【最新word论文】《鲁滨逊漂流记》中殖民文化对殖民地文化影响解读【英美文字专业论文】

《鲁滨逊漂流记》中殖民文化对殖民地文化影响解读 Abstract DanielDefoeisagreatEnglishnovelistinthe18thcentury.RobinsonCrusoe,hismasterpiece,iseitherapioneeringEnglishadventurefictionoratypicalcolonialliterature.ItnotonlyisavividnarrativestoryaboutthesurprisingandadventuringlifeofRobinson,butalsohasthethemeofcolonismwhichisrepresentedonaseriesofbinaryoppositionalcolonialdiscourses:thecolonialcountryandthecolony,masterandslave,thewhiteandthecolored,centralcultureandmarginalculture,civilizationandsavageness,Christianityandcannibalsandallthat.Withpost-colonialcriticismasitsvisualangle,thisthesissetsonthehistoryofEuropeancolonialism,analyzesthedescriptionofcharacters,narrativewordsandthegrowingprocessof“Friday” wholoseshisnationalcultureidentitytodeconstructthosecolonialdiscourses,exploresthestrategiesforcolonist’ sculturalcolonizationtothosepeopleinthecoloniesandrevealsthedilemmaoflosingtheirnationalcultureidentity.Thisanalysisgivesusanewperspectiveinappreciationthisclassicalworkandatypicalcasestudyofhowthecolonistsexerttheculturalruleonthepeopleinthecolonies. KeyWords RobinsonCrusoe;colonialism;colonialdiscourses;culturalcolonization 摘要 《鲁滨逊漂流记》是18世纪英国作家丹尼尔.笛福的代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 作，是英国历险小 说的源头，也是一部带有强烈殖民主义意识的文学作品。它不仅生动地讲述了小 说主人公鲁滨逊开拓荒岛的详细过程，也描绘了他驯服改造原始部族人“星期五” 的手段和策略。本课题着重以“后殖民主义批评”(易小斌，2004:64-68)为视 角，拟从历史文化背景、人物刻画以及话语分析入手，对《鲁滨逊漂流记》中所 建立起的宗主国/殖民地，奴隶主/奴隶，白种人/有色人，中心文化/边缘文化， 文明/野蛮，基督教/食人部族等二元对立的殖民话语体系进行解构，揭示蕴涵在 作品中的殖民主义意识，并阐释鲁滨逊如何以枪炮为后盾，有 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 地从语言和宗 教信仰两方面对“星期五”进行赤裸裸的文化殖民，使其丧失了原有的民族文化 身份，从而造成自我身份丧失的窘境。本课题为读者重读经典开辟了一个新的视 角，也为读者审视殖民者的文化统治提供了一个典型个案。 关键词 《鲁滨逊漂流记》;殖民主义;殖民话语;文化殖民 Introduction Colonialismistheconsequenceofwesterncapitalaccumulation.ItoriginatesfromtheperiodsofDiscoveryandExplorationsince15thcentury.SomecriticsthinkthatitbreakstheseparationoftheOldWorldandtheNewWorldandalsoencoura 1 gestheexchangeofbothcultures.(李伯 庚,2003)Actually,from15thto19thcentury,itisalonghistoryofexploitationandinvasionamongEuropeanpowers.TheyaremotivatedbythelureofwealthinAsia,thespicetradeinIndia,thegoldandsilverinAmerica,andtheslavesofAfricaafterreadingMarcoPolo’sTravels.(Spielvogel,281) Duringthisperiod,Europeancountriesgethandsomeprofitsandbecomegreatempires.EspeciallyforBritain,tillthereignofQueenVictoria,shebecomes“theEmpireonWhichtheSunNeverSets”and “theMistressoftheSeas”.(Clemen,2003)Onthecontrary,whattheybringtothepeopleinthecoloniesisravagingtheirland,mockingtheirgods,banishingtheirlanguages,decimatingtheirpopulationthroughdisease,andsubjugatingtheirchildrentoasubservientanddependentstatus.(Rogers,461-519) However,incolonialliterature,allthedevilpracticesofthosecolonistshavebeenerased,instead,weoftenfindthemessagesconveyedeverywherethatthewhitesarespreading“civilization” tonon-westernersfortheyjustifiesthattheyareunderthecalloftheGodto“delivertheinferiorraces”and “civilizethesavages”.Factually,itisoneofpopularcolonialdiscoursesfortheirculturalcolonizationorinvasion. DanielDefoeisagreatEnglishnovelistinthe18thcentury.RobinsonCrusoe,hismasterpiece,iseitherapioneeringEnglishadventurefictionoratypicalcolonialliterature.ItnotonlyisavividnarrativestoryaboutthesurprisingandadventuringlifeofRobinson,butalsohasthethemeofcolonism.Withpost-colonialcriticismasitsvisualangle,thispapersetsonthehistoryofEuropeancolonialism,analyzesthedescriptionofcharacters,narrativewordsandthegrowingprocessof“Friday” wholoseshisnationalcultureidentitytodeconstructthosebinaryoppositionalcolonialdiscourses:thecolonialcountryandthecolony,masterandslave,thewhiteandthecolored,centralcultureandmarginalculture,civilizationandsavageness,Christianityandcannibalsandthelike,exploresthestrategiesforcolonist'sculturalcolonizationtothosepeopleinthecoloniesandrevealsthedilemmaoflosingtheirnationalcultureidentity. I.ColonialDiscourses Incolonialliteratures,thecolonialdiscoursesareprevailing.Especiallyduringtheperiodofcolonialismandimperialism,thosenovelistspreferredtoproduceasuccessionofpowerfuldiscoursesasausefulapproachtospreadingcolonism.Thewesternersweregoodatcreating“thewhitemythology” andconstructingimaginative“others”.InOrientalism,EdwardSaidpointedout, “thelong-termimages,stereotypesandgeneralideologyaboutthe‘theOrient’asthe ‘Other’,constructedbygenerationsofWesternscholars,whichproducemythsaboutthelaziness,deceitandirrationalityofOrientals,aswellasthereproduct 2 ionandrebuttalincurrentdebatesontheArab-Islamicworldanditsexchanges,particularly,withtheUnitedStates.”