2018年12月四级真题三

2018年12月大学英语四级考试真题(第三套)PartⅠWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthechallengesofstartingacareeraftergraduation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.PartIIListeningComprehension（25minutes）说明：由于2018年12月四级考试全国共考了两套听力，本套真题听力与前两套内容相同，只是选项顺序不同，因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Afewmonthsago,Iwasdownwithaterriblecoldwhichendedinapersistentbadcough.Nomatterhowmanydifferent26Itried,Istillcouldn’tgetridofthecough.Notonlydidit27myteachingbutalsomylifeasawhole.Thenonedayafterclass,astudentcameuptomeand28traditionalChinesemedicine.Fromherdescription,Chinesemedicinesoundedasifithadmagicpowerthatworkedwonders.Iwas29becauseIknewsolittleaboutitandhavenevertrieditbefore.Eventually,mycoughgotsomuch30thatIcouldn’tsleepatnight,soIdecidedtogiveitatry.TheChinesedoctortookmypulseandaskedtoseemytongue,bothofwhichwerenew31tomebecausetheyarebothnon-existentinWesternmedicine.Thenthedoctorgavemeascraping(刮)treatmentknownas‘GuaSha’.Iwasalittle32atfirstbecauseheusedasmoothedgedtooltoscrapetheskinonmyneckandshoulders.Afewminuteslater,the33strokesstartedtoproducearelievingeffectandmybodyandmindbeganto34deeperintorelaxation.Ididn’tfeelanyimprovementinmyconditioninthefirstcoupleofdays,butafterafewmoreregularvisitstothedoctor,mycoughstartedto35.Then,withinamatterofweeks,itwascompletelygone!注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.IsitreallyOKtoeatfoodthat’sfallenonthefloor?[A]Whenyoudropapieceoffoodonthefloor,isitreallyOKtoeatifyoupickitupwithinfiveA)deepenB)experiencesC)hesitantD)inconvenienceE)lessenF)licensesG)pressuredH)recommendedI)remediesJ)scaredK)sensitiveL)sinkM)temporaryN)trembleO)worseseconds?Anurbanfoodmythcontendsthatiffoodspendsjustafewsecondsonthefloor,dirtandgermswon’thavemuchofachancetocontaminateit.Researchinmylabhasfocusedonhowfoodbecomescontaminated,andwe’vedonesomeworkonthisparticularpieceofwisdom.[B]Whilethe‘five-secondrule’mightnotseemlikethemostpressingissueforfoodscientiststogettothebottomof,it’sstillworthinvestigatingfoodmythslikethisonebecausetheyshapeourbeliefsaboutwhenfoodissafetoeat.[C]Soisfivesecondsonthefloorthecriticalthreshold(门槛)thatseparatesapieceofeatablefoodfromacaseoffoodpoisoning?It’sabitmorecomplicatedthanthat.Itdependsonjusthowmanybacteriacanmakeitfromfloortofoodinafewsecondsandjusthowdirtytheflooris.[D]WonderingiffoodisstillOKtoeatafterit’sdroppedonthefloorisaprettycommonexperience.Andit’sprobablynotanewoneeither.Awell-known,butinaccurate,storyaboutJuliaChildmayhavecontributedtothisfoodmyth.Someviewersofhercookingshow,TheFrenchChef,insisttheysawChilddroplambonthefloorandpickitup,withtheadvicethatiftheywerealoneinthekitchen,theirguestswouldneverknow.[E]Infactitwasapotatopancake,anditfellonthestovetop,notonthefloor.Childputitbackinthepan,saying,“Butyoucanalwayspickitupandifyou’realoneinthekitchen,who’sgoingtoseeit?”Butthemisrememberedstorypersists.It’shardertopindowntheoriginsoftheoft-quotedfive-secondrule,buta2003studyreportedthat70%ofwomenand56%ofmensurveyedwerefamiliarwiththefive-secondruleandthatwomenweremorelikelythanmentoeatfoodthathaddroppedonthefloor.