初中语文语法知识大全

初中语文 初中语文基础知识资料初中语文最新课程标准初中语文写作技巧ppt中考满分作文写作技巧初中语文教师资格证 语法知识大全 语文语法基础知识 1、词类:有实词与虚词两大类。 (1)实词:表示实在的意义，能够作短语或句子的成分能够独立成句。 虚词:一般不表示实在的意义，不作短语或句子的成分(只有副词例外)，它们的基本用途是表示语法关系。 A、名词:表示人和事物名称的词。表示人的名称，如同志、作家;表示具体事物，河流、高山;表示抽象事物，如政治、科学;表示时间名称，上午、夏天;表示处所名称:上海、中国;表示方位名称:上、下(简称方位词) 名词的语法特点:?表示人称的名词，可以在后头加“们”表示多数?方位词常用在其他名词后头，组成表示处所、范围或时间的方位短语?名词一般不受副词修饰。 B、动词:是表示动作行为、发展变化、心理活动等意义的词。 表示动作、行为:坐、听;表示存现、消失或发展变化:有、发生;表示心理活动:爱、恨;表示使令:叫、让;表示可能、意愿(能愿动词):能、会;表示趋向(趋向动词):来、去;表示判断(判断词):是。 动词的语法特点:?动词一般受副词“不”的修饰。?动词后面可以带“着、了、过”，表示动态。?一部分动词可以重叠，表示时间短暂或尝试的意思。?判断词“是”主要是联结句子的主语和宾语。?能愿动词后面不能跟名词，能愿动词可以和后面的动词一起作谓语中心语，也可以单独作谓语中心语。?趋向动词可以单独作谓语中心语，也可以在谓语中心语后面作补语。 C、形容词:是表示事物的形状、性质、状态的词。 表示事物形状的:高、矮;表示事物性质的:漂亮、结实;表示事物状态的:快、慢; of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical 形容词的语法特点:?一部分形容词可以用重叠形式来加强语义。?大多数形容词可以受副词“很”修饰。 D、数词:是表示数目的词。 表确数(表示分数，整数和倍数);表概数:几、许多;表序数:第一、老三;数词的语法特点:?数目增加，可以用分数表示，也可以用倍数表示?数目减少，只能用分数，不能用倍数。 E、量词:是表示事物和动作、行为单位的词。表示事物单位的量词叫数量词。表示动作、行为单位的量词叫动量词。表示事物单位的:个、只;表示动作、行为单位的:次、回，有时也借用某些名词来表示，如:脚、年; 量词的语法特点:?量词经常和数词连用，组成数量短语，也称为数量启数量词。?表示物量的数量词常用在名词的前面。?表示动量的数量词数量词常用在动词的后面。 F、代词:起代替或指示作用的词。 代词分为人称代词、疑问代词、指示代词三类。代词的语法特点:?第二人称的敬称“您”不用于复数，如果需要表示复数，就用“您几位”“您诸位”?第三人称复数代词“他们”可专指男性，也可兼指男性和女性，“她们”则专指女性?注意“我们”和“咱们”用法的区别。“我们”指说话人，有时也可以包括听话人;“咱们”一定包括说话人和听话人?指示代词“那”用于远指，“这”用于近指?代词用得不恰当，指代不明，可造成病句。 G、副词:一般用在动词、形容词前边，表示行为、动作或性质、状态的程度、范围、时间、频率、情势、语气等。 表示范围:都、全;表示语气:可、倒;表示否定:不、没;表示时间:刚、恰好;表示程度:很、极;表示情势:仿佛、渐渐。 of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical 副词的语法特点:?副词主要用来修饰、限制动词或形容词，在动词、形容词前面作状语。?副词有时用在形容词后面，补充说明程度、结果，作补语。?副词不能修饰名词、代词。 H、连词:是用来连接词、短语或句子的词。一般连词:和、与、并、或、及;关联词:主要用来连接复句中的分句或句群中的句子。不但 而且、虽然 但是。 语法特点:?一般连词的前后两部分可以调换而基本意思不变。?关联词的主要在复句中进行运用。 I、介词:介词经常用在名词、代词等的前面，和这些词合起来，表示动作、行为、性状的起止、方向、处所、时间、对象、方式、原因、目的、比较等。 常用介词及其用法(顺口溜) 自、从、以、当、为、按照， 由于、对于、为了、到 和、跟、把、比、在、关于 除了、同、对、向、往、朝„„ 用在名词、代词前，组成介宾短语后，修饰、补充“动”“形”要记牢。 J、助词:是附着在实词、短语或句子上面，起辅助作用的词。助词可分三类:结构助词、动态助词、语气助词。结构助词:的、得;动态助词:着、了、过;语气助词:的、了、吗、吧、呢等。 K、叹词:表示感叹、呼唤、应答等声音的词。如啊、嗯等。语法特点:一般独立成句，用逗号或感叹号隔开。 L、拟声词:是摹拟人或事物的声音的词。语法特点:在句子中相当于一个形容词。 of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical (2)、词类的辨别: ?区分名词和非名词，名词前不能加“不”和“很”。?区分形容词和动词，形容词可以用“很”来修饰，动词前不能加“很”(表示心理活动的动词除外)?区分形容词和副词，形容词能修饰名词，前面能加“很”;副词不能修饰名词，前面不能加“很”。?区分连词和介词，前后能互换的是连词，前后不能互换的是介词。?