopofitskind,foritremindsoneoftheMobyDick,abookwhichdepictspeoplehuntahugewholecalledMobyDick.1)phonologicaldevicesinthefollowingextract.Acreakofhinges...aisle.Inthispassagetheauthorsusesalliterationhigh-heeled,assonancetiledsurfaceofthecentralaisle.Whatismoreconspicuousistheuseofonomatopoeicwordssuchascreak,boomingthud,flutter,tiptap,whichpresentthedifferentkindsofnoisesheardinthechurch.Theuseofsuchwordshelpthereadersharethesameexperienceofthewriterandmakethedescriptionvividandbelievable.2)ReadthefollowingextractfromthenovelAdventuresofTom3)Sawyerandcommentonthegraphologicalforms.“TOM”!Noanswer....--MarkTwaiThisisoneepisodeofthenovelAdventuresofTomSawyer,depictinghowGrannyislookingforTom,whoisnaughtyandhidingunderthebed.ThedifferentformofletterswithpunctuationmarksindicateshowGrannyspeaks.Whenwereadit,wehavethefeelingofwatchingGrannyonastageplay.Forexample,“TOM”!issaidlouderthan“Tom!”.“Y-o-u-u,Tom!”indicatesGrannydrawlshervoiceandwithunusualloudnesssoastobeheardfaraway.Theexclamationmarks“!”showheremotion,andthedash“—“implieshersuddenstop.Theitalicizedthroughemphasizesthecontrastwith“over”and“under”,humorouslyimplyingherglassesareintendedforornamentratherthanpracticaluse.Inthewholepassage,weseetheonlycharacterGranny,whoisspeakingtoherself.Itisverymuchlikeastagemonologue.Afterreading,wehaveavividimageofGrannyinourmind.Andthereisatouchofhumourallthrough.单元Whatarethethreewaysofclauseclassification?classificationaccordingtoconstituents,verbphraseandfunctions.ByconstituentsclausescanbegroupedintoSV(A),SVO(A),SVC,SVOO,SVOC.Byverbphrasewehavefiniteclause,non-finiteclauseandverblessclause.Byfunctionsclausescanbecategorizedeitherasindependentclauseordependentclause.howdowedistinguishsituationtypes?Byaccordingtomeaningorsenseoftheverb.Nametheparticipantrolesinactiontypes?Theparticipantrolesinactiontypesare:agentiverole(doeroftheaction),externalforce(causeroftheaction),intrumentalrole(tooltodotheactionwith),recipientrole(receiveroftheaction)andobjectiverole(theaffectedortheresultoftheaction).Whatisasimplesentence?Whatisamultiplesentence?Directly/indirectlyAsimplesentenceconformstothebasicclausestructureSV(O)(C)(A).Amultiplesentenceconsistsofmorethanoneclause.Itmaybeeitheracompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oramixedsentence.D:nominalclausesfunctionasSOC.I:relativeclausesfunctionasmodifiedinNPandcomparativecfasminNPADJPWhatisthedifferencebetweenaminorsentenceandanincompletesentence?Neithertypeconformstothebasicclausestructure.Butaminorsentenceissupposedtobe“complete”inthesensethatitisfinished.Anincompletesentencenevercomestoitsendbecauseofsuddeninterruptionorotherreasons.Forexample,Attention,please.(2)Help!(3)Goingtothelecture?(4)Whyareyoulate?BecauseI—Ofthefoursentences,(1)(2)(3)areminorsentenceswhereas(4)isanincomplete.Whatarethemajorcomponentsofanounphrase?Whatistheuseofpre-modification?Whatisthefunctionofpost-modification?Acompletenounphraseconsistsoffourconstituents:determiner,pre-modifier,headandpost-modifier.Thedeterminercanbeanarticle,numerals,numeralpronouns;allthewordsbetweenthedeterminativeandtheheadarepre-modifier,whateverpartofspeechtheybelongto;theheadcanbeanounorapronoun;thepost-modifierisusuallyaprepositionalphrase,anounphrase,anon-finiteclause,arelativeclause,etc.Frequentuseofpre-modificationinnewspaperheadlinescaneconomizespace,andarousethereader'sinterestaswellbecausepre-modificationisusuallyshort,thuscannotspelloutdetails.Thiskeepsthereaderinsuspenseandkicksuptheireagernesstofindout.Pre-modificationtendstobeinformalandappearsinlessformalstyle.Post-modificationcanbeverylongandcomplicated.Usingpost-modificationcangiveenoughroomfordetailsandforfurtherinformation.Therefore,itisfrequentlyusedinmoreformalcontexts,forinstance,writtenlanguage