(Seldenetal.,223) RobinsonCrusoeisatypicalcolonialliteraturethathasathemeofcolonismwhichisrepresentedonaseriesofbinaryoppositionalcolonialdiscourses:thecolonialcountryandthecolony,masterandslave,thewhiteandnon-white,centralcultureandmarginalculture,civilizationandsavageness,Christianityandcannibalsandotherdiscourses.WiththeconfidenceofBritainImperialism,Robinson,therepresentativeofthosecolonistscontinuouslyclaimedhimselfasthecivilizedman,hiscultureasthecentralculture,thushehadthecompetenceofenslaving“theother”andspreading“civilization”to“theinferiorrace”. A.MasterandSlave WehavelearnedfromtheEuropeanculturethattheRenaissancederivedfromandroseinItalyandthenspreadtootherEuropeancountries.Withthecoreof“Humanism”,itadvocated“HumanRight”and “Liberty”.Yet,itaswellsupportedslaverysystemandtheevilslavedeal.SincetheRenaissancewasanageofeconomyrevival,too.Thosecapitalistsgainedlucrativeprofitsfromtheslavedeal.What’ smore,KarlMarxhadeverclassifiedslavedealasoneessentialfactorofcapitalaccumulation.(阿勃拉莫娃，1983:2)Thus,“HumanRight”and“Liberty” wereonlyconfinedtotheWestthatwasconsideredas “theCenteroftheWorld”.Masterandslavewasacommondiscourseincolonialliterature.Thosescholarsoftenconstructed“thewhitemythology” andtreatedwesternersas“themaster”of“theother”intheirworks. Foranother,DanielDefoe,theauthorofRobinsonCrusoe,wasoriginallyamerchantwhowasconcernedmoreaboutowninterests.DanielDefoeoncesaid:“Tradeisthewealthoftheworld.Trademadethedifferencebetweenrichandpoor,betweenonenationtoanother.” (Jackson,82)InthisshortbutsignificantstatementDefoeexpressedthemainideasofthemercantilisticsystemthatBritainwasdevelopingattheendofthe17thcentury.TheEnglishmercantilespiritbeganduringtheElizabethanAgewhenEnglandrealizedthattradegeneratedwealth.Inhiseyes,aswellasinRobinson’ seyes,slavedealwasnothingdevilbutonetermsoftradethatcouldbringhandsomeprofits. 1.SellingXuryandBuyingBlackSlavestoWorkforHisPlantation InRobinsonCrusoe,DefoenarratedthatRobinsononcebecameaslavehimselfoftheMoorsbutlater,whenhewasafreeman,hesoldalittleboyandboughtaslaveforhisplantation.RobinsonalsoexplainednonchalantlytohisfriendsinBrazilthatblackslavescouldeasilybeboughtontheAfricancoast. AsXuryoncebeingenslavedwithRobinson,later,thelittleboywasenslavedtoRobinsonagainunderthethreatofbeingthrownintotheseawhenRobinsonescapedfromslavery.Somecriticswouldarguethat “askinghimswearotherwisethrewhimintosea” hadnoviciousintentionbutforprudence.Inaddition,RobinsonhadeverpromisedthathewouldmakeXuryagreatmanifXurywouldbetruetohim.Nonetheless,wehadle 3 arnedthatthefateofXurywasoncemoresoldtothecaptainwhohelpedthemoutoftrap.Defoedescribedthat “Robinsonwasreluctanttogivetheboytothecaptainatfirstforhewasloathtoselltheboy'sliberty,butafterbeingofferedamedium,thecaptainhadhimbecausehewouldgivetheboyanobligationtosethimfreeintenyearsifheturnedtobeaChristian.”(Defoe,26)Ittoldthatitwasthecivilizedreligiousfaith— ChristianitythatdeliveredXuryandhisliberty.Herewasanotherexpressionofthewhite’ smythology.Meanwhile,Xurywaswrittentobewillingtogotohim,whichreducedthedevilpracticeofslaverysystem.Asamatteroffact,athistimes,hehadnorighttodecidehisfateandincolonialliterature,“theother” wasalwaysdescribedasvoiceless.Hence,itjustifiedfortheslaverysystem. 2.EnslavingtheSavage—Friday WiththerisingofBritainEmpire,Britishpeoplewereconfidentintheirraceandculture.