浅析中国行政环境及对行政管理的影响毕业论文

浅析中国行政环境及对行政管理的影响毕业论文 成人高等教育毕业论文( 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 ) 毕业论文(设计)题目 浅析中国行政环境及对行政管理的影响 年 级 2 0 1 3 专 业 行政管理 层 次 专升本 学习形式 函 授 学 制 2.5年 学 号 201224119 学生姓名 邵x x 指导教师 完成时间:2015 年3月 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育 毕业论文(设计)评分表 浅析中国行政环境及对行政管理的影响 题 目 行政管理 学生姓名 xxx 学 号 201224119 专业 指导教师 职 称 学历 论文,设计,共 14 页,附图 张 审阅意见及评语, 指导教师签字, 年 月 日 指导教师评分 复核结论: 指导教师符合资格,毕业论文，设计，符合规范 继续教育学院 (公章) 年 月 日 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 浅析中国行政环境及对行政管理的影响 摘 要 行政管理是在一定的环境中进行的，并且与外部环境密切关联，相互依赖、相互影响。离开了行政环境就谈不上行政管理，因此正确认识行政环境是研究行政管理的基础，本文通过对行政环境的相关概念的阐述，简要分析了我国政府管理面临的自然环境、行政环境、政治环境、经济环境以及国外环境的特点，结合这些环境的特点进一步探讨了他们对我国行政管理的影响。 关键词 :行政环境;行政管理;影响。 Analysis of China administrative environment and the influence on the administrative managementAbstract Administrative management is conducted in a certain environment, and closely related to the external environment, interdependence, mutual influence. Leave the administrative environment is noadministration, so a correct understanding of the administrative environment is the basis ofadministrative management, through the relevant concepts of the administrative environment of theexposition, a brief analysis of the government management of our country face the naturalenvironment, the administration environment, political environment, economic environment and thecharacteristics of foreign environment, combined with the characteristics of the the environmentfurther discusses their influence on the administrative management in china. Key words: The administrative environment; Administrative management; Influence their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 目 录 1、 前言 ...................................................... 1 2、行政环境的概念和分类 ........................................ 1 2.1行政环境的概念 ................................................1 2.2行政环境的分类 ................................................1 3、当前我国行政环境状况分析 ..................................... 