区分动词和介词，作谓语中心语的只能是动词，组成介宾短语修饰、补充动词、形容词的是介词。?区分语气助词和叹词，语气助词一般用在句尾，叹词往往独立成句，一般在句首。?区分介词和副词，介词后面跟名词、代词，副词后面是动词或形容词。 2、短语:是由词和词组合而成的语言单位。 (1)、并列短语:由两个或由两个以上的名词、动词或形容词等并列组成的短语，基本结构有名+名、名+代、代+代、动+动、形+形、数量+数量。特点:?并列短语前后的词性一致。(名词和代词除外)?并列短语两部分之间是平等关系，没有修饰、限制关系。?并列短语中的词一般颠倒过来意思不变。?并列短语中词和词之间可以直接组合，也可以借用虚词组合。 (2)、偏正短语:定义参见课本。基本结构:?中心语是名词时，修饰限制成分是定语，用()表示。有如下结构:形+名、数量+名、名+名、代+名?中心语是动词或形容词时，修饰语是状语，用〔〕表示。有如下结构:形+动、副+动、数量+动、副+形。 (3)、动宾短语:动词后边带上一个受动词支配的词，组成一个短语，这种短语叫做动宾短语。基本结构:动+名、动+代。特点:?动宾短语前边的动词直接支配后边的名词、代词，后边的名词、代词受前边的动词的支配，它们之间of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical 是支配和被支配的关系。?动宾短语中受动词支配的名词、代词，是宾语。?宾语一般在动词后面回答“谁”、“什么”的问题。?使用动词短语时，要注意动词和宾语意义上的配合，否则造成动宾不搭配。 (4)、补充短语:包括动补短语和形补短语两大类。语法特点:?在动词、形容词后面起补充、说明作用的成分是补语，用,,表示。?这类短语的中心语在前，前后两部分是被补充和补充的关系。?补语在动词或形容词后边补充说明怎么样、多久、多少等问题。?有的补语前头常用结构助词“得”。 (5)、主谓短语:定义详见课本。基本结构:名(代)+动、名(代)+形、名(代)+疑问代词、特殊的有:名+名，如今天星期一;名+数量，如纸三张。特点:?主谓短语前边的词表示“谁”或“什么”，后面的词说明前边的词“怎么样”“干什么”或“是什么”。前后两部分是被陈述和陈述的关系。?使用主谓短语加上语气， 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 面上加上标点就是一个单句，表达的意思是完整的。 (6)、介宾短语:由介词和它的宾语构成的短语。基本结构:介词+名词、介词+代词。语法特点:?介宾短语在句子中作为一个整体充当句子成分。?介宾短语在为主中心语前做状语，在谓语中心语后面作补语。?介宾短语有时也做定语，后头必须带“的”。 (7)、“的”字短语:由动词、形容词、动宾短语加上“的”构成。基本结构:动词+的、形容词+的、动宾短语+的。特点:?“的”字短语在句中相当于一个名词。?“的”字短语一般常做主语、宾语。 3、单句: (1)、单句分类:按句子结构分为主谓句和非主谓句;按句子的用途或语气分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical (2)、单句的成分:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。 (3)、分析步骤:第一步，理解句意分主谓，先把句子一分为二，分成主语和谓语，一般是主语在前，谓语在后;第二步，找宾语，有的句子有，有的则没有，动词支配的对象就是宾语;第三步，压缩句子找中心语，中心语是受修饰、补充或能支配宾语的主干成分;第四步，找定、状、补语。定语到主语中心语的前边和宾语中心语的前边去找，状语在谓语中心语前面，补语在谓语中心语后面。 常用分析单句成分的符号见课本。 (4)、句子主干:是指把定语、状语、补语压缩后剩下的部分，即由主语的中心语，谓语的中心语和宾语的中心语组成。摘取句子主干时，谓语中心词前有否定词语(不、没、没有)的句子，要把否定词语放在主干中;碰到中心语是并列短语时，要把整个并列结构摘出来。 4、复句:复句是由两个或几个意义上相关、结构上互不包含的单句形式组成的句子。 (1)、如何区分单、复句:?复句的分句间互不为成分，这是区分单、复句最重要的一点。复句的分句之间结构上互不包含，就是说互相不作句子成分，没有句子成分之间的结构关系，这是复句的本质特征，也是复句和单句的最根本的区别。?不能看只有一个主语就断定不是复句。?凡是一个主语管几个动词，只要中间用逗号或分号表示停顿，又互不做成分，就是复句。?有些关联词既可以用在复句的不同分句中，也可以用在单句中。如:只有热爱工作的人，才能热爱生活。(单句) (2)、复句的类型:主要有并列、递进、选择、转折、因果、假设、条件这几种类型。判断复句关系，关联词很重要，有一个顺口溜把难记的、易混的整理of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical 在一块，请牢记。 “不是”“而是”是并列，“不是”“就是”是选择， “尚且”“何况”是递进，“尽管”配“还”是转折。 “既然”配“就”是因果，“即使”配“也”是假设， “无论”“除非”和“不管”，“只有”“只要”讲条件。 (3)、二重复句:结构上有两个层次的复句。组成主要有三种情况:单句+复句、复句+单句、复句+复句。