(陈兵,2006:71)Theybelievedthattheyweresuperiorto“theother”.TheyheldthefaiththatGodwasontheirsideandcalledthemtodeliverthesavagesandcivilizethem. Consequently,enslavingthesavage— FridaywasoneessentialstepinRobinson’ splantorealizethetask.Furthermore,theformerpartofthenovelprovedthatowningaslavewasreasonable.Fridaylivedinaprimitivetribewiththenatureofman-eatingandalsoavictimofthebloodycustom.Robinsonrepresentedthe“CivilizedWesternMan”,whodroveawaytheIndieswithadvancedarms— gunandpowder,andthenhewasjusttodeliverFridayfromthecannibals.WhenhemetFriday,hesaidFridaywasmeanttobehisservant.HeclaimedthathewouldmakeFridayleada“happy” life.Inordertothankforhisdeliverance,Fridaybecamehisservant.Butfromthatmoment,thelibertywasdeprived.Fridayhadlefthishometownandhisrelativesforever.Hewasforcedtosuffertheextremelyagonyofhomesickandmissingrelatives.Asweknow,Fridaywasamanwholovedhisrelativesverymuch.Inthenovel,whenhemethisfather,theaffectionhetreatedhisfathereventouchedRobinson.Itdepictedthat: “„ butwhenFridaycametohearhimspeak,andlookinhisface,itwouldhavemovedanyonetotears,tohaveseenhowFridaykissedhim,embracedhim,huggedhim,cried,laughed,hallooed,jumpedabout,danced,sung,thencriedagain,wrunghishands,beathisownfaceandhead,andthensungandjumpedaboutagain,likeadistractedcreature.ItwasagoodwhilebeforeIcouldmakehimspeaktome,ortellmewhatwasthematter;butwhenhecamealittletohimselfhetoldmethatitwashisfather. Itisnoteasyformetoexpresshowitmovedmetoseewhatecstasyandfilialaffectionhadworkedinthispoorsavage,atthesightofhisfatherandofhisbeingdeliveredfromdeath;norindeedcanIdescribehalftheextravagancesofhisaffectionafterthis;forhewentintotheboatandoutoftheboatagreatmanytimes.Whenhewentintohim,hewouldsitdownbyhim,openhisbreast,andholdhisfather’ 4 sheadclosetohisbosom,halfanhourtogether,tonourishit;thenhetookhisarmsandankles,whichwerenumbedandstiffwiththebinding,andchafedandrubbedthemwithhishands;„”(Defoe,191-192) FromtheversionofFridaymethisfatheragain,wecanfindthatFridayrathermissedhisownmotherlandandrelatives.Thewhitedidn’ treleasehimfromdisasterbuthadhimintoanotherone:losinglibertyandlongingforrelatives.AlthoughDefoetriedtopersuadethatitwasreasonabletoenslave“theother”,wecanstillreadthemiserablelifeof “Friday”.ThelatterwelltellusthattheirlivesneverturnedouttoeasierwhentheychangedintotheslavesofthewesternersandChristians;instead,theywerereducedtomuchworseconditionssincethecolonistsneverplantobringblesstothembutfortheirowninterests.Theyweresheermerchantsonlyconcerningmoreaboutprofits.Whenitturnedtothehistory,wewouldfoundthattheevilpracticesofslavedealwereprovedprettywell. 3.TheHistoryofEvilSlaveDealandSlaverySystem Duringthisperiodofhistory,slaves,particularlyblackslaveswereborntobeingcommoditiesthatcouldbeeasilyboughtandsoldatslavemarkets.Theslavetradebecameahuge,lucrativebusinessthatdidnottakeintoaccounttheimmensesufferingandhumiliationofthesepoorhumanbeings. TheEnglish,FrenchandPortuguesehadtradedinslavessincethemiddleofthe16thcentury.SirJohnHawkins,oneofqueenElizabeth’ sprivateers,becamethefirstEnglishmantotradeinAfricanslaves.Englishseacaptaintradedcloth,gunsandcheapirongoodsforWestAfricanslavescapturedbylocalslavetraders.Thesewretchedpeoplewerebrutallycaptured,crammedintoshipsandchainedtothelowerdecksfortheirentirejourneyacrosstheAtlanticOcean.Fromthe1500stothe1800s,about12millionAfricanswereshippedacrosstheAtlantic.Someoftheslavesdidnotsurvivetheordeal.Abouttwomilliondiedduringthejourney.Thosewhosurvivedweresoldtotobaccoandsugarplantationowners,mainlyinJamaicaandBarbados,wheretheyworkedincrediblylonghoursinaveryhotclimate.Theirlivingconditionswereappalling.However,inRobinsonCrusoe,theseconditionswereerasedcompletely. GreatBritainhadsetupcoloniesontheeastcoastofmainlandAmericaduringthefirstpartofthe17thcentury.TheNewEnglandcoloniesengagedina“triangularslavetrade”,whichinvolvedslaves.SugarcanewasbroughtfromtheWestIndiestoNewEnglandwhereitwasrefinedandmadeintorum.TherumwasthentradedontheWestCoastofAfricaforblackslaves.TheslaveswhoenduredtheextenuatingjourneyacrosstheAtlanticweresoldtoplantationownersintheWestIndies. Tobacco,cottonandsugarcanewerethemostimportantproductsoftheBritishcoloniesofthesoutheasternAmericanmainland.Blackslavesonhugeplantationscultivatedthem.ThemiseryandsufferingoftheplantationslavesinspiredtheAmericanauthor,HarrietBeecherStowe,towritethenovelUncleTom’ sCabin,atouchingstorythatintensifiedanti-slaverysentimentintheNorth.Sl averyintheSouthwasoneofthereasonsthatledtotheAmericanCivilWarof1861.In1865theSouthlosttheWarandSlaverywasabolishedintheUnitedStates. 