《礼记·大学》全文(现代文注释)英文对照

大学 the Great Learning 大学之道,在明明德,在亲民,在止于至善。知止而后有定,定而后能静,静而后能安,安而后能虑,虑而后能得。物有本末,事有终始,知所先后,则近道矣。 文的根本宗旨,就是弘扬本性中光明正大的品德,将以身作则使普通的人知道去垢显真的道理,并达到至善完美的境界作为最高的人生目的。只要明确人生目的就能意志坚定;只要意志坚定就能够镇静不乱;只有镇静不乱才能够心平气和;只有心平气和才能够深思远虑;深思远虑必然有所获益。万物都有主干和枝节,万事都有起始和结束。知道那主体与客体的关系,了解那万事万物发展的主次关系、时空顺序、相互联系,这就接近了解“道”的本质了。 What the Great Learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence. The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is then determined; and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to. To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil repose. In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end. Things have their root and their branches. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning. 古之欲明明德于天下者,先治其国;欲治其国者,先齐其家;欲齐其家者,先修其身;欲修其身者,先正其心;欲正其心者,先诚其意;欲诚其意者,先致其知,致知在格物。物格而后知至,知至而后意诚,意诚而后心正,心正而后身修,身修而后家齐,家齐而后国治,国治而后天下平。自天子以至于庶人,壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者否矣,其所厚者薄,而其所薄者厚,未之有也!此谓知本,此谓知之至也。 古往今来的圣贤为了使天下正大光明,往往会先治理好自己的属国;而想治理好自己的属国,往往会先管理好自己的家族;想管理好自己的家族,就必须先竭力提升自己的品行;而提升自己的品行的关键就是使自己的思想摆正;想端正自己的思想,就必须表现出虔敬般真诚;想要表现出虔敬般真诚,就必须获得真正的智识;获得真正的智识的方法,就是观察与研究万事万物并总结出其中的规律;知晓了规律后就自然得到了如何面对纷纭世界的智识;得到了智识就会更加虔敬,虔敬真诚就会成为正人君子;成为正人君子就更注重修身养性;修身养性使品德高尚;品德高尚自然使家族安定;家族安定后管理属国就举重若轻;管理属国就举重若轻后治理天下,天下自然太平。从天子到平民,都是以修身养性为人生的根本,从来没有听说过忽略此根本就将天下治理好的事发生。努力加厚的地方却越来越薄,努力变薄的地方却越来越厚,从来没有发生过这样的事。想做好事但本末倒置,目的明确却不分轻重缓急,这样的结果只能是事与愿违。 The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom, first ordered well their own states. Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons. Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. Things being investigated, knowledge became complete. Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere. Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified. Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated. Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated. Their families being regulated, their states were rightly governed. Their states being rightly governed, the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy. From the Son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all must consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides. It cannot be, when the root is neglected, that what should spring from it will be well ordered. It never has been the case that what was of great importance has been slightly cared for, and, at the same time, that what was of slight importance has been greatly cared for. 所谓诚其意者,毋自欺也,如恶恶臭,如好好色,此之谓自谦,故君子必慎其独也!小人闲居为不善,无所不至,见君子而后厌然,掩其不善,而着其善。人之视己,如见其肺肝然,则何益矣!此谓诚于中,形于外, 故君子必慎其独也。曾子曰:“十目所视,十手所指,其严乎!”富润屋,德润身,心广体胖,故君子必诚其意。 使意念真诚的意思是说,不要自己欺骗自己。要像厌恶腐臭的气味一样,要像喜爱美丽的女人一样,一切都发自内心。所以,品德高尚的人哪怕是在一个人独处的时候,也一定要谨慎。品德低下的人在私下里无恶不作,一见到品德高尚的人便躲躲闪闪,掩盖自己所做的坏事而自吹自擂。殊不知,别人看你自己,就像能看见你的心肺肝脏一样清楚,掩盖有什么用呢?这就叫做内心的真实一定会表现到外表上来。所以,品德高尚的人哪怕是在一个人独处的时候,也一定要谨慎。曾子说:“十只眼睛看着,十只手指着,这难道不令人畏惧吗?!”财富可以装饰房屋,品德却可以修养身心,使心胸宽广而身体舒泰安康。所以,品德高尚的人一定要使自己的意念真诚。 What is meant by "making the thoughts sincere." is the allowing no self-deception, as when we hate a bad smell, and as when we love what is beautiful. This is called self-enjoyment. Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone. There is no evil to which the mean man, dwelling retired, will not proceed, but when he sees a superior man, he instantly tries to disguise himself, concealing his evil, and displaying what is good. The other beholds him, as if he saw his heart and reins;-of what use is his disguise? This is an instance of the saying -"What truly is within will be manifested without." Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone. The disciple Zeng said, "What ten eyes behold, what ten hands point to, is to be regarded with reverence!" Riches adorn a house, and virtue adorns the person. The mind is expanded, and the body is at ease. Therefore, the superior man must make his thoughts sincere. 《诗》云:“瞻彼淇澳,菉竹猗猗。有斐君子,如切如磋,如琢如磨。瑟兮僩兮,赫兮喧兮。有斐君子,终不可諠兮!”“如切如磋”者,道学也;“如琢如磨”者,自修也;“瑟兮僩兮”者,恂栗也;“赫兮喧兮”者,威仪也;“有斐君子,终不可諠兮”者,道盛德至善,民之不能忘也。《诗》云:“於戏!前王不忘。”君子贤其贤而亲其亲,小人乐其乐而利其利,此以没世不忘也。 《诗经》说:“看那弯弯的淇水岸边,翠竹郁郁葱葱。文质彬彬的君子,不断切磋,反复琢磨。他开朗而庄重,仪表堂堂。这样的君子,真是令人难忘!”这里所说的“不断切磋”,是指求道的态度;“反复琢磨”,是指自我修炼的精神;说他“开朗而庄重”,是指他内心谨慎而有所戒惧;说他“仪表堂堂”,是指他非常威严;说“这样一个君子,可真是令人难忘啊!”是指由于他品德非常高尚,达到了最完善的境界,所以使人难以忘怀。《诗经》说:“啊啊,前代的圣君真使人难忘啊!”这是因为明君圣贤能够以前代的圣君王为榜样,尊重其应该尊重的,亲近其应该亲近的,平民百姓也都蒙受恩泽,享受到他们能够享受的,获得其能够获得的。所以虽然前代圣君已经去世,但大家还是不会忘记他。 In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Look at that winding course of the Qi, with the green bamboos so luxuriant! Here is our elegant and accomplished prince! As we cut and then file; as we chisel and then grind: so has he cultivated himself. How grave is he and dignified! How majestic and distinguished! Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten." That expression-"As we cut and then file," the work of learning. "As we chisel and then grind," indicates that of self-culture. "How grave is he and dignified!" indicates the feeling of cautious reverence. "How commanding and distinguished! indicates an awe-inspiring deportment. "Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten," indicates how, when virtue is complete and excellence extreme, the people cannot forget them. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Ah! the former kings are not forgotten." Future princes deem worthy what they deemed worthy, and love what they loved. The common people delight in what delighted them, and are benefited by their beneficial arrangements. It is on this account that the former kings, after they have quitted the world, are not forgotten. 《康诰》曰:“克明德。”《太甲》曰:“顾諟天之明命。”《帝典》曰:“克明峻德。”皆自明也。 《康诰》里说:“弘扬光明的品德。”《太甲》里说:“念念不忘上天赋予的光明禀性。”《帝典》说:“弘扬崇高的品德。”这些都是说要弘扬本性中光明正大的品德。 In the Announcement to Kang, it is said, "He was able to make his virtue illustrious." In the Tai Jia, it is said, "He contemplated and studied the illustrious decrees of Heaven." In the Canon of the emperor (Yao), it is said, "He was able to make illustrious his lofty virtue." These passages all show how those sovereigns made themselves illustrious. 汤之《盘铭》曰:“茍日新,日日新,又日新。”《康诰》曰:“作新民。”《诗》曰:“周虽旧邦,其命惟新。”是故君子无所不用其极。 成汤在《盘铭》铭文:“如果今日能使此盘涣然如新,就应该使它天天涣然如新,并一直保持下去。” 《康诰》里说:“激励世人去垢显新。”《诗经》里说,“周朝之所以能存留到现在,其关键就在于能够时时保持着焕然一新的面貌。”所以君子无处不追求完善以使光明的品质得到彰显。 