现代大学英语听力4答案

现代大学英语听力4 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 Unit 14 Task 1: 【答案】 R&D Expenditure at US Universities and Colleges (2002) Field Funds (in US dollar) Engineering 36,332,641,000 Physical sciences 5,504,227,000 Environmental sciences 3,008,466,000 Mathematical sciences 2,022,423,000 Computer sciences 386,584,000 Life sciences 1,125,931,000 Life sciences 21,404,172,000 Psychology 670,662,000 Social sciences 1,582,888,000 Other sciences 627,328,000 【原文】 In fiscal year 2002, the total R&D expenditure at US universities and colleges was 36,332,641,000 dollars, which included: ?$5,504,227,000 for engineering, ?S3,008,466,000 for physical sciences, ?$2,022,423,000 for environmental sciences, ?$386,584,000 for mathematical sciences, ?$1,125,931,000 for computer sciences, ?$21,404,172,000 for life sciences, ?$670,622,000 for psychology, ?$1,582,888,000 for social sciences, and ?$627,328,000 for other sciences. Task 2: 【答案】 A. Speaker Institution Field Description of His Current Research Affiliated Dr. Chabrol The University of Botany Experiment subject: rice Marseilles Place: Senegal Purpose/Outcome: a) Research for the UN, as part of a project to increase world food production b) To produce a disease-resistant variety of rice Dr. Powers The University of Physics & Place: Ethiopia Birmingham aeronautics Purpose/Outcome: (Intermediate a) To find how to use wind power for technology) all sorts of purposes, for example, —to generate electricity —to pump water for irrigating crops b) To develop a type of windmill to generate power B. 1) addressing purpose 2) details， 3) millions of，starve，do fail 4) particular，wind power 5) luck，project 【原文】 Radio Programme 1 Chairperson: Now I have great pleasure in introducing Dr. Pierre Chabrol from the University of Marseilles. As many of you know, Dr. Chabrol is an agricultural botanist and is at the moment carrying out research in Senegal for the United Nations, as part of a project to increase world food production. He is here tonight to talk to us about his current research. Dr. Chabrol... Dr. Chabrol: Thank you very much. It is indeed a great pleasure lo have the opportunity of addressing such a large audience this evening. Before I get on to the details of my research, would like to explain briefly the purpose behind it. Quite simply, my subject is rice. As you all know, rice is the staple food for millions of people in the world. So if rice crops fail, millions of people starve and die. And they do fail. Very often through disease. Now what my colleagues and I have been doing out in the field in Senegal? as well as in the university laboratories, is to try to produce a disease-resistant variety of rice--a particular kind of rice which will resist disease, in other words a stronger type of rice. Now what exactly do we mean... Radio Programme 2 Interviewer: And now continuing our series "The World of Science". We have in our studio Dr. Brian Powers to talk about his current research in the area of intermediate technology. Dr. Powers, you're a physicist, in fact, aren't you'? Dr. Powers: Yes, that's true. But I've also studied aeronautics. Interviewer: An interesting combination. You say you're working in tile field of intermediate technology. Could you be more precise about that'? Dr. Powers: Yes, yes. Well, my particular interest in this area is wind power. Interviewer: Wind power? Dr. Powers: Yes. In my work, I'm trying.., to find out how to use the power you get from wind for all sorts of purposes. Interviewer: Like? Dr. Powers: Well, for instance, wind power can be used to generate electricity instead of oil-fired engines. Or it can be used to pump water for irrigating crops without using an electric motor. Interviewer: Yes. And how do you plan to do this? Dr. Powers: Well, for example, in Ethiopia, which is where I'm working at the moment, we're trying to develop a type of windmill to generate power—a windmill that is easy, and cheap to build and easy to look after. Interviewer: I see. And this is your current research projects then? Dr. Powers: Yes. My base is, in fact, the University of Birmingham Interviewer: Really? Birmingham University? But how...? Dr. Powers: Yes, and I spend most of the time working in Ethiopia. Interviewer: Dr. Powers, I wish you the best of luck with the project. And thank you for coming along today to talk about it. Dr. Powers: Not at all. My pleasure. Task 3: 【答案】 A. 1) d 2) c 3) b 4) b B. 1) Automation will do more and more that used to be done by people. Moreover, some trades will not be needed any more. 2) He uses motor cars to illustrate how automation will affect people's life in a broader sense—as technology changes, some skills will not be needed. 3) Anyone who has worked in the same job for at least two years will be given a payment by his employer. The longer he has had the job, the more he gets. 4) He speaks in an objective, impartial tone. It seems that he believes that automation is something inevitable in our world, and what we can do today is only to accept it with patience and adapt ourselves to the rapidly changing realities. 