5 InRobinsonCrusoe,RobinsonwasthespokesmanofDefoeaswellasthosemerchantsandcapitalistswhosupportedslavetradeandslaverysystem.AlthoughtherewerenofuriouswordsasirritatingasinUncleTom’ sCabin,theevilpracticeofclaiming“theother’s” humanrightandlibertywasobvious. B.TheSuperiorRaceandtheInferiorRace Ifthecolonialdiscourseofmasterandslavewasonaccountofeconomicfactor,thewhitemythologyofthesuperiorraceandtheotherpeoplesastheinferiorraceswasthebasiccontextthatWesternscholarsoftenconstructed.EspeciallywhenBritishfromasmallislandcountryrosesharplyandbecameanEmpire,suchaccepteddiscoursewasdominatedtheirculture.Besides,EnglishscholarEllekeBoehmerhadeverpointedoutthat: “Britishareanationthatinherentlyidentifiedtherestoftheworldas‘theother’.”(陈 兵,2006:72)Geographically,Britainwasfeaturedasalongandnarrowislandsurroundedbythesea.Yetintheirmind,providedthatthoseraceswerebelongtonon-whiteswhoseimageswerelikelytosuffertwistedas“theother” tostressthecivilizationandjustofBritishpeople. InRobinsonCrusoe,likemanyothercolonialliterature,thewhitesweredescribedasthe“thesuperiorrace”andclichéasthejustandkindpeople;bycontrast, “theother”— theblacksalongtheAfricancoastandtheAmericanIndieswereidentifiedas“theinferiorrace” andstereotypedasthebarbarouscreaturewithprimitivelifestyle,uncivilizedbehavior,awkwardanduglywayofdancingandthemostinhumaneconventionofeatingman’sflesh. 1.TheJustandKindWhites InthestoryofRobinson’ sadventuringlife,hemetfourcaptainsandanEnglishwidow， allofwhorepresentedthecivilizedandjustwesterners. Thefirstcaptainhemetwasthefatherofoneofhisfriends,whoservedhimtogotoseaforthefirsttime.Thefirsttrialwasafailure:theirshipmetterriblestormandsank,thoughtheyweresaved.Despitehewasatagreatloss,hestillturnedtoRobinsonwithaverygraveandconcernedtonelikehisfathertopersuadehimnevertogotoseaanymore.ThesecondmasterhefellacquaintedwithwasthemasterofashipinLondon.Thiscaptainwasanhonestandplaindealingman.Althoughthiscaptaindiedsoon,theybuiltastrictfriendship.Withthecaptain'sintegrity,honestyandhospital,helearnedalotandsetupforatrader.Later,thecaptain’ swidowcontinuedtosupporthimaskindasthecaptain,evenifshewasinunfavorableconditions.ThethirdkindcaptaindeliveredRobinsonfromtheseawhenheescapedoutofslavery.Hewasnotonlykindtosavebutalsogenerousdeliveredgoodsforhimwithouttakinganythingfromhim,forhebelievedthat, “‘IhavesavedyourlifeonnoothertermsthanIwouldbegladtobesavedmyself 6 ,anditmayonetimeorotherbemylottobetakenupinthesamecondition;besides,'saidhe,'whenIcarryyoutotheBrazils,sogreatthatawayfromyourowncountry,ifIshouldtakefromyouwhatyouhave,youwillbestarvedthere,andthenIonlytakeawaythatlifeIhavegiven.No,no,SeigniorInglese,’sayshe(Mr.Englishman), ‘Iwillcarryyouthitherincharity,andthosethingswillhelpyoutobuyyousubsistencethereandyourpassagehomeagain.’”(Defoe,25) Defoealsodepictedthatthismasterwascharitablenotonlyinhisproposal,butalsojustinhisperformance.InBrazil,herecommendedRobinsontothehouseofagoodhonestmanlikehimself.Duringhisrunningtheplantation,hebroughthimallsortsoftools,ironworkandutensilsnecessaryforhisplantation,andwhichwereofgreatusetohim.BeforeRobinsonleftBrazil’ splantationforsailing,heappointedthetrustablecaptainashisheir.ThenwhenRobinsoncameback,theintegratedoldmanreclaimedallthepropertytohimandalsogavehimusefuladvice. Ifaboveallweredescribedascivilizedpeoplewithgoodwordsfortheirdeedgoodtothem,thefourthcaptainwasreceivedthegooddeedfromhimstillportrayedasthecivilizedwesterners.Thisonewasalsoakindwesternerwithwisemind.Defoerepeatedlyusedthesamewordstodescribethosemeninordertoshowwesterners'kindness,honesty,integrity,andgenerosity,whichshowcasedtheircivilization. Thesecondsymbolshowedtheircivilizationwasthattheyhadthesenseofmakingacontract.WhenthesavedSpaniardwaspointedtodeliverotherofhiscompanions,theymadeacontract.Anotherexampleduringsavingthecaptainandreclaimingtheship,Robinsonmadetwoconditionsasaverbalcontract.Atlength,theycarriedoutaswhattheymadebeforehand.Herestrengthenedthewesternercivilization. ThethirdevidenceofcivilizationwasthegreatamountofnarrativewordstodisplaythepositiveimageofRobinson.Inglesoncedescribedthischaracterwas“arealcapitalist”.