.WrittenlegalEnglishpreferspost-modificationinnounphrases,becausethecomposerofalegaldocumentmustensurethatitconveysmeaningexactlyandexplicitly,guardingagainstanypossiblemisinterpretation.Whatarethethreebasicfactorsintheformationofwrittentexts?Foreffectivepresentationofinformationandlanguageprocessingonthepartofthereader,weusuallyattachimportancetosequence,segmentationandsalienceintheformationoftexts,bothspokenandwritten.Whichtypeofbranchingiscommonininformalspeech?Whichtypeofbranchingispreferredinwrittenstyles?Right-branchingiscommoninspeech,inrelaxedandinformalpresentationofideas.Awritermayfavorright-branchinganduseshort,simplesentencestorepresentanarrativestyleofsimplicity,directnessandintensity.Left-branching,however,isbetteradaptedtowritingbecauseitisstructurallymorecompactandlogical,anditisusuallymoreformal.Sincesubordinateideasarepresentedfirst,postponingthemainidea,readersoftenfeelinsuspenseandtrytoreadontoobtainthemainideatowardstheendofthesentence.Whatisthebasicphraseorder?Whatarethestylisticeffectsoffrontingandpostponement?ThebasicphraseorderinanEnglishdeclarativeclauseismoreorlessfixed:SV(O)(C)(A),withAbeingmobileinposition.Thechangeoftheordercanmakeaparticularlanguageunitmoresalient.Frontingrefersthemovementofasententialelementfromitsusualpositiontothefront,andpostponementrefersthemovementofalinguisticunitfromitsnormalplacetowardstheendofthesentence.Inbothcasestheelementsmovedarehighlighted.Forexample,TalentMr.Micawberhas,capitalMr.Micawberhasnot.(frontingtalentandcapitalforemphasis)AcarstoppedandoutsteppedthePresidentoftheAppreciativeNeutralPejorativeworkdrudgery,toil,grindfashion,stylevoguefadpoliceman,copflatfootcivilservantgovernmentofficialbureaucratfamous,celebrated,renownednotoriousportly,stout,chubby,plumpfatadventurous,daringreckless,rashUniversity.(PostponingPresidentoftheUniversityagainforemphasis)Whatissyntacticparallelismanditsfunction?Syntacticparallelismreferstotherepetitionofthesamesyntacticform(e.g.tense,aspect)andphrase/clausestructureintwoormoreneighboringclausesorsentences.Itreinforcesmeaningbycontrastorantithesis,orhelpstobuildupanemotionalclimax.Forexample,Seehowtheycansaw.Powersaw.Anddrill.Powerdrill.Andsand.Powersand.ThisisanadvertisementforsellingPowerBrandseriesoftools.Whenthereaderfinishesthereading,theywillnotforgetthebrandnamePower.4单元WhatisthedifferenceintheeffectbetweentheuseofLatinateandthatofnativewords?Why?Generallyspeaking,Latinatewordsarewordsofscience,religionandofficialcommunication;andinmostcases,theyhelptocreatetheeffectofcoolness,dignityandintellectualdistance.WordsofAnglo-SaxonoriginconstituteEnglish-speakingpeople'sbasicvocabulary.Suchwordsareemotionallycharged.AhighpercentageofAnglo-Saxonwordsisquiteusualininformalstyle.Whatisthedifferencebetweenageneralwordandaspecificword?Isittruethatuseofspecificwordsshouldalwaysberecommended?Awordisgeneralwhenitreferstoagroupofobjectsoraclassofobjectsoraction,andspecificwhenitreferstoamemberofthatgrouporclass.Therelationshipbetweenageneral(superordinate)andspecific(subordinate)termishyponymy.Generaltermsareoftentoovaguetoconveyanyprecisemeaning.Theuseofspecificwordsismoreinformativeindetailandcanevokevividimagesinthereader'sorhearer'smind.However,generaltermsarepreferred,whenthereisnoneedforspecification,orwhentheuserwantstoleavethingsvagueforsome(tactical)reason.Whatisrepetition?Whatisreiteration?Whyshouldpeopleemployrepetitionandreiterationinspeechorwriting?Whenalinguisticformisusedtwiceormore,theresultisrepetition.Forexample,Webeginourmorningclassat8:00.Lunchbeginsat11:30andafternoonclassesbeginat2:00again.Whenthesameideaisrepeatedinadifferentform,itisreiteration.Forexample,Webeginourmorningclassesat8:00,andafternoonclassesstartat2:00again.Inliterarytexts,repetitionisusuallyrhetorical.Theintensiverepetitionofanexpressioncanbeapowerfulthematicdevice.Ithelpstodirectthereader'sattentiontotheinterpretationofitssignificance.Whateverisrepeatedisemphasized.Reiterationisusedtoavoidthemonotonouseffectoftherepetitionofthesameexpression.Whatiscollocation?Whatistheusepfanalyzinglexicalcollocationofaniteminapieceoflanguage?Collocationreferstotheconcurrenceofwordsorconventionaluseofcertainwordstogetherinatext.Inagiventext,thecollocatesofanitemconstituteitslexicalcontextwhichdeterminesthemeaningoftheitem.Thisdevicemaycontributetothethemeofthetext.Theanalysisofcollocationcanhelpusgraspthemainideaofthetext.Thefollowingaregroupsofspecificwords.Nameageneral—wordwhosemeaningisincludedinthemeaningofthespecificwords.stride,strut,march,amble,strode,saunter(walk)drag,haul,heave,wrench,tow(pull)whisper,chatter,babble,mumble,mutter(talk)bottle,vase,jug,cup,pot,barrel,bucket,box(container)car,jeep,van,tanker,minibus,cart,bicycle(vehicle)Thewordsineachofthefollowinggroupshaveroughlyasimilarconceptualmeaning.Discussthedifferenceintheirassociatemeanings.ComparetheABextractsintermsthepercentageofAnglo-Saxonwords;thepercentageofLatinatewordsofthreesyllablesandmore.InAofthe48words,onlysixcomefromotherlanguages,fourofwhicharefromFrench,butinBofthe39words,18wordsarefromLatinandanotheronefromGreek.SinceLatinatewordsmakeupahighpercentageinB,itismuchmoredifficulttounderstand.Commentontheadjectiveusedinthefollowingadvertisement.(Manhattanshirts,slacksandaccessories)Topersuadethewould-becustomerstobuytheproduct,theauthorusesaseriesofappreciativeadjectives:confident,correct,successful,strong,savvy,fashionable,happy,robust,virile,andwise,plusfamoustoshowwhatgoodthingsManhattanBrandproductswouldbringtothebuyer.5单元Whatisdialect?Adialectisavarietyhabituallyadoptedbypeopleinacertainregion(regionaldialect)orbypeopleofacertainsocialgroup(socialdialect).Dialectsdifferfromoneanotherinvocabulary,grammarandpronunciation.oneregionaldialectspeakermaybeabletospeakmorethanonesocialdialectwhenneeded.Whatisthedifferencebetweendialectandaccent?Accentisthespecialphonologicalfeaturesshownbyonewhospeaksadialect.Itisregionalinnature.Adialectcanbespokenwithdifferentaccents,standardandnon-standard.Apersonmayshiftfromonedialecttoanotherwhilespeakingbuts/heisunabletocoverhisorheraccent.Forexample,aLondonerspeaksBritishEnglishwithaLondonaccent,butapersonbornandbroughtupinManchestermayspeakBritishEnglishwithaManchesteraccent.WhatisStandardEnglish?IsthereastandardaccentwithwhichpeoplespeakStandardEnglish?StandardEnglishreferstotheparticularsocially-favouredvarietywhichisbasedonthespeechandwritingofeducatedusersofthelanguage.Withawidelyaccepted,codifiedgrammarandvocabulary,SEisprimarilyusedforpubliccommunication:usedinbooksandnewspapers,officialdocumentsandnewsbroadcasts;inschools,taughttonon-nativelearnersofEnglish.Yes.Ineachregionalvariety,oneaccentismostwidelyacceptedsuchasRP(receivedpronunciation)inBritishEnglish.SincethisaccentisrelatedtoBBCbroadcaster,theroyalfamilyandeducatedspeech,itisconsideredtobethestandardaccentinBritain.6单元，11)Whatdoes"channellimitation'mean?Howdoeschannellimitationaffectlanguageuse?Channellimitationmeansthatthetransmissionofamessageislimitedtoonechannelonly—visualorauditory.Speech,inmostcases,hasnochannellimitation.Talkingface-to-face,boththespeakerandhearercanseeandheareachother.expressions,tothecommunication.inexplicit.limitation.Theteacherunderstandableifthetwospeakersaretogetherinthesamecontext.Butinwrittenlanguagesuchshouldbeforbidden.WeshouldmakeitexplicitlikeTheteacherstandingunderthetreeinfrontoftheclassroombuildingisWangQianmother.2)Inwhatwaysdoesspontaneouslyspokenlanguagedifferpreparedwrittenform?InspontaneousspeechonehaslittletimeforplanningorWhilespeaking,onehastomonitoritsresponsebythehearer,andplanningApartfromthelanguage,gestures,facialsharedknowledge,andsituationallcontributeTherefore,thelanguageisoftenWriting,ontheotherhand,haschannelThenthelanguageshouldbeexplicit.standingthereishermotherIfone'sgiventrain,office,—child.typicalofareusuallypoliteness,bytheroleofsituation,revisingone'sutterance.whathasbeensaidandsimultaneouslytoplanthenextutterance.fallsbehindthedelivery,thespeechischaracteristicallybrokenupbythefollowingfeaturesofnormalnon-fluency:filled/unfilledpauses,unintendedrepetitions,andfalsestarts.Forexample,Hewas-asitwere-youknowhimdoyou-howshallIsayer-withdrawn-ershut-inasthoughasthoughhehadakindof-mmgoldfishbowlroundhishead-notveryeasy…7单元1Whatisrolerelationship?Givesomeexamples.Byrolerelationshipwemeantherelationshipbetweentherolesadoptedbyaddresserandaddresseeinsituation.Rolerelationshipsrangefromtemporarytopermanent:casualacquaintancesonacustomer—salesman,colleaguesinanmanagement—employees,teacher—pupil,parent2Bywhatscalesdoweclassifylanguagefeaturesvariousattitudes?Languagefeaturesindicatingtheattitudeclassifiedalongfourscales:formality,impersonalityandaccessibility3.Whatfactorsaffectthedegreesofformality?Thedegreesofformalityaredeterminedrelationships,numberofhearers,andcontextssuchasapubliclecture,playgroundatplaytime,churchservice,cocktailparty,andsoon.Howdoeslanguagevaryintermsofpoliteness?Languagevariesaccordingtothedegreeofintimacybetweentheaddressandaddressee;thedegreeofsocialdistanceseparatingtheaddresserandaddressee.Languagebecomesmoreandmorepolitewhentheaddresseeismoreseniorinstatusandlesintimateinrelation.Whatarethebasicpatternsoftheuseofaddressforms?Thebasicaddresspatternsinclude:Title(Professor,Reverend),Title+LastName(ProfessorZhang,MrSmith,MissThatcher),Firstname+LastName(MichaelHall,JohnSmith),LastName(Smith,Thatcher),FirstName(Michael,John),ShortenedFirstName(Mike=Michael,Elizabeth=Liza/Liz),Nickname(Piggy,Bully)andTermsofEndearment(Darling,Dear,Honey,Sweet).Whatislinguisticimpersonality?Languagebecomesimpersonalwhenitavoidsdirectreferencetotheaddresserandaddressee.ThatisthewritingavoidstheuseofpersonalpronounssuchasI,we,you,etc.Howdowemeasurethedegreesofaccessibility?Wecanmeasurethedegreesofaccessibilityfollowingformula:FOGINDEX=0.4(L+H)L=theaveragesentencelengthinapassageH=thepercentageofhard(inaccessible)wordsinthepassageSupposeapassagehas:--atotalnumberofwords120--thenumberofsentences6--thenumberof“hard”words16Doctor,bytheL:120-6=20H:(16-120)X100=13.3Fogindex:0.4X(20+13.3)=13.32Sinceaneasilyaccessibletextissupposedtohaveafogindexofabout10,thementionedtextisjustalittledifficult.CompareExtractsAandBintermsofthedegreeofaccessibility.AForexample,TherewasrealstressIhadtoface,about1970,threeyearswhichisintopublicationofRollingStone(newspaper).Thecompanywasbankruptinessence.I'dgottentopambitious.Irememberoneday,justdrivingaroundandwaitingforanaccidenttohappen.Itwasn'tsuicideassuch.Itwasjustdrivingaroundverysloppily,saying.Fuckit,somebody'llgetmeinanaccident.Iwasfacingfailure,failure.I'dneverfacedcompletefailurebefore.Iwasreallydepressed.Inretrospect,togobankruptwithanewspaperattheageof24isnotthemostterriblething.frommaybereallittleItwasabsurd.Itdidn'tlastlong.Youreachapointwhereyourconfidenceisreallyshattered.Ittakesotherpeopletohelpbuildupyourconfidence.Comeonnow,facethebastardsdown.Youstarttobuildandputitbacktogether.JannWenner,editorofRollingStoneB(ThepassageisaparodyofthespeechstyleofanAmericanpolitician,onceapresidentialadviser.)Myon-goingadvisationalcapacityhavingbeenterminalisedpresidentially,Iwishtosubmitmyapplicationisednotificationforimmediateconsiderationalverification.Qualificationally,myrecentpolicalisationalexperiencehassuitabilizedmefortheEditorshipoftheNS,bothinliterarymanipulativenessandsocioeconomiclogistics,therebyensuringfinancialviability.Myaimwouldbetheimmediateterminalisationofreadershipfalloutbycontentamendmentthroughextremeconservation….WeekendCompetition”,NewStatesmanExtractAusesshortsentencesandmostofthemaresimple.Thesentencesaremostlyintheactivewithahighfrequencyofpersonalpronouns.Thewordsarecommon.Althoughthedictionindicatesthespeakeriseducated,thewholepassageishighlyaccessible.ExtractBiswritteninprofessionaljargonsrelatingtothespeaker'sprofessionasapolitician'sadviser.MostofthecontentwordsareLatinateandlearned,whichmakethewritingveryformalanddifficulttoprocess,thoughitispersonal.9Identifythelanguagemarkersinthefollowingextract,whichindicatethedegreeofimpersonality.Thesymbol*againstasubscriber'sentryindenotesthatthetelephonenumberiswithheldthesubscriber'srequestandthePosttheDictionarypublicationatOfficeisnotauthorizedtosupplyittoenquirers.Thennamesandaddressesofsuchsubscribersare,however,shownintheDirectoryincaseswherefrequentenquiresarereceivedbythePostOfficefortheexchangenumber,withaviewtosavingmembersofthepublicthetroubleoffruitlessenquiry.LondonTelephoneDirectory10Comparethefollowingtwopassagesandcommentonthedegreeofformality.AI'macollegeprofessor.Asacommunicationsspecialist,Itrainstudentstobecomemoresensitiveandawareofinterpersonalcommunication—symbolicbehavior,useofwords,aswellasnonverbalbehavior.Itrytoignitesymbolsinyourmind,sowecancometoapointofagreementonlanguage.Thisisaninvisibleindustry.SincetheSecondWorldWarwe'vestrongteachersinthisdiscipline.B(ThepassageisaparodyofthespeechstyleofanAmericanpolitician,onceapresidentialadviser.)Myon-goingadvisationalcapacityhavingbeenterminalisedpresidentially,Iwishtosubmitmyapplicationisednotificationforimmediateconsiderationalverification.Qualificationally,myrecentpolicalisationalexperiencehassuitabilizedmefortheEditorshipoftheNS,bothinliterarymanipulativenessandsocioeconomiclogistics,therebyensuringfinancialviability.Myaimwouldbetheimmediateterminalisationofreadershipfalloutbycontentamendmentthroughextremeconservation“WeekendCompetition”,NewStatesmanComparativelyspeaking,BismuchmoreformalthanAthoughbothareformalinasense.Aislessformalbecausethespeakerusesshortsentencesandafairportionofcommonwords.Butthereareprofessionaljargons.Itiswellplannedandlogical.Biswritteninprofessionaljargonsrelatingtothespeaker'sprofessionasapolitician'sadviser.MostofthecontentwordsareLatinateandlearned,whichmakethewritingveryformalanddifficulttoprocess.单元Whatfunctionsdoeslanguageserveinsocialactivities?Languageservesanumberoffunctionsinsocialactivities.Linguistshavecomeupwithdifferentnumbersoffunctions.Thewidelyacceptedfunctionsare:referential,expressive,conative,phatic,metalinguisticandpoetic.Whatfunctionsdoesanewspaperserve?Anewspaperhastwomainfunctions:togiveinformationandtoreflect,shapeandguidepublicopinion.3Whatarethefunctionsofaheadline/bodycopyinapressadvertisement?Theheadlineisthemostindispensableelementinanadvertisement.Ithasbeenestimatedthatfivetimesasmanypeoplereadtheheadline.Itshouldbesodesignedastocaptureaprospectivebuyer'sattention,tostimulateinterestordesire,tomakehim/herremembertheadvertisementbrandname.7Whatarethemaincomponentsofapressadvertisement?Acompletepressadvertisementconsistsofthefollowingcomponents:HeadlineIllustrationBodycopySignaturelineStandingdetailsButillustrationisoptionalandsignaturelineandstandingdetailsaresometimesmissing.10RewritethefollowingheadlinesinordinaryEnglish.MovetoAxeMiners'JobsWomanPilot'sBidforSoloFlightRecordBabyBoomThreatinBeijingCarAdsTargetWomenChinaSteppingupAgro-CooperationwithW.EuropeTwoKilledinFreakStormsEasterHolidayBusCrashTrialVerdictRewrittenversions(suggested):Amovewassubmittedtoreduceminers'jobs.Awomanpilotbidforb