[F]Sowhatdoessciencetellusaboutwhatafewmomentsonthefloormeansforthesafetyofyourfood?Theearliestresearchreportonthefive-secondruleisattributedtoJillianClarke,ahighschoolstudentparticipatinginaresearchprojectattheUniversityofIllinois.Clarkeandhercolleaguesintroducedbacteriatofloortiles(瓷砖)andthenplacedcookiesonthetilesforvaryingtimes.Theyreportedbacteriaweretransferredfromthetilestothecookieswithinfiveseconds,butdidn’treportthespecificamountofbacteriathatmadeitfromthetilestothefood.[G]Buthowmanybacteriaactuallytransferinfiveseconds?In2007,mylabatClemsonUniversitypublishedastudyintheJournalofAppliedMicrobiology.Wewantedtoknowifthelengthoftimefoodisincontactwithacontaminatedsurfaceaffectedtherateoftransferofbacteriatothefood.Tofindout,weintroducedbacteriatosquaresoftile,carpetorwood.Fiveminutesafterthat,weplacedeitherbaconorbreadonthesurfacefor5,30or60seconds,andthenmeasuredthenumberofbacteriatransferredtothefood.Werepeatedthisexactprocedureafterthebacteriahadbeenonthesurfacefor2,4,8and24hours.[H]Wefoundthatthenumberofbacteriatransferredtoeitherkindoffooddidn’tdependmuchonhowlongthefoodwasincontactwiththecontaminatedsurface—whetherforafewsecondsorforawholeminute.Theoverallnumberofbacteriaonthesurfacematteredmore,andthisdecreasedovertimeaftertheinitialintroduction.Itlookslikewhat’satissueislesshowlongyourfoodstaysonthefloorandmuchmorehowcontaminatedwithbacteriathatpatchoffloorhappenstobe.[I]Wealsofoundthatthekindofsurfacemadeadifferenceaswell.Carpets,forinstance,seemtobeslightlybetterplacestodropyourfoodthanwoodortile.Whenacarpetwascontaminated,lessthan1%ofthebacteriaweretransferred.Butwhenthefoodwasincontactwithtileorwood,48-70%ofbacteriawere.[J]Lastyear,astudyfromAstonUniversityintheUKusednearlyidenticalparameters(参数)toourstudyandfoundsimilarresults.Theyalsoreportedthat87%ofpeopleaskedeitherwouldeatorhadeatenfoodfallenonthefloor.[K]Shouldyoueatfoodfallenonthefloorthen?Fromafoodsafetystandpoint,ifyouhavemillionsormorebacteriaonasurface,0.1%isstillenoughtomakeyousick.Also,certaintypesofbacteriaareextremelyharmful,andittakesonlyasmallnumbertomakeyousick.Forexample,10bacteriaorlessofanespeciallydeadlystrainofbacteriacancausesevereillnessanddeathinpeoplewithcompromisedimmunesystems.Butthechanceofthesebacteriabeingonmostsurfacesisverylow.[L]Andit’snotjustdroppingfoodonthefloorthatcanleadtobacterialcontamination.Bacteriaarecarriedbyvarious‘media’,whichcanincluderawfood,moistsurfaceswherebacteriahavebeenleft,ourhandsorskinandfromcoughingorsneezing(打喷嚏).Hands,foodsandutensils(器皿)cancarryindividualbacterialivingincommunitiescontainedwithinaprotectivefilm.Thesemicroscopiclayersofdepositscontainingbacteriaareknownasbiofilmsandtheyarefoundonmostsurfacesandobjects.Biofilmcommunitiescanharborbacterialongerandareverydifficulttoclean.Bacteriainthesecommunitiesalsohaveanenhancedresistancetosanitizers(清洁剂)andantibioticscomparedtobacterialivingontheirown.[M]Sothenexttimeyouconsidereatingfallenfood,theoddsareinyourfavorthatyoucaneatitwithoutgettingsick.Butintherarechancethatthereisamicro-organismthatcanmakeyousickontheexactspotwherethefooddropped,youcanbefairlysurethatthebugisonthefoodyouareabouttoputinyourmouth.[N]Researchorcommonsensetellsusthatthebestthingtodoiskeepyourhands,utensilsandothersurfacesclean.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。