On the bathing tub of Tang, the following words were engraved: "If you can one day renovate yourself, do so from day to day. Yea, let there be daily renovation." In the Announcement to Kang, it is said, "To stir up the new people." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Although Zhou was an ancient state the ordinance which lighted on it was new." Therefore, the superior man in everything uses his utmost endeavors. 《诗》云:“邦畿千里,惟民所止。”《诗》云:“缗蛮黄鸟,止于丘隅。”子曰:“于止,知其所止,可以人而不如鸟乎?”《诗》云:“穆穆文王,于缉熙敬止!”为人君,止于仁;为人臣,止于敬;为人子,止于孝;为人父,止于慈;与国人交,止于信。 《诗经》里说:“京都周围千里之内,都是百姓向往居住的地方。”《诗经》又说“绵蛮之声的黄鸟,栖息在山丘的一隅。”孔夫子说:“连黄鸟都知道它该栖息在什么地方,难道人还不如一只鸟儿吗?” 《诗经》说:“品德高尚的文王,为人光明磊落,做事庄重谨慎。”做国君的关键是做到仁义;做臣子的关键是做到恭顺;做子女的关键是做到孝顺;做父亲的关键做到慈爱;与周围人交往的关键是讲究信用。 In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "The royal domain of a thousand li is where the people rest." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "The twittering yellow bird rests on a corner of the mound." The Master said, "When it rests, it knows where to rest. Is it possible that a man should not be equal to this bird?" In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Profound was King Wen. With how bright and unceasing a feeling of reverence did he regard his resting places!" As a sovereign, he rested in benevolence. As a minister, he rested in reverence. As a son, he rested in filial piety. As a father, he rested in kindness. In communication with his subjects, he rested in good faith. 子曰:“听讼,吾犹人也,必也使无讼乎!”无情者不得尽其辞,大畏民志。此谓知本。 孔夫子说:“我听取诉讼审理案子,也和别人一样,目的在于使诉讼不再发生。”使隐瞒真实情况的人不敢花言巧语,相互指责,使人心畏服,不敢随便搬弄是非。这就叫知晓了根本。 The Master said, "In hearing litigations, I am like any other body. What is necessary is to cause the people to have no litigations." So, those who are devoid of principle find it impossible to carry out their speeches, and a great awe would be struck into men's minds;-this is called knowing the root. 所谓修身在正其心者:身有所忿懥,则不得其正;有所恐惧,则不得其正;有所好乐,则不得其正;有所忧患,则不得其正。心不在焉,视而不见,听而不闻,食而不知其味。此谓修身在正其心。 所谓提升自己的品行的关键就是使自己的思想摆正,是因为在愤怒、恐惧、偏好、忧患的情况下,心思很难做到端正。心思不端正就会婚不在身:虽然在看却像没有看见;虽然在听却像没有听见;虽然在吃东西却不知道是什么滋味。所以说,要修养自身的品性必须要先端正自己的心思。 What is meant by, "The cultivation of the person depends on rectifying the mind may be thus illustrated:-If a man be under the influence of passion he will be incorrect in his conduct. He will be the same, if he is under the influence of terror, or under the influence of fond regard, or under that of sorrow and distress. When the mind is not present, we look and do not see; we hear and do not understand; we eat and do not know the taste of what we eat. This is what is meant by saying that the cultivation of the person depends on the rectifying of the mind. 所谓齐其家在修其身者:人之其所亲爱而辟焉,之其所贱恶而辟焉,之其所畏敬而辟焉,之其所哀矜而辟 焉,之其所敖惰而辟焉。故好而知其恶,恶而知其美者,天下鲜矣!笔谚有之曰:“人莫知其子之恶,莫知其苗之硕。”此谓身不修不可以齐其家。 