【原文】 Years ago, when a man left school—if he went to school—he learned a job. He did this job all his life. Things moved more slowly then. He could be sure that his job would still be needed forty years later. Nowadays, he could not be sure. There is so much change in factories, work and methods that what looks like a very good job now may not be needed in ten years. You have only to think of what the motor car did to people who bought and sold horses to realize what this can mean in human terms. Suddenly no one wanted horses any more. The people who worked with them were suddenly without work or ‘redundant as we say today. Methods change and skills become redundant. Redundancy is the biggest problem the working man has to face today. Some experts think that the working man of the future must expect to learn three or four different skills in his working life. This is because, increasingly, automation will take over or some trades will cease to be needed. You cannot blame anyone for finding yourself in this position. If your job simply disappears, it is not your fault and you are not stupid. Losing your job like this can cause problems for you: you may have to move to find work again; there may simply be no work that you can do. The British government recognizes that redundancy is not the fault of the man who is redundant. So today there is a system of payment to men who are declared redundant. Any man who has worked in the same job for at least two years is given a payment by his employer when he becomes redundant. The longer he has had the job, the more he gets. This money is a kind of compensation for being in the wrong job at the wrong time. In addition, there are now Government Training Centers all over Britain. They are especially for men who cannot find work in their own skill or who wish to become skilled. The government does not guarantee you a job afterwards, but the centers are successful. Courses at the centers are free. In fact, you actually get paid for attending a course. There is a wide choice of different skills you can learn. They are mainly practical, like heating engineering or building, but some quite complicated things are taught, like electronics. Every man is interviewed and the officials recommend a course for him. The trouble is that many men will not accept that they have to learn a new skill. As one director of a government centre said, "Our main problem is to persuade a 50-year-old French polisher, that he must learn a new job because nobody wants French polishers." As automation progresses and the pattern of industry changes, more and more people will be affected. More and more people will need help. Perhaps you will in a few years. Task 4: 【答案】 I. A. firm belief，ambivalent B. inevitability，did not fully welcome it II. Survey Statements/Questions “Yes” Responses (percent) Computers were improving our quality of life. 72 percent Everyone should be taught how to use computers. Approximately 67 percent (two thirds) Knowing how to use a computer would help people Approximately 67 find a job. percent (two thirds) Is it a good or bad thing that more and more things Good 15 percent people used to do are done by machines? Bad 28 percent Computers would increase unemployment. Nearly 67 percent (two thirds) III. A. Yong people are being realistic 1. job opportunities in some traditional occupations 2. the opportunities in other more desirable occupations B. Post-materialism 1. industrialism，materialism，green environmentalism 2. be against/oppose new technology C. a natural conservatism 【原文】 The young people in our survey had firm beliefs about the place of new technology in the world, though, perhaps as one would expect, their attitudes were rather ambivalent. For instance, 72 percent agreed that computers were improving our quality of life. Two thirds of the sample believed that everyone should be taught how to use computers, and roughly that number believed that knowing how to use a computer would help them find a job. On the other hand, these results suggested that a third of the sample were against new technology. When we asked specifically whether they thought it a good or bad thing (or both) that today more and more things that people used to do are done by machines, only 15 percent thought it a good thing and 28 percent a bad thing. Similarly, nearly two thirds thought that computers would increase unemployment. In this sense, the young people appeared to admit or accept the inevitability of new technology, even if they did not fully welcome it. There are a number of possible explanations for this hesitation about the benefits of new technology. First, one could simply argue that young people are being realistic: New technology will reduce the number of jobs available, particularly in some traditional occupations, though it could also, perhaps, increase the number of jobs in other, much more desirable, occupations. Secondly, one could argue that these beliefs are evidence of a growing post-materialism among young people, a learning back to the simple good life (if it ever existed).Technology is associated with industrialism, alienation and materialism, all of which are antithetical to green environmentalism". It would be fascinating to compare young people s attitudes to new technology in different counts with the gross national products of those countries: I suspect that those in the richer countries would be against it. Thirdly, the negative or at least cautious attitude of young people towards new technology may simply reflect a natural conservatism in a section of the population, which finds everything new bad and all change undesirable. Task 5: 【答案】 A. 1) c 2) b 3) c 4) d 5) d 6) a B. Project Description of the Project The American Grain Stores Purpose: Designed to rationalize grain production in the country, i.e. to store surplus grain to help out in bad years Problems: 1) No surplus grain to put in them a) Half empty b) The rest used as warehouses 2) Not rat-proof/no measures to prevent rats getting in The Sugar Cane Plantation Purpose: To reduce imports and save on foreign exchange Problems at the beginning stage: Hi-tech machinery did not work because of 1) No local people trained to use it, and 2) No spare parts or personnel to repair if they broke down Current conditions: 1) A new manager appointed 2) Hi-tech machines replaced with people/local labor 3) More job opportunities