36.Aresearchprojectfoundbacteriamadetheirwaytothefoodonthefloorinfiveseconds.37.Whetherfoodiscontaminateddependsmuchonthenumberofbacteriathatgetontoit.38.Foodcontaminationmayresultfromvariousfactorsotherthanfooddroppingonthefloor.39.Malesarelesslikelythanfemalestoeatfoodthatmayhavebeencontaminated.40.Theauthor’sresearchcentersaroundhowfoodgetscontaminated.41.Keepingeverythingcleanisthebestwaytostayhealthy.42.Chancesareyouwillnotfallsickbecauseofeatingfoodpickedupfromthefloor.43.Foralongtimepeoplehavehadtheexperienceofdecidingwhetherornottoeatfoodpickedupfromthefloor.44.Somestrainsofbacteriaaresoharmfulthatatinyfewcanhavedeadlyconsequences.45.Researchersfoundhowmanybacteriagotontothefooddidnothavemuchtodowithhowlongthefoodstayedonacontaminatedfloor.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thelatestincatresearchrevealsthatthelovelyanimalseemstohaveabasicgrasponboththelawsofphysicsandtheinsandoutsofcauseandeffect.Accordingtoanewlypublishedstudy,catsseemtobeabletopredictthelocationofhidingprey(猎物)usingboththeirearsandaninborn(天生的)understandingofhowthephysicalworldworks.Inarecentexperiment,Japaneseresearcherstaped30domesticcatsreactingtoacontainerthatateammembershook.Somecontainersrattled(发出响声);othersdidnot.Whenthecontainerwastippedover,sometimesanobjectfelloutandsometimesitdidn’t.Itturnsoutthatthecatswereremarkablysmartaboutwhatwouldhappenwhenacontainerwastippedover.Whenanobjectdidnotdropoutofthebottomofarattlingcontainer,theylookedatitforalongertimethantheydidwhenthecontainerbehavedasexpected.“Catsuseacausal-logicalunderstandingofnoiseorsoundstopredicttheappearanceofinvisibleobjects,”leadresearcherSahoTakagisaysinapressrelease.Theresearchersconcludethatcats’huntingstylemayhavedevelopedbasedontheircommon-senseabilitiestoinferwherepreyis,usingtheirhearing.Scientistshaveexploredthisideawithotherendearingcreatures:babies.Likecats,babiesappeartoengageinwhat’scalled“preferentiallooking”—lookinglongeratthingsthatareinterestingorunusualthanthingstheyperceiveasnormal.Whenbabies’expectationsareviolatedinexperimentsliketheonesperformedwiththecats,theyreactmuchliketheiranimalfriends.Psychologistshaveshownthatbabiesapparentlyexpecttheirworldtocomplywiththelawsofphysicsandcauseandeffectasearlyastwomonthsofage.Doesthestudymeanthatcatswillsoongrasptheinsandoutsofcauseandeffect?Maybe.Okay,socatsmaynotbethenextphysicsfacultymembersatAmerica’smostimportantresearchuniversities.Butbydemonstratingtheircommonsense,they’veshownthatthedividebetweencatsandhumansmaynotbethatgreatafterall.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46.Whatdowelearnfromanewlypublishedstudyaboutcats?A)Theycanbetrainedtounderstandthephysicalworld.B)Theyknowwhatkindofpreymightbeeasiertohunt.C)Theyhaveanaturalabilitytolocateanimalstheyhunt.D)Theyarecapableoftellingwhichwaytheirpreyflees.47.Whatmayaccountforthecats’responsetothenoisefromthecontainers?A)Theirinbornsensitivitytonoise.B)Theirunusualsenseofdirection.C)Theirspecialabilitytoperceive.D)Theirmasteryofcauseandeffect.48.Whatischaracteristicofthewaycatshunt,accordingtotheJapaneseresearchers?A)Theydependontheirinstincts.B)Theyrelymainlyontheirhearing.C)Theywaitsometimebeforeattack.D)Theyuseboththeirearsandeyes.49.Inwhatwaydobabiesbehavelikecats?A)Theyfocusonwhatappearsodd.B)Theyviewtheworldasnormal.C)Theydowhattheyprefertodo.D)Theyarecuriousabouteverything.50.Whatcanweconcludeaboutcatsfromthepassage?A)Theyhavehigherintelligencethanmanyotheranimals.B)Theyinteractwiththephysicalworldmuchlikehumans.C)Theydisplayextraordinarilyhighintelligenceinhunting.D)Theycanaidphysicsprofessorsintheirresearchwork.