What is meant by "The regulation of one's family depends on the cultivation of his person is this:-men are partial where they feel affection and love; partial where they despise and dislike; partial where they stand in awe and reverence; partial where they feel sorrow and compassion; partial where they are arrogant and rude. Thus it is that there are few men in the world who love and at the same time know the bad qualities of the object of their love, or who hate and yet know the excellences of the object of their hatred. Hence it is said, in the common adage,"A man does not know the wickedness of his son; he does not know the richness of his growing corn." This is what is meant by saying that if the person be not cultivated, a man cannot regulate his family. 所谓治国必先齐其家者,其家不可教而能教人者,无之。故君子不出家而成教于国:孝者,所以事君也;弟者,所以事长也;慈者,所以使众也。《康诰》曰:“如保赤子”,心诚求之,虽不中不远矣。未有学养子而后嫁者也!一家仁,一国兴仁;一家让,一国兴让;一人贪戾,一国作乱。其机如此。此谓一言偾事,一人定国。尧、舜率天下以仁,而民从之;桀、纣率天下以暴,而民从之。其所令反其所好,而民不从。是故君子有诸己而后求诸人,无诸己而后非诸人。所藏乎身不恕,而能喻诸人者,未之有也。故治国在齐其家。 《诗》云:“桃之夭夭,其叶蓁蓁;之子于归,宜其家人。”宜其家人,而后可以教国人。《诗》云:“宜兄宜弟。”宜兄宜弟,而后可以教国人。《诗》云:“其仪不忒,正是四国。”其为父子兄弟足法,而后民法之也。此谓治国在齐其家。 所谓想治理好自己的属国必须先管理好自己的家族,是因为不能管教好家人而能管教好别人的人的情况是不存在的。所以君子在家里就受到了治理属国方面的教育:对父母的孝顺可以用于侍奉君主;对兄长的恭敬可以用于侍奉官长;对孩子的慈爱可用于统治民众。《康浩》说:“如同爱护初生婴儿一样。”内心真诚地去追求,即使达不到目标,也不会相差太远。从来没有先学会养孩子再出嫁的人!一家仁爱一国也会兴起仁爱风气;一家礼让一国也会兴起礼让风气;一人贪婪暴戾一国就会犯上作乱,其联系就是这样紧密。这就叫一句话就会坏事,一个人就能安邦治国。尧舜用仁爱统治天下,百姓就跟着仁爱;桀纣用凶暴统治天下,百姓就跟着凶暴。统治者的命令与自己的实际想法相反,百姓是不会服从的。所以,君子总是自己先做到,然后才要求别人做到;自己先不这样做,然后才要求别人不这样做。不采取这种推己及人的恕道而想让别人按自己的想法去做,那是不现实的。所以想要治理属国必须先管理好自己的家族。让全家人都和睦,然后才能作到让一国的人都和睦。 《诗经》说:“桃花艳美,树叶茂密,姑娘出嫁了,让全家人都和睦。”让全家人都和睦,然后才能作到让一国的人都和睦。《诗经》说:“兄弟和睦。”兄弟和睦了,然后才能够让一国的人都和睦。《诗经》说:“仪表堂堂,成为周围之国的表率。”当一个人无论是作为父亲、儿子,还是兄弟时都值得人效法时,大家才会去效法他。这就是要治理属国必须先管理好家族的道理。 What is meant by "In order rightly to govern the state, it is necessary first to regulate the family," is this: It is not possible for one to teach others, while he cannot teach his own family. Therefore, the ruler, without going beyond his family, completes the lessons for the state. There is filial piety - therewith the sovereign should be served. There is fraternal submission - therewith elders and superiors should be served. There is kindness - therewith the multitude should be treated. In the Announcement to Kang, it is said, "Act as if you were watching over an infant." If a mother is really anxious about it, though she may not hit exactly the wants of her infant, she will not be far from doing so. There never has been a girl who learned to bring up a child, that she might afterwards marry. From the loving example of one family a whole state becomes loving, and from its courtesies the whole state becomes courteous while, from the ambition and perverseness of the One man, the whole state may be led to rebellious disorder;-such is the nature of the influence. This verifies the saying, "Affairs may be ruined by a single sentence; a kingdom may be settled by its One man." Yao and Shun led on the kingdom with benevolence and the people followed them. Chieh and Chau led on the kingdom with violence, and people followed them. The orders which these issued were contrary to the practices which they loved, and so the people did not follow them. On this account, the ruler must himself be possessed of the good qualities, and then he may require them in the people. He must not have the bad qualities in himself, and then he may require that they shall not be in the people. Never has there been a man, who, not having reference to his own character and wishes in dealing with others, was able effectually to instruct them. Thus we see how the government of the state depends on the regulation of the family. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "That peach tree, so delicate and elegant! How luxuriant is its foliage! This girl is going to her husband's house. She will rightly order her household." Let the household be rightly ordered, and then the people of the state may be taught. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "They can discharge their duties to their elder brothers. They can discharge their duties to their younger brothers." Let the ruler discharge his duties to his elder and younger brothers, and then he may teach the people of the state. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "In his deportment there is nothing wrong; he rectifies all the people of the state." Yes; when the ruler, as a father, a son, and a brother, is a model, then the people imitate him. This is what is meant by saying, "The government of his kingdom depends on his regulation of the family." 所谓平天下在治其国者:上老老而民兴孝,上长长而民兴弟,上恤孤而民不倍,是以君子有絜矩之道也。所恶于上,毋以使下;所恶于下,毋以事上;所恶于前,毋以先后;所恶于后,毋以从前;所恶于右,毋以交于左;所恶于左,毋以交于右。此之谓絜矩之道。《诗》云:“乐只君子,民之父母。”民之所好好之,民之所恶恶之,此之谓民之父母。《诗》云:“节彼南山,维石岩岩。赫赫师尹,民具尔瞻。”有国者不可以不慎,辟则为天下戮矣。 所谓为使天下正大光明必须会先治理好自己的属国,在上位的人尊敬老人,百姓就会很注重孝道;在上位的人尊重长辈,百姓就会注重悌道;在上位的人体恤救济孤寡,百姓也会同样跟着去做。所以君子总是实行以身作则,推已及人的“絜矩之道”。不喜上级对自己的言行,就不要对下属做;不喜下属对自己的言行,就不要对上级做;前面的人的言行让自己不快,不让后面的人从自己这里再感受到;后面的人让的言行自己不快,不让前面的人从自己这里再感受到;右面的人的言行让自己不快,不让左面的人从自己这里再感受到;左面的人的言行让自己不快,不让右面的人从自己这里再感受到,这就叫挈矩之道。《诗经》里说:“使人心悦诚服的君子,好比民众的父母。”百姓喜欢的他也喜欢,百姓厌恶的他也厌恶,这样的君子就可以说是百姓的父母了。《诗经》里说:“巍峨的南山,岩石高耸。显赫的太师尹,百姓都仰望你。”统治国家的人不可不谨慎。稍有偏颇,就会被天下人抛弃。 What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this: When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become final; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same. Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct. What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill, with its rugged masses of rocks! Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful. If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom. 《诗》云:“殷之未丧师,克配上帝。仪监于殷,峻命不易。”道得众则得国,失众则失国。是故君子先慎乎德。有德此有人,有人此有土,有土此有财,有财此有用。德者本也,财者末也,外本内末,争民施夺。是故财聚则民散,财散刖民聚。是故言悖而出者,亦悖而入;货悖而入者,亦悖而出。《康诰》曰:“惟命不于常!”道善则得之,不善则失之矣。《楚书》曰:“楚国无以为宝,惟善以为宝。”舅犯曰:“亡人无以为宝,仁亲以为 宝。” 《诗经》说:“殷商没有丧失民心的时候,还是能够与上天的要求相符。请用殷商作个鉴戒吧,守住天命并不是一件容易的事。”这就是说,得到民心就能得到国家,失去民心就会失去国家。所以君子首先谨慎修养自己的品行。有德行才会有人拥护,有人拥护才能保有土地,有土地才会有财富,有财富才能满足日常使用。德是主干,财是枝末。若把主干当成了外在的东西,却把枝末当成了生存的根本,那就会和百姓争夺利益。所以,君王聚财敛货,民心就会失散;君王散财于民,民心就会聚在一起。人若说话不合常礼,言辞荒谬言论,那恶果必然会回到他自身;人若通过不当手法积攒不义财富,他的财富必然会不明不白地失去。《康浩》里说:“上天的眷顾是不会始终如一的。”这就是说,行善便会得到天佑,行恶便会失去天佑。《楚书》里说:“楚国没有什么珍宝,只是把善行当作珍宝。”