2 3.1自然环境 ......................................................2 3.2政治环境 ......................................................2 3.3经济环境 ......................................................3 3.4文化环境 ......................................................4 3.5国际环境 ......................................................5 4、行政环境如何影响行政管理及我国行政管理的适应 ................... 6 4.1自然环境对我国行政管理的影响 ..................................6 4.2政治环境对我国行政管理的影响 ..................................7 4.3经济环境对我国行政管理的影响 ..................................8 4.4文化环境对我国行政管理的影响 ..................................8 4.5国际环境对我国行政管理的影响 .................................10 5 结论 ...................................................... 10 5.1 结论 .........................................................10 参考文献 ..................................................... 11 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 一、前言 一切行政活动都会受到行政环境的影响和制约。一方面，行政环境是行政管理赖以存在和发展的外部条件;另一方面，行政管理对行政环境并非只是处于消极、被动的适应地位，它将根据自身的实践来影响环境、改造环境。实践证明，行政环境对于行政管理目标的实现具有十分重大的意义。 二、行政环境的概念和分类 (一)行政环境的概念 行政环境的涵义，学术界虽然表述不一，基本上都是借鉴或依赖环境的含义而类推出来的。行政环境就是政府实施行政管理的环境，指的是围绕行政活动和行政现象，直接或间接影响作用于行政活动的各种客观因素的总和。 (二)行政环境的分类 行政环境从同的角度有不同的分类: 1、从内容上划分，可分为社会环境和自然环境。 2、从社会结构上分，可分为物质经济环境、政治法律环境和精神文化环境。物质经济环境包括社会的物质技术和社会经济 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 。政治法律环境包括社会的政治制度和社会的法律制度。精神文化环境包括社会公众的思想道德状况和社会的科学技术和文化教育状况。 3、从地域上划分，可分为国内环境和国际环境。 4、从行政环境对政治主题的影响范围上划分，可分为宏观行政环境、微观行政环境和中观行政环境。宏观行政环境:指国内的社会、自然环境和国际的社会、自然环境。 5、从不同的行政结果分。可分为良性结果的行政环境、恶性结果的行政环境，量刑结果与恶性结果是互相兼有的行政环境。 - 1 - 三、当前我国行政环境状况分析 行政环境是行政系统赖以生存和发展的外部条件的总和。行政系统存在于行政环境之中，不可避免的要受到他的直接或间接的作用和影响。因此行政环境的好坏关系到行政目标显示与否。试从以下四个方面对我国行政环境做简要分析。 (一)、自然环境 自然行政环境是指对行政系统的存在于运行起影响作用的各种自然因素的集合或统称，如天气、地质结构等。 自然环境方面，我国幅员辽阔，陆疆广大，海岸线长，内陆深远。是优势与不足并存的自然环境(资源绝对量大相对量少;富矿少，开发利用难度大;分布不合理;不足与浪费并存);地形复杂，地貌多变，东西地势落差大;气象条件差别大，且气候悬殊多。 自然环境的复杂多变，为社会经济发展提供了有力的资源条件。但是我国目前自然资源骤减，生态失衡、环境恶化等，已构成社会发展的危机。尤其是可耕地面积减少、水土大量流失、河流资源匮乏、沙漠蔓延等情况越来越严重等严峻问题已对政府行政管理能力提出了挑战。 (二)、政治环境 政治环境决定和制约着行政管理，政治环境的变化必然引起行政管理的变化。 第一，政党制度的影响。党的领导主要是政治、思想和组织的领导。党必须保证国家的立法、司法、行政机关、经济、文化组织和人民团体积极主动地、独立负责地、协调一致地工作。 第二，国家结构形式的影响。不同的国家结构形式中政府管理系统对整个国家的作用有较大的差异。我国是单一制国家，在处理中央与地方关系，有四种情况需要区别，their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 一是中央与各省的权限划分，二是中央与直辖市的权限划分，三是中央与民族区域自治地区的权限划分，四是中央与特别行政区的权限划分。 第三，指导思想的影响。“三个代表”重要思想及科学发展观的提出及其实践进一步扩大了党的执政理论，全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会成为今后一段时期的重要任务，也是政府管理的重要任务。 