for the local people 【原文】 Gabriel Ndong: No, but that's the whole point. It's far easier to get the World Bank or the IMF to invest in some grand, large-scale project bursting with high technology than it is to get just a couple of million dollars out of them for a small scheme. Jean Martenne: OK, I agree, but surely these small-scale projects could be financed by the governments themselves, or local enterprise? Gabriel Ndong: What with? There s no spare capital at all in these countries now. It all goes to pay off the massive debts they've already built up. No, I might be cynical, but I feel that a lot of these projects are not really designed for the benefit of the African countries but for the big multinational companies and high-tech producers? they just recycle the money. Jean Martenne: Come on. That's hardly fair. Gabriel Ndong: Maybe not. But they've dreamed up some pretty crazy schemes that have cost millions and have never worked. Jean Martenne: Such as? Gabriel Ndong: Well, I can give you two examples here in Senegal. First of all, USAID decided to rationalise grain production for us. So they had these wonderful grain stores designed and erected all over the country so that we could store surplus grain to help out in bad years. Jean Martenne: Sounds a very reasonable idea to me. Gabriel Ndong: Fine, yes. But there's no grain to put in them. Half of them are standing empty and the rest have been taken over by local merchants as warehouses. And if they did use them, the rats would get in and eat the lot. Jean Martenne: OK. I admit that sounds a bit of a waste of money. What was the other example? Gabriel Ndong: The sugar cane plantation. Up in the north at Richard Toll. Jean Martenne: What's wrong with that? I heard that that was a fairly successful operation. Gabriel Ndong: Well, it is now, more or less. Mind you, it would still be cheaper to import the sugar from the West Indies. Jean Martenne: But why is that a crazy scheme then? Gabriel Ndong: Yes, the scheme itself is OK, apart from the fact that they can import sugar cheaper—but they do save on foreign exchange. No, the crazy part was when they first set it Jean Martenne: Go on. Gabriel Ndong: Well, they had this international funding, see. So what do they do? They buy all the latest sugar harvesting technology. Wonderful machines. You can still see them up there, rusting in the fields. Jean Martenne: What happened? Gabriel Ndong: Well, you can't suddenly impose new machinery and techniques and expect the local people to use them straight away. There wasn't enough training and of course when the things broke down, there were no spare parts and no one to repair them. Jean Martenne: So why is it doing so well now'? Gabriel Ndong: Because they nearly went bust and had to bring in a new manager. He threw all the machines out and used local labor. They're now the biggest single employers in the country. Jobs for all the people in the area, a reasonable price, and no need to import. Jean Martenne: But you were talking about intermediate technology, lf they throw all the technology out and do everything by hand, where's the technology? Gabriel Ndong: Come on, technology isn't just the latest, biggest, best machine. It can be little practical things—like, for example, the simple siphon method they use to irrigate the sugar cane. No big dams. Just short lengths of hose. It's labor-intensive, but it does the job. And they haven't thrown it all out of the window. They use lasers to grade the new fields. Jean Martenne: That seems like going from one extreme to the other. Gabriel Ndong: No, no, no. It's a question of the best tool for the job in the circumstances. It's really important to have the fields at just the right gentle slope. Now one laser guided machine does it in a fraction of the time at a fraction of the cost. Joan Martenno: But you said it was still cheaper to import the sugar anyway? Gabriel Ndong: Yes, but that's only because it's not a sugar country. It's really too dry and the soil's too poor. They do a pretty good job in the circumstances. Jean Martenne: But to come back to what you were saying earlier. If there's no new technology, not much investment required, why should international agencies be interested? Jeabriel Ndong: Hey, now who's being cynical? You invest in poor countries to make them riche countries so they can buy your exports. Then everybody's happy. Simple, isn't it? Task 6: 【答案】 A. 1) He took a practical approach to science, i.e. serving others through science and invention. 2) He advised them to wear clothes of light color in summer, and dark color in winter. 3) Science, politics, literature and philosophy. 4) He made his fortune from his printing business. B. 1) advantages，serve others，private interest，the least profit 2) a) Great curiosity b) broad interests c) mechanical skills d) the ability to continue with a task until completed e) a practical view of life f) a sense of the valuable uses of science for the benefit of his fellow men 3) a) fellow men，religion or profession b) holding any opinion c) for the sake of truth d) showing favor，communicate 【原文】 "As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad to serve others by any inventions of our own... I have no private interest in the acceptance of my inventions by the world. I have never made, nor propose to make, the least profit by any of them.” Benjamin Franklin spoke these words in the year 1742. Today his philosophy of serving others through science and invention still influences the history of science in the United States. Franklin's practical approach to science was shown by an early experiment in which he studied file heat of the sun. Using different colored pieces of cloth, he found that the darker the color of the