舅犯说,“流亡的人没有什么珍宝,只是把仁爱的亲友当作珍宝。” In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Before the sovereigns of the Yin dynasty had lost the hearts of the people, they could appear before God. Take warning from the house of Yin. The great decree is not easily preserved." This shows that, by gaining the people, the kingdom is gained, and, by losing the people, the kingdom is lost. On this account, the ruler will first take pains about his own virtue. Possessing virtue will give him the people. Possessing the people will give the territory. Possessing the territory will give him its wealth. Possessing the wealth, he will have resources for expenditure. Virtue is the root; wealth is the result. If he make the root his secondary object, and the result his primary, he will only wrangle with his people, and teach them rapine. Hence, the accumulation of wealth is the way to scatter the people; and the letting it be scattered among them is the way to collect the people. And hence, the ruler's words going forth contrary to right, will come back to him in the same way, and wealth, gotten by improper ways, will take its departure by the same. In the Announcement to Kang, it is said, "The decree indeed may not always rest on us"; that is, goodness obtains the decree, and the want of goodness loses it. In the Book of Chu, it is said, "The kingdom of Chu does not consider that to be valuable. It values, instead, its good men." Duke Wen's uncle, Fan, said, "Our fugitive does not account that to be precious. What he considers precious is the affection due to his parent." 《秦誓》曰:“若有一介臣,断断兮无他技,其心休休焉,其如有容焉。人之有技,若己有之;人之彦圣,其心好之,不啻若自其口出。实能容之,以能保我子孙黎民,尚亦有利哉!人之有技,媢嫉以恶之;人之彦圣,而违之俾不通。实不能容,以不能保我子孙黎民,亦曰殆哉!”唯仁人放流之,迸诸四夷,不与同中国,此谓唯仁人为能爱人,能恶人。见贤而不能举,举而不能先,命也;见不善而不能退,退而不能远,过也。好人之所恶,恶人之所好,是谓拂人之性,灾必逮夫身。是故君子有大道,必忠信以得之,骄泰以失之。 《秦誓》里说:“如果有这样一位大臣,为人诚朴,虽没有什么特别的本领,但心胸宽广,有容人的肚量。看到别人有才能就高兴,如同自己拥有一样;听到别人提出好的建议,心中就喜欢,如同自己说出的一样;那么这就是一个宽厚的人,这样的人一定能够保护我的子孙和百姓,并为他们造福。相反,如果别人有能力,他就妒嫉厌恶;别人德才兼备,他便想法压制排挤。这种人不仅不能保护我的子孙和百姓,而且可以说是个危险人物!”因此圣君会把这种嫉贤妒能的人流放,并驱逐到边远的夷蛮之地去,以便维护中国的原则。这就是说只有圣贤真正懂得如何明辨是非、区分善恶。发现贤达而不选拔,选拔而不重用,这是轻慢;发现奸恶而不罢免,罢免而不驱逐,这是过错。喜欢众人所厌恶的,厌恶众人所喜欢的,这是违背人性,灾难必定要落到自己身上。所以,做圣国的正确的途径:忠诚信义,便会获得一切;骄奢放纵,便会失去一切。 In the Declaration of the Duke of Qin, it is said, "Let me have but one minister, plain and sincere, not pretending to other abilities, but with a simple, upright, mind; and possessed of generosity, regarding the talents of others as though he himself possessed them, and, where he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, loving them in his heart more than his mouth expresses, and really showing himself able to bear them and employ them:-such a minister will be able to preserve my sons and grandsons and black-haired people, and benefits likewise to the kingdom may well be looked for from him. But if it be his character, when he finds men of ability, to be jealous and hate them; and, when he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, to oppose them and not allow their advancement, showing himself really not able to bear them: such a minister will not be able to protect my sons and grandsons and people; and may he not also be pronounced dangerous to the state?" It is only the truly virtuous man who can send away such a man and banish him, driving him out among the barbarous tribes around, determined not to dwell along with him in the Middle Kingdom. This is in accordance with the saying, "It is only the truly virtuous man who can love or who can hate