第四，政治风气的影响。不同的政治风气，直接影响着一个国家行政职能、行政任务和行政目标的落实。就我国而言，我国的政治风气的主流决定了政府工作的主要任务。政治上，坚持马克思主义，坚持共产党的领导;思想上，谦虚谨慎，实事求是;组织上，发扬民主，坚持集体领导;工作上，忠于职守，全心全意为人民服务;作风上密切联系群众，开展批评和自我批评。 虽说我国政治环境得到了很大的改善，但是也存在着不尽人意的地方。主要表现在以下几个方面:意识政治腐败成为影响政治权利合法性的一个重要因素，在一定程度上降低了群众对党和政府的信任;而是中央与地方的关系上是协调的，但“上有政策，下有对策”的现象仍具有一定的普遍性，造成一定程度上的政令贯彻危机;三是党政不分情况比较严重，行政还没有完全成为一个专门的领域;四是民族分离主义和恐怖主义相勾结，直接影响了边疆地区的稳定。 (三)、经济环境 经济环境包括物质技术和经济制度两方面。我国实行的是以公有制为主体，多种所有制形式共同发展的所有制形式，而我国现行以按劳分配为主体，多种分配方式共存的分配制度，这是我国几代领导人在实践中摸索出来的适合中国国情的特有模式。目前我国的经济总量不断增加，市场在资源配置中的基础性作用明显增强。 经济环境是制约和影响行政管理的重要因素。 经济环境的性质决定政府行为的性质及其变革。经济基础决定上层建筑和意识形 - 3 - 态，，经过30多年来的改革开放，我国社会主义市场经济体制已建立，全方位对外开放的格局己形成，经济成分、经济组织、经济利益、就业方式等日趋多样化。 经济环境的变迁决定了政府职能的变迁。经济环境往往因政府所处的地域、层次、文化的不同而有着不可忽视的差异。经济环境中的生产力水平和生产关系的变迁，决定了政府职能的变迁。 虽然我国已经初步建立了社会主义市场经济体制，但还存在两方面的缺陷;一方面 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 经济体制的核心部分尚未彻底触动，深层次问题仍未完全解决，这是完善新体制面临的首要挑战;另一方面，一些新建立的重大制度仍是框架性的，尚未稳固，还存在不少漏洞。这些缺陷具体表现如下:一是政府职能与改革开放新阶段的要求还有较大差距;二是国有大企业改革难度加大，垄断领域的改革相对滞后;三是金融体制改革仍有待深入;四是社会保障制度漏洞较多;五是市场持续急需规范;六十城乡分割体制障碍依然严重。 (四)文化环境 文化环境是指用于行政系统的文化教育、历史背景、科学技术、价值观念、社会心理、人伦关系(三纲五常)，思想意识形态、道德等等各种要素的总和，直接关系到行政人员的素质、行政法制的完备、行政决策和方法的科学化程度和效率。 文化环境制约和影晌着政府管理及其职能。文化环境制约着行政主体的活动方式。文化环境对政府管理及其职能的规模、引导和调整，主要是通过行政文化的两项功能来体现:一是聚合功能。行政文化所形成的管理氛围，寄托了全体公务员的理想和希望。二是控制功能。行政文化对行政组织及其公务员的活动进行着自觉或不自觉的直接或间接督促、反省和检查。 我国现阶段的文化环境明显具有社会转型时期的文化特点;一是我国尚处于社会主义初级阶段，生产力有持大力发展，党领导各族人民以经济建设为中心，同心同德大力their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 加强社会主义物质文明建设、精神文明建设和政治文明建设;二是教育科学文化发展方面不平衡。在某些尖端技术和科学文化的某些领域有较高发展水平，但整个社会的文化科学水平与发达国家尚有一定的差距，需要政府大力扶持;三是伦理道德状况呈现层次差异，社会主义道德风尚占主导地位;四是现代文明与传统文明在交织，冲突和融合中并存，有待于发展中整合;五是党和国家致力于建设有中国特色的社会主义文化、即以马克思主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论为指导，以培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民为目标，坚持为人民服务，为社会主义服务和百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针，立足中国显示，继承历史文化优秀传统，吸取外国文化有益成果，繁荣学术、文艺、和教育，努力提高全民族的思想道德素质和教育文化水平。 (五)国际环境 国际环境对我国行政管理的影响主要体现:一是要加强合作交流，发展我国经济。通过加强国际合作，增强实现国家利益的综合实力，提高国际竞争力。二是要在和平共处五项原则基础上，积极参与国际政治、经济、文化、军事、体育等方面事务的协调管理。三是要实施科教兴国，国家之间的竞争明显地主要表现为技术的竞争和人才资源的竞争。在此背景下，我国政府提出了“科教兴国”、“人才强国”，为了使我国占领21世纪发展的制高点。 