(Ian,1951)Asthesolesurvivorofashipwreck,hereliedonhisfaithinGod,intelligenceandProtestantupbringingwhichdecreedthattheself-mademanhadtodependonhimself,hisownhardworkandingenuityinordertosurvive.Hewasnotonlymasteredtheskillofmakingtools,owningthemodernscienceknowledge,emphasizingonhumanism,orderandlaw,andadvocatinghonestyandloyalty.Itnarratedthathehadallthenobleandlotterypersonalityofpeople.DefoedidagoodjobtocreateasituationwhereRobinson,whorepresentedthe'CivilizedWesternMan',dominatednatureandsetuphis'colony'onthedesertisland.AlargeamountofdetailscoveredtheevilcolonialhistoryaswellasCrusoe’ scolonialattitude— hispossessiveness,hisdesiretoexploitothers,hiswillingnesstoenslaveanotherhumanbeing.WhenhemetFridayhefeltthatFridaywasmeanttobecomehisslave,orservant,andthathehadtobeconvertedtoChristianity. 2.TheUglyBlackalongtheAfricanCoast Theoppositeofthecivilizedwhitewerethecolored,especiallytheblackhadworseimagethantheIndies.Withfullofdiscrimination,theblackwerecalledasNegroes.Inthenovel,wecouldfindthattheyhadthecharacterofsimplicity,frien 7 dlinessandwisdom.WhenRobinsonaskedsomefoodtoeat,theyweresokindlytofetchthefoodforthestranger.Theywerenotasfoolishasweoriginallyimagined,andthoughtoutagoodideatogivethefoodtoRobinsonwithinprecautionofeachother:“theytookasafewayforusall,fortheybroughtittotheshoreandlaiditdown,andwentandstoodagreatwayofftillwefetcheditonboardandthencameclosetousagain.” (Defoe,22)Theylivedwithnature,andmasteredmanyskillstosupporttheirlife.Theydidmuchbetterworkattakingofftheskinoftheleopardonlywiththesharpenedpieceofwood.However,inthewhites’ eyes,theywerestereotypicallycontentedfool,offensive,ugly,suppositious,lazy,weirdandpessimistic.Theywerestillunavoidabletodepictasuglypeoplewithquiteblackandstarknaked, “Thewomenwereasstarknakedasthemen”.(Defoe,24)Theylookedstrong,whilei nfrontofthebeasts,theywereextremelyfrightenedandwerevulnerabletotheattackofwildanimals.Theyhadnoarmsexceptalongslenderstickthattheywouldthrowthemagreatdistancewithgoodaim,thoughitcouldn’ tresisttheattackofthewildbeasts.WhentheysawRobinson’sadvancedarms— gunandpowderthatheusedtokilltheleopardasarewardfortheirfood,theyweresoastonishedthat “someofthemwereevenreadytodieforfear,andfelldownasdeadwithterror”.(D efoe,23)Besides,thefoolishlocalpeopleworshipedthegunandgun-taker;andth eythoughtheweretheGodfromtheheaven.HereDefoeportrayedtheirfoolishnessprettywellandindicatedthatonlythenoiseandthefireofthecolonist’ sguncouldconqueronenationtoanother.Naturally,suchfoolishpeopleneededtobecivilizedbythekindandjustwhites. 3.TheCruelCannibals—theAmericanIndians Anotheroppositionofthecivilizationwasthecruelcannibals.Fridaylivedinasavagetribewiththenatureofeatingman’ sflesh.Suchbehaviorisunacceptableinacivilizedsociety,sinceitwasthemostinhumanandevilbehaviorintheworld.Thusthosewesternerstookthechancetoconstruct“theother’s” imagesandfoundagoodjustificationfortheirconstruction.Incolonialliterature,italwaysnarratedthatGodabandonedthosecannibals.RobinsonCrusoewasthesame,andasfollowed, “Who,astome,wereinnocentandwhosebarbarouscustomsweretheirowndisaster,beingthematokenindeedofGod’ shavingleftthem,withtheothernationsofthatpartofthatworld,tosuchstupidityandinhumancourses„ ButthatunlesssomethingofferedthatwasmoreacalltomethanyetIknewof,Iwouldnotmeddlewiththem.”(Defoe,187) TheywereimpressedusthattheywereIdolatersandBarbarians,andhadseveralbloodyandBarbarousRitesintheirCustoms,suchassacrificinghumanbodiestotheiridols.Whentheyheldaman-eatingfeast,theydanceduglyaroundthefire. However,thefactabout“cannibals”neededtobeproved.Thestoryof 8 “cannibal”firstlyappearedinColumbus’ sjournalsandlettersanditturnedouttobecreatedbyhim.Accordingtothesurvey,henevermetanycannibals.(Arnold,3)Columbuswasgoodatwordinvention,justthesameastheinventionofAmericaIndians.(Motohashi,81-89)WhilethefirstreferenceofthetribeofcannibalswasinShakespeare’ slastdramatheStormandthemostimpressedcharacterwasasavagecalled“Caliban”.(张德明,2007:113) Somescholarsthoughtthattheoriginalityofcannibalwasmostlyassociatedwithhim.(彼得.