others." To see men of worth and not be able to raise them to office; to raise them to office, but not to do so quickly:-this is disrespectful. To see bad men and not be able to remove them; to remove them, but not to do so to a distance:-this is weakness. To love those whom men hate, and to hate those whom men love;-this is to outrage the natural feeling of men. Calamities cannot fail to come down on him who does so. Thus we see that the sovereign has a great course to pursue. He must show entire self-devotion and sincerity to attain it, and by pride and extravagance he will fail of it. 生财有大道。生之者众,食之者寡,为之者疾,用之者舒,则财恒足矣。仁者以财发身,不仁者以身发财。未有上好仁而下不好义者也,未有好义其事不终者也,未有府库财非其财者也。 生产财富的根本,就是生产者众多,消费者减少;生产者勤奋,消费者节省;财富自然就会保持充足状态。仁爱的人仗义疏财以修养自身的德行,不义的人不惜以生命为代价去敛聚钱财。从来没有上位的人好仁,而下位的人不好忠义的;从来没有好义而事业半途而废的;从来没有国库里的财物不是属于君王的。 There is a great course also for the production of wealth. Let the producers be many and the consumers few. Let there be activity in the production, and economy in the expenditure. Then the wealth will always be sufficient. The virtuous ruler, by means of his wealth, makes himself more distinguished. The vicious ruler accumulates wealth, at the expense of his life. Never has there been a case of the sovereign loving benevolence, and the people not loving righteousness. Never has there been a case where the people have loved righteousness, and the affairs of the sovereign have not been carried to completion. And never has there been a case where the wealth in such a state, collected in the treasuries and arsenals, did not continue in the sovereign's possession. 孟献子曰:“畜马乘,不察于鸡豚;伐冰之家,不畜牛羊;百乘之家,不畜聚敛之臣。与其有聚敛之臣,宁有盗臣。”此谓国不以利为利,以义为利也。长国家而务财用者,必自小人矣。彼为善之,小人之使为国家,灾害并至。虽有善者,亦无如之何矣!此谓国不以利为利,以义为利也。 孟献子说:“四匹马拉车的士大夫之家,不需要再关心养鸡养猪的事;祭祀用冰的卿大夫家,就不要再关心养牛养羊的事;拥有百辆兵车的诸侯之家,就不要去设置搜刮民财的家臣。设置这种聚敛之臣,比有偷窃自己财富的家臣还糟糕。”这就是说管理国家不应以利益为中心,而应该以仁义为宗旨。声称为了国家的强大应该聚敛财富的人,一定是小人。如果看好他们的观点,让他们来管理国家大事,天灾人祸就要降临。到那时即使有贤德的大臣,也无力挽救那结局。因此说,管理国家不应以利益为中心,而应该以仁义为宗旨。 The officer Meng Xian said, "He who keeps horses and a carriage does not look after fowls and pigs. The family which keeps its stores of ice does not rear cattle or sheep. So, the house which possesses a hundred chariots should not keep a minister to look out for imposts that he may lay them on the people. Than to have such a minister, it were better for that house to have one who should rob it of its revenues." This is in accordance with the saying:-"In a state, pecuniary gain is not to be considered to be prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness." When he who presides over a state or a family makes his revenues his chief business, he must be under the influence of some small, mean man. He may consider this man to be good; but when such a person is employed in the administration of a state or family, calamities from Heaven, and injuries from men, will befall it together, and, though a good man may take his place, he will not be able to remedy the evil. This illustrates again the saying, "In a state, gain is not to be considered prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness." 整理:辣思特 博客:blog.sina.com.cn/last