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Imagineyouenteracarwithnosteeringwheel,nobrakeoracceleratorpedals(踏板).Underavoice-activatedcommand,yousayanaddress.“Thefastestroutewilltakeus15.3minutes.ShouldItakeit?”Yousay“yes”andyouareonyourway.Thecarrespondsandstartsmovingallbyitself.Allyouhavetodoissitbackandrelax.Howweirdwoulditbeif,onedayinthefuture,everyonehadsuchacar?Nocrazydriving,noinsults,nocuttingin;trafficlawswouldberespectedanddrivingmuchsafer.Ontheotherhand,imaginethecostsavingsforlocalpoliceenforcementandtownbudgetswithoutallthosespeedingandparkingtickets.Anewtechnologyhasthepotentialtochangemodernsocietyinradicalways.There’snoquestionthatself-drivingvehiclescouldbeanenormousbenefit.Thepotentialforsafercarsmeansaccidentstatisticswoulddrop:some94%ofroadaccidentsintheU.S.involvehumanerror.Olderdriversandvisually-orphysically-impairedpeoplewouldgainanewleveloffreedom.Maintainingsafespeedsandbeingelectric,self-drivingcarswoulddrasticallyreducepollutionlevelsanddependencyonnon-renewablefuels.Roadswouldbequieter,peoplesafer.Butwemustalsoconsidertheimpactofthenewtechnologyonthosewhonowdependondrivingfortheirlivelihoods.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofLabor,inMay2015therewere505,560registeredschoolbusdrivers.TheAmericanTruckingAssociationlistsapproximately3.5millionprofessionaltruckdriversintheU.S.Thecompaniesdevelopingself-drivingvehiclesshouldbepartneringwithstateandfederalauthoritiestoofferretrainingforthismassiveworkforce,manyofwhomwillbedisplacedbythenewtechnology.Thisissimilartowhat’shappeninginthecoalandoilindustries,asituationthatfuelsmuchofthecurrentpoliticaldiscontentinthiscountry.Newtechnologieswill,andshould,bedeveloped.Thisishowsocietymovesforward.However,progresscan’tbeone-sided.Itisnecessaryforthecompaniesandstateagenciesinvolvedtoconsidertheethicalconsequencesofthesepotentialchangestobuildabetterfutureforall.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。51.Whatwouldbetheimpactoftheextensiveuseofdriverlesscars?A)Peoplewouldbedrivinginamorecivilizedway.B)Itwouldsavelocalgovernmentsalotofmoney.C)Morepolicemenwouldbepatrollingthestreets.D)Trafficregulationswouldbeathingofthepast.52.Howwouldtheelderlyandthedisabledbenefitfromdriverlesscars?A)Theycouldenjoygreatermobility.B)Theywouldsuffernoroadaccidents.C)Theywouldhavenotroubledriving.D)Theycouldgoanywheretheywant.53.Whatwouldbethenegativeimpactofdriverlesscars?A)Theconflictbetweenlaborandmanagementwouldintensify.B)Thegapbetweenvarioussectorsofsocietywouldbewidened.C)Professionaldriverswouldhaveahardtimeadaptingtonewroadconditions.D)Numerousprofessionaldriverswouldhavetofindnewwaysofearningaliving.54.Whatistheresultoftheintroductionofnewtechnologiesinenergyindustries?A)Politicaldissatisfaction.B)Retrainingofemployees.C)Fossilfuelconservation.D)Businessrestructuring.55.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestbusinessesandthegovernmentdo?A)Keeppacewithtechnologicaldevelopments.B)Makenewtechnologiesaffordabletoeveryone.C)Enableeveryonetobenefitfromnewtechnologies.D)Popularizetheuseofnewtechnologiesanddevices.PartIVTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体。由于现在用手机付款很容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡。为了鼓励人们多消费，许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折。专家预测，中国移动支付市场未来仍有很大发展潜力。注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。