休姆,2004:158) Althoughinthenovel,wecouldfindthenarrationthatthewesternersparticulartheSpaniardswasnotoriousofkillingthosenativesbarbarously,thoughitwasjustusedafewwordstoreferthefact: “byallwhichIunderstoodhemeanttheSpaniards,whosecrueltiesinAmericanshadbeenspreadoverthewholecountriesandwasrememberedbyallthenationsfromfathertoson.” (Defoe,173)However,indocumentarytherewasevidentthatthebarbaroustreatmentoftheSpaniardstotheinhabitantswasabhorrent. ?.CulturalColonization:BringingCivilizationtotheSavage—Friday Abovecolonialdiscoursesinthefictionconstructedtheuglyandbarbarousimageof“theother” tousandespeciallythebloodycustomofcannibalscouldnotacceptinanycivilizedsociety.Therefore,spreading“civilization”to“theother” wasnaturalandinevitableinRobinson’splan.Instructingthesavage— Fridaytoacivilizedmanbecamehisgreattask. Fromthenovel,wehadlearnedthatRobinsonappearedinfrontofthesavage— Fridayasadeliver.HesavedFridayfromthecruelandbloodykillingwithadvancedEuropeanarms.Thedeliveredpoormanusedhisownwaytoexpresshisexceedinggratitude:kneelingdowneverytenortwelvestepsintokenofacknowledgmentforsavinghislifeandatlengthhecameclosetoRobinson,andthenhekneeleddownagain,kissedtheground,andlaidhisheadupontheground,and,takingthewhitebythefoot,setthefootuponhishead;whileRobinsontwistedthatitwasintokenofswearingtobehisslaveforever.Consequently,Fridaynotonlylosthisliberty,butalsosufferedcultureconstructionandfinallyreducedtothedilemmaoflosinghisnationalcultureidentity. A.ChangingTheirPrimitiveLifeStyleIntoanEasierLife Firstly,itwaschangingtheirprimitivelifestyle:eatingmen’ sflesh,thehabitofbeingnakedandusingwoodentoolsandarms.Suchcivilizationwasstillinthefirststageofthesociety:primitivesociety.Onthecontrary,thewhitehadalreadyexperiencedtheRenaissancewiththecoreofHumanism,andadvancedscienceandtechnologyandprosperouseconomy.Andtheyneverplanedtohavethemleadahappylife.Bringingcivilizationtothesavage— Fridaywasastrategytocarryouttheirculturecolonization. 1.GettingRidoftheHabitofMan-eating InordertochangeFriday’ 9 snatureofcannibal,Robinsontriedtolethismantasteotherflesh,andmadehimawarethatitwasbothinhumanandcrueltodothat.Thisseemedapparentlygoodtothelocalpeople’ scivilization.ButitwasunjustthatcoveredallthecivilizationsoftheIndies.Furthermore,fromthenovel,wefoundthattheyateman’ sfleshjustwhentheywereinthewar.Indailylife,theyneverateman.Andfromhistory,welearnedthattheIndiansinAmericamadegreatcontributiontotheworld’ scivilization.AmericancropslikecorntookrootinAfricaandcontributedtobetternutritionandhigherpopulationthatperhapspromotedtheslavetradeitself.Likewise,AmericanpotatowasintroducedtoEuropeandbecamethedominantfoodstapleinIreland.ThetobaccosbroughttoEurope,whichstimulatedtheireconomy.However,inthisnovel,theircultureswereremoved.Whatwasworse,theyweredistortedasthemostsavagedpeople,whichwasthecommonmeansthosecolonialliteraturesused. 2.MakingClothesfor“Friday” Foranotherthing,Friday’ snationtogetherwiththeblackpeopleinhabitedalongtheAfricancoastwasstarknaked,whichwasobviouslyagainstthemoderncivilizationandneededtobechanged.ThiswasthesecondstepRobinsonspreadhiscolonialculture.InRobinson’ smind,afterhehadFridaywearthesewedclothes,hepraisedhismanturnedouttobeahandsomeanddecentmanasthewhite.Itputasthefollowing, “Hewasacomely,handsomefellow,perfectlywellmade,withstraightstronglimbs,nottoolarge;tallandwell-shaped,and,asIreckon,abouttwenty-sixyearsofage.Hehadaverygoodcountenance,notafierceandsurlyaspect.Butseemedtohavesomethingverymanlyinhisface,andyethehadallthesweetnessandsoftnessofaEuropeaninhiscountenancetoo,especiallywhenhesmiled.Hishairwaslongandblack,notcurledlikewool;hisforeheadveryhigh,andlarge,andagreatvivacityandsparklingsharpnessinhiseyes.Thecolorofhisskinwasnotquiteblack,butverytawny;andyetnotofanugly,yellow,nauseoustawny,astheBraziliansandVirginians,andothernativesofAmericaare;butofabrightkindofadunolivecolorthathadinitsomethingveryagreeable;thoughnotveryeasytodescribe.Hisfacewasroundandplump;hisnosesmall,notflatliketheNegroes;averygoodmouth,thinlips,andhislineteethwellset,andwhiteasivory.”