现在分词和过去分词

学大教育现在分词和过去分词1042016 现在分词(present participle)(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ,是分词的一种,分词又分为现在分词和过去分词,它们都是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语, 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语,补语和状语),并且它们具有动词的性质,所以又是类动词的一种。 一、现在分词的两个基本特点: 1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如: a developing country. 一个发展中的国家,boiling water 沸水, a developed country 一个发达国家,boiled water 白开水, 2. 在语态上表示主动。例如: the ruling class 统治阶级,the exploiting class 剥削阶级。 the ruled class 被统治阶级,the exploited class 被剥削阶级) 二、构成形式和时态与语态 主动被动 一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done 三、否定式: 所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not 四、现在分词的时态:现在分词本身不能表示具体的时间概念,其动作发生的时间只能是相对于谓语动作发生时间相对而言的。这一点和不定式用法相同。 a) 现在分词的一般式:doing 表示分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。或是谓语动作发生时,分词的动作正在发生过程中。 she smelt something burning.(smelt发生在burning的过程中。)她闻到有东西烧焦了。 she sat on the chair, reading a novel. b)现在分词的完成式:having done。表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。 Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest. Not having received his letter, we all felt worried. 五、现在分词的语态: 现在分词用主动还是被动,决定于它的逻辑主语。如果现在分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者,用主动。反之,用被动。 Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV. I knew the man sitting under the tree. (the man是sitting的逻辑主语,而且是分词动作的执行者,故分词用主动。) I found the car being washed. 六、现在分词的逻辑主语: a)如果分词在句子作定语,其逻辑主语就是被修饰的名词。 1 / 6 a running boy=a boy who is running b)如果分词在句子作表语,其逻辑主语通常就是句中的主语。 The story was interesting. The match is exciting. c)如果分词在句子作宾语补语,其逻辑主语就是句中的宾语。 He kept the boy singing. I found his playing on the playground. d)如果分词在句中作状语,其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。 Walking on the road, he was whistling.他一边走路,一边吹着口哨。 His uncle died, leaving him a lot of money. 注意:分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主语不是句子的主语。此时,分词需要自带逻辑主语。其形式为“名词/代词+现在分词”,构成独立分词结构。也可在名词前加上介词with或without。(With)His wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living room. e)有一类分词短语,没有自带的逻辑主语,句中也没有它的逻辑主语。通常是表示说话人的态度或看法的。即现在分词作“评注性状语”。 Generally speaking, he is a good student. 常常这样用的分词短语有: talking of...谈到。。。considering...考虑到。。。 judging form...根据。。判断roughly speaking大致说来 strictly speaking严格的说frankly speaking坦白说来 generally speaking一般说来 broadly speaking泛泛地说 allowing for考虑到honestly speaking老实说 七、作表语:-ing分词作表语多和系动词be连用。 ①-ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如: Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。 The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 是了解人民的需要。 ②-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如: This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 八、作定语 1)放在名词前(单个现在分词): an exciting film (名词为物,分词揭示名词的本质特征) burning forests (名词为物,分词表示名词动作的主动进行或发出) an inspiring leader (名词为人,分词揭示名词的本质特征) working peasants (名词为人,分词表示名词的动作的主动性,进行性或发出) 2)放在名词后(现在分词短语):the girl reading in the classroom. 注意:某些现在分词作定语时,已不再表示动作,已经从分词变为了形容词词性。如:an interesting story,an exciting match。这些也可以属于现在分词作定语,但是不能转化为相应的定语从句。但是可以有三级变化(原级、比较级、最高级)和被某些副词如very修饰。 九、作宾语补语 只有两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补 1)感官动词或心理状态的动词:see,hear,watch,feel,notice,observe,find,listen to,look at 2)表示致使意义的动词:make, have,get,catch,leave,keep, let 注意:但是并不代表这些动词后的宾补形式都要用现在分词(有些后面可以加不带to的不定式作宾补) I saw him singing now. I saw him sing in the house. 注意:宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者。 十、作状语 分词作状语时的逻辑主语(即分词动作的发出者)一般要与句中主语保持一致。若逻辑主语和分词动作之间为主动,用主动。反之,用被动。 a) 作时间状语 Walking in the street,I saw him.当我在街上走时,我看到他了. 可以转化为一个时间状语从句: When/While I was walking in the street,I saw him. 注意:当我要强调正在进行的动作时,我们可以在分词前面加上when/while .(其实这是省略了从句中的i was,因为从句的主语和主句一致)。 如果句子为: When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 当他走在街上,我看到他了。 这里,由于从句主语和主句主语不一致,故不可省略。 b)作条件状语 Working hard,you will succeed. (只要)努力工作,你就会成功。 可以转换为if引导的状语从句。即:If you work hard, you will succeed. c)作原因状语 Being ill,she stayed at home. (因为)生病,她留在家里 这句可以转换为相应的原因状语从句:Because/As she was ill, she stayed at home. d)作让步状语 Having failed many times,he didn't lose heart. 有很多次失败,他没有灰心。 =Although he had failed many times, he didn't lose heart. e)作结果状语 His friend died,leaving tom a lot of money, 他的朋友死了,(所以)给汤姆留了很多钱。 =His friend died, so he left tom a lot of money. f)作方式状语 Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题 g)作伴随状语,表示现在分词的动作正在进行中。 He sat on the chair, singing songs. They left the shop, satisfied. The worked for a whole day, exhausted. They watching TV in the living room, I was cooking in the kitchen. 十一、独立主格结构 she said nothing , tears running /coming /rolling down her cheeks.(伴随) He guiding her, they go through the forest.(方式) Weather permitting , we will have the match tomorrow.(条件) The holidays being over, they began their study again.(时间) So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Peter stood there, his eyes never leaving the white hat. 十二、with +独立主格结构 She got to sleep , with the light still burning. The story is about a girl searching for treasure. We have got tall , with the tree growing tall , too. With Mr Brown taking the lead, they decided to set up a trading company. He didn’t go to school , with his mother being ill. I played under a big tree, with my father working in the fields. 1.分词的定义 动词的-ed分词即过去分词,是由动词的过去分词构成,一般只有一种形式。 2. 过去分词的语法作用:‘ 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质,另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词,在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。 1) 过去分词作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如: Don’t touch the glass because it is broken.不要碰那个杯子,它是坏的。 She is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 2) 过去分词做定语:’ 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面,相当于一个定语从句。如: The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。 We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。 过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面,相当于一个定语从句。如: Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗? The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。 过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语,前后用逗号隔开。如: The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 这些 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 是鲁迅写的,受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。 The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功,共有一千个学生出席了。 3) 过去分词做状语: 过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样,也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。 ①表时间,相当于一个时间状语从句,有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如: Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看,这个城市就像一个大花园。 Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party. 入党以后,他决定献身于党的事业。 ②表原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:’ Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other. 激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了,停止了争吵。 Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞,年轻人决定起来从事斗争。 ③表条件,相当于一个条件状语从句,有时过去分词前可用if等词。如: Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会,他会做得更好。 Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English. 和你哥哥相比,你应该更加努力学习英语。 If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热,会变成水蒸气。 ④表让步,相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如: Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽,他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。 Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑,他还是继续他的研究。 ⑤表方式或伴随情况。如: The old man went into the room, supported by his wife. 那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。 Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。 4) 过去分词作补足语: 过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语,用作宾语补语。如:’ When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿? When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard. 当你在作报告时,你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。 继续阅读