就一国发展的外部条件而言，国际环境主要指三个方面的因素:意识人类社会共同的物质生产条件;二是国际政治、经济、军事、文化五台山的各种行为主体和行为者;三是国际行为或相互行为的结构状态，包括世界经济体系、国际政治关系体系、国际军事力量格局、国际文化、信息传播体系等。 自然环境:全球性的生态环境的恶化，已危及到人类的可持续发展和生存条件。当今世界无论是局部性的自然生态平衡，还是全球性的自然生态问题，都要求各国政府间相互合作，共同协调，采取统一措施，以共同保护人类生存的环境，抑制国际自然环境 - 5 - 的日益恶化，实现本国政府可持续发展的行政目标 政治环境:当前国际政治环境的主题是和平与发展，当今世界局部地区依然战乱不断，大国的强权政治和干涉他国内政等现象依然频繁，不过国与国之间的发展已成为各国交往与合作的主题，不平等关系正在逐渐改变，世界格局正向合理化、民主化和追求公平的方向发展。 经济环境:经济全球化与区域集团化并存。趋势表现为经济全球化，是指人类的经济活动空间日益超越民族国家主权版图的界限，在全球范围内出现生产要素的配置、流动、联系和互动的客观历史进程及趋势。任何国家或地区，如果不想被世界潮流抛弃，就必须使本国经济融合于世界经济之中，即必须加入国际经济的分工与协作，从而提高本国的竞争力。 文化环境:当今世界精神产品已成为人类的共同财富。在新技术革命、新科学不断兴起的今天，各国政府均把发展文教科技作为本国总体发展战略的核心内容，把引进外国科技、借鉴外国的先进管理经验作为政府的一项重大政策。当然，我们在吸收外国的有益思想、文化科技成果之时，要以扬弃的态度，去粗取精，去伪存真，洋为中用。中国政府推出了一系列的方针政策来推动中国经济的全面发展。 四、 行政环境如何影响行政管理及我国行政管理的适应 行政环境对行政管理具有一定的制约和影响作用，行政活动要适应行政环境的要求和特点。但另一方面，行政行为对行政环境具有一定的反作用力，即表现为行政主体可以通过自己的主观努力积极地利用和改造行政环境，以及在二者之间建立一种互相交流、有序运行、动态平衡的新型关系。 1、自然环境对我国行政管理的影响 地球环境影响人类文明的形成与发展，从而制约着各国行政组织的发展模式。如:中国内陆河流密布、土壤肥沃，适合耕作，是中国成为农业大国的前提。而西部的高山、their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 高原、沙漠与东部的太平洋又制约其对外交往，使中国长期成为封闭、半封闭的国家，助长了封建专制的长期延续。 自然资源和国土面积影响各国综合国力的强弱，从而制约着其行政组织的财力基础与功能发挥 。国土面积大小一般与自然资源的丰裕程度成正比。自然资源和环境影响各国经济发展的方向与结构，从而制约着其行政组织的部门设置与功能体系 。地理形状影响一个国家的民族团结、国家统一与行政管理的稳定状况。地理环境制约着政府的国际战略及其相应的功能体系，如:在地势平坦，气候适宜的地方发展农业，降低第一产业比例，但要提高第一产业效率;在矿产资源丰富地方发展工业，稳定第二产业比例，注意防止三废污染等。 我国幅员广大，发展不平衡，各民族、各地区都有不同的具体情况，各个地区内部也有区域之间的差异。我国行政环境中的这一基本特征要求我国行政管理必须要根据各地区、各方面的不同条件和情况，采取不同的管理措施，因地制宜，注意东西部发展的不平衡，坚持可持续发展战略。要在政府统一的行政目标引导下，正确分析不同地区的行政环境，遵循客观的行政规律，采取与之相适应的管理政策和方法。 2、政治环境对我国行政管理的影响 行政管理的政治环境是指处于行政系统边界之外，能够对行政系统的产生、存在、运行与发展过程产生直接或间接影响的各种社会政治因素的集合。主要包括国家政权组织形式及其实际运行状况、政党制度、社会团体发达程度以及社会流通性等组成部分。现代政治与行政学界一般都认为，行政系统是政治系统的一个重要组成部分。因而，特定政治系统之中，与其行政系统相并列的其他部分共同构成了该行政系统的政治环境。总体上来说，政治环境因素与行政系统的关系更为密切，政治环境对行政系统的影响往往也更为直接。 政治环境决定和制约着行政管理，政治环境的变化必然引起行政管理的变化。 第一、政党制度的影响。党的领导主要是政治、思想和组织的领导。党必须保证国家的立法、 - 7 - 司法、行政机关、经济、文化组织和人民团体积极主动地、独立负责地、协调一致地工作。第二、国家结构形式的影响。不同的国家结构形式中政府管理系统对整个国家的作用有较大的差异。我国是单一制国家，在处理中央与地方关系，有四种情况需要区别，一是中央与各省的权限划分，二是中央与直辖市的权限划分，三是中央与民族区域自治地区的权限划分，四是中央与特别行政区的权限划分。 第三，政治风气的影响。不同的政治风气，直接影响着一个国家行政职能、行政任务和行政目标的落实。就我国而言，我国的政治风气的主流决定了政府工作的主要任务。 3、经济环境对我国行政管理的影响 经济环境是制约和影响行政管理的重要因素。历史唯物主义认为，经济基础决定上层建筑和意识形态，有什么性质的经济基础，就会有相应的上层建筑和意识形态。