(Defoe,165) Briefly,underthewhite’ sdressingup,thecolonialpeoplewouldbecomeasgood-lookingasthemselves.Incontrast,thepeoplewithnakedbodymeantuglyanduncivilizedimages.Moreover,Defoeoncedescribedthatintheisland “theweatherwassoviolenthotthattherewasnoneedofclothes.” (Defoe,107)ThoughRobinsonarguedthathewaswithsomeclothesonwouldkeephisskinfromburntandthattheairitselfmadesomemotionmaybecoolerthanwithoutit.Infact,theIndianswerenotstarknakedasdescribedinthecolonialliterature.InthecivilizationoftheIndians,theyhadthefeatherandskinofanimalsastheirclothes,thoughtheprocessofmakingclotheswasexceedinglycomplicated.AftertheinvasionoftheEuropeans,theirdresswascompletelysubstitutedbythewester 10 ncloth.Itmeanttheirculturewassubstitutedtoo.Thewesternersreallybroughtsomecivilization,butitbasedonderogatinganddesertingthenativecultureandabsorbingabroadculturecompletelywithoutanychoices.Thiswasanothersymbolofcultureinvasion. 3.Instructing“Friday”toUseToolsandArms Thethirdwastointroduceadvancedtoolsandweaponstolocalpeople.RobinsontaughtFridaytoworkandmaketools.Inreturn,withthehelpofhisinstruction,Fridaylearnedwell.Itindicatedthatundertheruleofcivilizednations,eventhemostbarbaroussavagewoulddowell.RobinsonalsoinstructedFridaytousegun.BeforeFridaylearneditwasacommonweapon,heaswellasthosepeopleunawareofwhatitwasquiteworshipeditandevenmadeaconversationwiththegun.Thisevidenceamusedus,whichshowcasedhowfoolhewas.Butnonewereborntoknoweverything.WecouldfindthatFridayhadgreatgifttolearnsomethingnewanddoverywell.HewasalsoinstructedtomaketoolsandmakebreadandhedidassplendidlyasRobinson.WhileDefoewouldrathermaketheseachievementscontributetoRobinsoninordertoshowthewhite’scivilizationandkindness. B.BanishingFriday’sLanguageandInstructingEnglishtoHim Inmoderntimes,withthetrendofglobalization,learninganinternationallanguagewasusefulforpeople.Whileintheageofcolonization,inordertocompletelyrulethecolony,theconquerorsrequiredthepeopleinthecolonylearningthecolonist’ slanguageandforbadspeakingtheirnativelanguage.InRobinsonCrusoe,itwaswrittenthatRobinsontaughtFridaytospeakEnglishfortheconvenienceofcommunicationwithhim.WhilethefirstfewwordshetaughtwereFriday—thesavage’ sname,Master— Fridaybeingrequiredtocallhim,YesandNo.Asweknewthat,Robinsononcebredaparrot,whathetaughtthebirdwastocallhimhisrealname:Robinson.ButforFriday,RobinsonpurposedtotellthesavagehisnamewasMaster.ThefewwordsheremeantRobinsonwassuperiortoFridayandFridaywasmeanttohislastingservant.Thus,teachingFridayEnglishwasjustanexcusetomaketheservantservehim. C.MockingFriday’sGodandInstructingtheRealGodtoHim InordertodivertFridayintoaChristian,RobinsonspentmuchtimeandeffortsonFriday.Firstly,RobinsonpurposelyinstructedFriday’ sfaithwasnotrealfaithbutasuperstitionandtoldhimwhatrealfaith,theGodandDevilwas.DefoejustifiedthatRobinsonwaspleasedtoopenthesavage’ seyesandofcoursesuccessfullyhewasdivertedintoaChristian.Fridaywasalsopraisedmuchmoredivineeventhanthosewesterners.FridaywasfollowedreadingBibleandprayingregularly.EvenheseemedtoargueforFriday’ sreligionasasuperstitionwascommon, “bythisIobserved,thatthereispriestcraftevenamongstthemostblinded,ignorantpagansintheworld,andthepolicyofmakingsecretreligion,inordertopreservethevenerationofthepeopletheclergy,isnotonlytobefoundintheRomanbutamongthemostbrutishandbarbaroussavages.”(Defoe,174) Infact,hejustprovedthatthesavage’ 11 sreligionwassuperstition,whiletheGodwastherealmighttobedeservedtobetrusted.DuringRobinsoninstructedFridaytheGod,therewasaninteractionbetweenthem.Fridaylookedlikenotthepassiveonetoabsorbthepreachsuperstition,andheaskedasurprisingquestioneventroubledthepreacher.Butatlength,itwasFridaysolvedtheproblem.Itwasdramaticthatthesavage’ searnestandpersistencetowardChristianityopenedhiseyes.Bycontrast,whenhecouldn’tanswerFriday’squestion,heexcusedthat “thoughIwasnowanoldman,yetIwasbutayoungdoctor,andillenoughqualifiedforcasuist,orasolverofdifficulties.AndatfirstIcouldnottellwhattosay,soIpretendednottohearhim,andaskedhimwhathesaid.” (Defoe,176)FromherewewoulddoubtwhetherhewasaneligibleinstructorandhereallybelievedinGod.KarlMarxhadeversharplypointedoutthatwewouldnottakemuchseriousnesstoRobinson’ sfaithforhejustgotsomeentertainmentfromitandviewedthoseprayingascreativeactivities.(刘意青，2005:177)Moreover,anothercritichadargued “RobinsonindeedtrustsinGod,whilehebelievesthatmankindonlywasfaithfultopracticalaffairs,theywouldbedeliveredfromGod.Suchpracticalaffairwas‘GreatBusiness’.”