material, the greater the amount of heat it would absorb. The lighter the color, the greater it would reflect heat. In reporting these findings more than two centuries ago, he said: "We learn from this that black clothes are not as fit to wear in a hot, sunny climate as white ones. Summer hats for men and women should be white to reduce the heat." It took almost a century for this advice to be generally followed by millions of people around the world. But this was only one of Franklin's many contributions based on his desire to make practical use of facts gathered from personal observation and experiment. This desire made him a better inventor than a scientist. Franklin had many of the qualities of an inventor. They included great curiosity, broad interests, mechanical skills, the ability to continue with a task until completed, and a practical view of life. But, eyen more than these, he also had a sense of the valuable uses of science for the benefit of his fellow men. At the age of 21, for example, while living in Philadelphia, Franklin formed a club. It was a discussion group which met each week. At the meetings, each member presented a question of science, politics, literature, or philosophy which was discussed by the entire group. Franklin's social philosophy is clearly seen in the promise he required of each new member. He asked that they love their fellow man regardless of what religion or profession they followed; that they see that no person was armed for holding any opinion; that they love truth for the sake of truth and try, without showing favor, to find troth and communicate it to others. At the same time he also began the printing business which was to make his fortune. For the next 20 years, he prospered in Philadelphia. By the time he was 42 years old, he was wealthy enough to retire from business. He then turned his interest to public and private affairs. The record of his great role in public affairs, especially in the American Revolution, is the story of the period in which the United States was born. Task 7: 【答案】 A. 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) b B. 1) take their chance，truth and experience，proved，set aside Franklin never argued openly with other scientists in defense of his own scientific opinions. These words explain why he held such an attitude towards different opinions in his scientific career. 2) rapid progress，too soon，height，power of man，overcome，large objects，labor，double， by sure means，lengthened Franklin spoke these words before he died, which showed his strong faith in the steady progress of science. 【原文】 Our interest here, however, is with Franklin's other story—that of a man of science. In spite of his, desire to gain practical results from his many experiments, Franklin never argued openly with other scientists in defense of his own scientific opinions. When writing about his opinions, he said: "I leave them to take their chance in the world. If they are right, truth and experience will support them. If they are wrong, they ought to be proved wrong and set aside." The generations which followed Franklin were the ones that mainly benefited from his scientific efforts. His experiments in the field of electricity, for instance—especially his adventure with the kite and lightning—were perhaps his most famous. In them he sought to find the connection between the man-made electrical charge produced by rubbing silk with a cloth and the natural lightning that came with summer thunderstorms. By flying a kite during one such storm, Franklin was able to attract an electrical spark to a piece of metal tied to the kite’s string. By comparing the characteristics of the natural spark with the man-made charge, Franklin was able to prove the similarity of electric matter and lightning. As an experimenter and practical user of scientific facts, Franklin saw an immediate and important use for this discovery. Why could not homes, barns, and other buildings be protected against the fire and destruction caused by lightning? Why could not the lightning flash be controlled? Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. It was an upright metal pole attached to the roof of a house by a material that would not conduct electricity. To the rod he fastened a wire which led to the ground. When lightning struck the house, it followed the best way, through the rod and wire, to reach the ground. The rest of the building was left unharmed, when news of Franklin's invention spread, people adopted it in large numbers. In the years that followed, Franklin continued an active life. While adding to his record of scientific experiments, he played a leading role in the conflicts of his time in defense of liberty and human rights. Then in 1776, when colonial America began its struggle for independence, Franklin went to France as the nation's first ambassador. In his nine years in France, he found time to establish close relations with European scientists. He even became interested in the early work of men trying to conquer the air and saw one of the first flights of a hydrogen balloon. Franklin always had faith in the steady progress of science. His vision of things to come was never more clear than when he remarked, shortly before his death in 1790 at the age of 84: "The rapid progress of science makes me regret sometimes that I was born too soon. It is impossible to imagine the height to which the power of man over matter may be carded in a thousand years. We may perhaps learn to overcome gravity and lift large objects for the sake of easy transport. Agriculture may reduce its labor and double its produce. And diseases may by sure means be prevented or cured—and our lives lengthened." Task 8: 【答案】 A. I. avoidable errors in the actions of men II. A. The (mis)use of words 1. Different understanding of what a word means a. One word having different meanings b. oxygen 2. Confusing a word or a name with a fact b. Giving the assumed substances a name c. Implying that the phenomenon has been satisfactorily explained B. Mistakes in logic 1. An unreasonable inference 2. Confusing cause and effect a) insufficient experimentation B. 1) Students may use the examples in the text—the errors or misunderstandings caused by words such as intelligence, oxygen, accurate, and average. They may also give examples from their own experience in using both Chinese and English. 