我国社会主义市场经济体制已建立，全方位对外开放的格局已形成，经济成分、经济组织、经济利益、就业方式等日渐多样。 政治系统谋求与经济环境的动态平衡的任何努力，都不能超越特定经济环境的发展水平，都必须随着经济环境的变迁而变革。 4、文化环境对我国行政管理的影响 行政系统处于一定的文化气氛之中，它的活动必须和周围文化环境相协调，文化环境对它有深刻的影响。文化环境制约着行政主体的活动方式。这可以从两方面看。一方面，任何行政主体都生活在一定的社会环境中，而每一种社会文化都通过各种特定的社会形式和传播模式静静地、持续地塑造着行政主体的思维方式和行为模式。另一方面，一定社会的文化环境总对政府管理系统提出各种积极要求，而政府管理系统要保持与社会环境的平衡，则行政主体的行为就必须适应一定社会中占主导的社会思想、情感、信仰、观念、道德、宗教感情和传统。 行政文化对行政组织及其公务员的活动静悄悄地进行着自觉或不自觉的直接或间接their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 督促、反省和检查，从而使我国行政主体的活动沿着我国占主导的行政文化的取向运转。 第一，管制型行政总体价值观向服务型行政总体价值观的转变及其对行政管理的影响。随着改革开放进程的启动，尤其是随着社会主义市场经济建设目标的逐渐确立，服务导向型行政文化已经开始萌芽、成长。这种价值观要求行政组织以提供公共产品与服务、改善人民经济文化生活为基本功能与价值取向。它的兴起，将对在管制型行政文化观念下建立起来的现行行政体制产生巨大冲击，要求行政系统在功能、结构、运行程度与规则等各个方面做出相适应的变革。 第二，全能普化型行政功能文化向有限分工型行政功能文化的转变及其对行政管理的影响。在当今时代，在经济与社会发展过程之后，我国行政组织所要处理的社会事务纷繁复杂，瞬息万变，不仅已不可能成为通才与全能型组织，而且还朝着日益细分与专业化的方向发展。相应地，有限分工型行政功能文化，也就是有限政府观与专业化倾向日益在现行行政文化体系中越来越占着主导的地位。这必定要求我国行政系统结构，尤其是其功能与组织结构进行相适应的变与调整。 第三，自律本位型行政运行文化向法律本位型行政运行文化的转变及其对行政管理的影响。改革开放以来，我国法律本位型行政文化正在逐渐形成。中国共产党十五大提出的建立社会主义法治国家这一宏伟蓝图，便是法律本位观逐渐在新的历史时期取得主导地位的有力明证。这种新型行政认知与价值取向模式的产生与形成，既是我国现行行政组织实现法制化的理念前提，也是我国行政系统得以实现科学化、现代化的一个重要推动力量。 第四，依附服从型行政公共关系文化向自主参与型行政公共关系文化的转变。随着社会的逐渐开放与发展，人们的自主观念、权利意识、责任感与参与精神也日益增强，自主参与型行政公共关系文化将越来越在我国行政文化体系中占据主导地位。人们为了维护与改善自身利益，也将越来越频繁地试图去影响政府过程，并促使行政系统发生相 - 9 - 应的变化;同时，各层各级行政主体也将日益强烈地要求能自主地处理自己职权范围内的事务，并要求拥有决策过程的民主参与权。所有这些，都要求对现行行政系统做出相应的变革，以建立与新型行政文化观念相一致的行政体制。 5、国际环境对我国行政管理的影响 现今国际环境，具有两个特点;(1)国际社会成员之间发展的不平衡(2)国家之间各自独立、相互平等，同事又互相联系、制约。 国际环境对我国行政管理的影响主要体现:一是加强合作交流，发展我国经济。通过加强国际合作，增强实现国家利益的综合实力，提高国际竞争力。二是要在和平共处五项原则基础上，积极参与国际政治、经济、文化、军事、体育等方面事物的协调管理。三十要实施科教兴国，国家之间的竞争明显地主要表现为技术的竞争和人才资源的竞争。在此背景下，我国政府提出了“科教兴国”、“人才强国”，、“电子政务”的对策，加大了科学研究的投入，深化了教育体制和教育内容的改革，开始了整体性的人力资源开发，积极的扶持了高科技产业和小企业的发展。这些政策和措施的实现，都是为了使我国占领二十一世纪发展的制高点。 当然，我国在吸收外国的有益思想、文化科技成果之时，要以扬弃的态度，去粗取精，去伪存真，洋为中用。 五、结 语 总之建立良好的行政环境是我国行政管理进程中至关重要的一环，行政环境制约和影响着政府管理的运作及其变革，同时政府管理在适应环境的同时能动的利用和改造着行政环境。我国政府面临的政治环境、经济环境、文化环境和国际环境对行政管理产生了重要影响，都迫切要求政府有限政府、责任政府、服务政府和绩效政府转变。 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 河南科技学院成人高等教育毕业论文/设计 参考文献 [1] 王乐夫，徐文惠主编:《行政管理学》，高等教育出版社，2000年3月 [2]曹沛霖主编:《西方政治制度》，高等教育出版社，2000年7月 [3]倪星主编:《行政组织理论》，高等教育出版社，2007年9月 [4]张建《浅析中国行政环境及对行政管理的影响》(鞍山师范学院 政史系) [5]夏书章《行政管理学》中山大学出版社，2011年12月 - 11 -