(翟文明，2006:85) WecouldconcludethatRobinsonwasnotafaithfulChristian,whosereligionwasonlyservedforhim.However,withthehelpofhisinstruction,Fridayturnedouttobeanearnestpriest,evenmuchmoredivinethananyotherwesterners.Fridaywasperfectlymadeasa“civilizedwesterner”. Principally,thosenakedbad-mouthingwordsaboutthesavagesimpressedus,wewouldbeeasilyluredtotrustthatthewesternersindeedweremuchmorecivilizedthan“theother”,andtheyreallybroughtcivilizationto “thesavages”.Whenweturnovertheleafofthehistory,thefactisontheopposite.Thepeopleincolonieswerenotsavagedastheauthordepictedinthenovel.IndiaandEgypthadeverbeenknownastheforerunnerofcivilization.(翟文明，2006: 319-320)Theyhadanoldhistory.India’ sreligionspreadtothewestanddrovethesocietyforward.Itsspicemadefoodtasteful.TheancientEgyptianshadadvancedcivilization.Egyptianswiththeirwisdomsandhardworkcreatedtheworldwonderpyramid.Theusageofmummytopreservethedeadbodywascreativetotheworld.Itsadvancedmethodinspiredpeopletoapplyittothestorageofmaterialsandfoodmostlyinmodernindustryanddailylife.Africancountriesseemedmuchmorebackwardthanothercontinentsforitsextremelyadverseenvironment.Nevertheless,theircontributiontotheworldwasinsubstitutable.Itisacknowledgedthat,nowadays,therap,oneofthemostimportantelementsinthemusic,originatedfromandpopularamongtheblackpeopleisspreadingeverycorneroftheglobe.Furthermore,itispopularindifferentgroupofpeoplerangingfromdifferentages,differentsocialstatusandinterests.So,canwejudgethattheblackpeople’scultureisinferiortothewesterners? ?.TheDilemmaofLosingHisNationalCultureIdentity Friday’ shonestyandloyaltywonthetrustofRobinsonandhebecamehisservant,assistant 12 andguardianfortherestoflifeandaccompaniedhismastertoreturntoEurope.Eventhoughhewaspraisedhighlybyhismaster,hewasstillinthedilemmaoflosinghisnationalcultureidentity.(周庭华，魏文，2006:109-110) Asaservant,hedidwhathismastersaid.InthethirdpartofRobinsonCrusoe,therewasaplotofFridaytrickingthebear.ThebearwasalluredontothetreebyFridayandwasinadilemma,whichwasasclumsyastheclownofthecircus,freeofthecrueltyofabeast,andamusedthepeople.Beastleftitslivingenvironmentandappearedtothedilemmaandridiculouswhichjustareflectionofthepeopleinthecolonylosingtheirnationalcultureidentity.Aboveall,thecolonists’ culturalcolonizationwasneverbringinginblessbutastrategyofconsolidatingcolonialrule. Conclusion RobinsonCrusoeisnotasimpleadventurefictionbutaspeakerofbeautifyingcolonizationandculturalcolonization.Nowadays,itispopularforcultureexchangeandcommunication.Culturecolonizationdevelopstoculturalinfluencesoneachotherbecauseofglobalization.Whenarashofforeignculturesfloodintoonecountry,herpeoplewillrealizethattheyshouldmaintaintheirdominantculture.Atthesametime,they’ dliketokeepthebalanceofabsorbingthebest,andweedingouttheobsoleteandworthlesstostrengthentheirownculture.Itmeansthattheywilltaketheinitiativetochoosewhethertheyaccepttheothercultures.ButfromRobinsonCrusoe,wefindthat“theother”hasnochoicebutreceivesthecolonist’ scultureunconditionally.Thenakedcultureinvasionisjustifiedasspreadingcivilization.Theiraimisapparent. Althoughwithoutdifficultwordstounderstandandlessliterary,itsinfluenceisinnumerable.CriticGreencomments, “Thoseworksmakegreatimpactonsocietywhichmaynotbethegreatliteraryworks.”(陈 兵,2006:75)RobinsonCrusoeisthebestexample.Wefinditisfarmorepowerfulthanthoseliterarynovels.Ithaswonmuchpopularityafterbeingpublished.“JeanJacquesRousseausuggesteditbenefitedthosegrowingyouth,whileKarlMarxusedittoillustratehiseconomicaltheory.”(陈 兵,2006:75)Inaddition,criticGreenpoints “Infact,thosemissionarieswentoverseascolonybesidesBible,andtheytookitwiththemeverywhere.Itproveditsinfluence.”(陈 兵,2006:75)Andinthoseworks,thegreatamountofreplicatedcolonialideasmetthedemandandexpectationofreaders,whichfartherstrengthenedthecolonialismatmosphereinBritainatthattime.Fromthisaspect,RobinsonCrusoeaswellasotherEnglishadventurefictionshadinjectedtheconsciouscolonismtoEnglishordinarypeoplewhentheywereinpopularity. 13 Bibliography [1]Arnold,A.James,etal.AHistoryofLiteratureintheCaribbean.Vol.3.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany,2001:3. 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