划分步骤:先看有几个分句，着键是看有几个主谓结构;找准句子的第一层(找的方法:?找统领全句的关联词语。看关联词统领的范围，看关联词覆盖到哪儿。?从分句间的松紧关系看，松的就是第一层?复句中有分号的地方往往是第一层。)总之，要一直分析到所有的分句都是单句为止。 5、修改病句: (1)、句子成分残缺:句子缺少了应该具备的成分，影响了意思的表达，就成了一种结构不完整的病句。常见的成分残缺通常有主语残缺、定语中心语中心语残缺等。 (2)、句子成分搭配不当:主语和谓语的搭配，要注意谓语能不能正确的陈述主语;动词和宾语的搭配，要注意动词表示的动作行为能否支配宾语表示的事物;修饰语和中心语搭配，要注意对中心语的修饰是否合适。 (3)、语序不合理:汉语的各种句子成分的排列次序是比较固定的，如主语在谓语前头，宾语、补语在动词、形容词后头，定语、状语在中心语前头，几个递加的定语、状语也有一定的排列顺序。 (4)、句式杂糅:不同的句式可以表达相同的意思，但每次表达只能使用一种句式。把两种说法，两种句式杂糅在一起，往往会造成结构上的混乱。 of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical (5)、前后表达不一致:在表达上不合情理，前后矛盾或前后不一致，也容易造成病句，前后矛盾大致有两种;一种是用词前后矛盾，同一句内使用了两个含义相反的词语。另一种是前后情况的表达，互相矛盾。 (6)、其他情况:指代不明、误用词类、重复罗嗦、滥用否定词、用词不当。 6、修辞: (1)、常用的修辞方法:比喻(明喻、暗喻、借喻)、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、反复、设问(无疑而问、自问自答)、反问 (2)、句式的变换和选择: ?句子按用途，可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。陈述句是告诉别人一件事;疑问句是询问别人一件事;祈使句是用来要求别人做或不做什么的句子;感叹句是用来表示某种强烈的感情的句子。 ?句式的转换:主动句和被动句的转换、肯定句和否定句的转换。句式转换应注意的问题:A、句式变换，只是换一种说法，换一种句式，不改变句子的原意;B、肯定句变否定句，一种方法是找反义词加“不”，还可以变双重否定句。 of vision Yibin formation in the Center surrounded by, organic dispersion band of bead-space layout structure, as leading development of the city to the East along the Yangtze River. Shi Gu area, lingang new vision to expand, Naxi district to the North, the East open places to expand, Jiang an eastward connection, Ping Shan, radiation to the West; the South Bank area, the minjiang River area, Golden Sands area on a long-term basis in a reasonable space to develop, perfect urban district along the Yangtze River in Yibin "Ribbon multi-center" strategic vision of space frame. Yibin Center City development construction steering extension type extended and connotation type upgrade simultaneously of mode, in Metro construction of while is committed to old city transformation and built district of perfect, through live and industry with to of reasonable layout optimization city structure, improve city traffic operation efficiency; vigorously improved city environment, shaping city features, upgrade city quality, play city of service function, formed has perfect modern service capacity of big city. Construction of urban green space system, promoting the construction of peripheral green space and protection of historical