2) This is a typical case of unreasonable inference. The given facts about females and literacy cannot guarantee that his conclusion is true. It can be easily falsified. Let's suppose 51 percent of the population are females, and the literacy rate in the whole population is 52 percent. If the literacy rate for men is higher (for instance 60 percent), it is still very likely that most females are illiterate. 3) They confuse the cause and effect in their reasoning process. The inhabitants discovered that the body parasites left him whenever an individual had a fever, and concluded that the parasites kept them healthy. But they ignored another possibility that the parasites caused some disease with a fever, and the rise in body temperature made them leave the human body. In fact, the latter explanation is the real reason for the phenomenon. 【原文】 If we observe the actions of men, whether as individuals or as groups, and whether scientists or non-scientists, we find that they frequently fall into avoidable errors because of a failure to reason correctly. There are many reasons for this, though only a few can be dealt with here. The first difficulty is related to the use of words. It frequently happens that what one person means when he uses a certain word is different from what others mean. Consider, for example, the words intelligence, oxygen, accurate and average. In intelligence we face the problem that a word may not mean only one thing, but many—in this instance a very complicated set of abilities whose number and characteristics are not agreed upon by the specialists who study the phenomenon, and are even less understood by the laymen. In oxygen we have a different problem, for although both a research chemist and a chemical manufacturer identify the word theoretically with the element labeled O, in practice they have different concepts about it. Thus if the researcher performed a delicate experiment, using the manufacturer's oxygen, it might easily be a failure since the so-called oxygen, whether used as a solid, liquid or gas, would almost certainly contain other substances. Hence, another difficulty about words is that they often do not distinguish clearly enough between the several varieties of the "same" thing. Another common error connected with words consists in confusing a word or a name with a fact. The course of scientific progress has been frequently slowed down by1) assuming the existence of something to account for a certain phenomenon, 2) giving the assumed substance a name, and 3) implying that the phenomenon has been satisfactorily accounted for. Apart from the misuse of words, mistakes in logic can occur. Thus an example is recorded of a young sociologist, investigating literacy in a certain community, who discovered from the official records that over 50 percent of the population were females. Later, he found that approximately 70 percent of the population were literate. When he had obtained this data he summed it up and drew conclusions as follow: Most of the population are females; Most of the population are literate; Therefore, most females are literate. This was, of course, an unreasonable inference, as the investigator himself realized as soon as he had re-examined his chain of reasoning more carefully. Another mistake is to confuse cause and effect. This may easily occur at the beginning of an investigation, but if it remains uncorrected it can be considered as primarily a by-product of insufficient experimentation. To illustrate this, the following case can be quoted. The inhabitants of a certain community had noted over the ages that whenever an individual became ill with a fever, the body parasites left him. They therefore made the correlation that the parasites kept the body healthy. Later, however, properly-controlled scientific investigation showed that the reverse was true: In fact thy parasites transmitted several kinds of fever, and then left the sick people when the latter’s bodies became too hot to live on. Task 9: 【原文】 So let us be in no doubt about what we are witnessing today: a revolution in medical science whose implications far surpass even the discovery of antibiotics, the first the great technological triumph of the 21st century. And ever so often in the history of human endeavor, there comes a breakthrough that takes humankind across a frontier and into a new era. Nothing better demonstrates the way technology and science are driving us, fast-forwarding us all into the future. But with the power of this discovery comes, of course, the responsibility to use it wisely. As with the greatest scientific achievements, the ethical and the moral questions raised by this astonishing breakthrough are profound. We, all of us, share a duty to ensure that the common property of the human genome is used freely for the common good of the whole human race; to ensure that the own creator information now at our disposal is used to transform medicine, not abused to make man his own creator, or invade individual privacy. They underline the extraordinary scale of economic, technological, scientific change that sweeps across the modern world.