基于单片机的智能水表的设计外文翻译、中英对照、英汉互译

基于单片机的智能水表的设计外文 翻译 阿房宫赋翻译下载德汉翻译pdf阿房宫赋翻译下载阿房宫赋翻译下载翻译理论.doc 、中英对照、英汉互译 核准通过，归档资料。 未经允许，请勿外传～ 核准通过，归档资料。 未经允许，请勿外传～ 题 目 基于单片机智能水表的设计 学生姓名 专业班级 09 电子科学与技术3班 学 号 指导教师(职称) 郑州科技学院电气工程学院 二?一三年五月 外文翻译 外文翻译 原文: Based on single chip microcomputer intelligent water meter design 一、Single-chip microcomputer 1.Singlechip application Singlechip application domain Singlechip widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualized management and process control, may divide the following several categories approximately: ? On intelligent instrument measuring appliance application Singlechip has the volume small, the power loss low, the control function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the union different type sensor, may realize such as physical quantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure survey. Uses singlechip control to cause the instrument measuring appliance digitization, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, also the function compares uses the electron or the digital circuit is more formidable. For example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer). ?. In industry control application May constitute the various formats control system, the data acquisition system with singlechip. For example the factory assembly line intellectualized management, the elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on. 1 外文翻译 ?.In domestic electric appliances application May say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used singlechip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipments from the electricity food, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent. ?.In computer network and correspondence domain application Of the modern singlechip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication,for provided the extremely good physical conditions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communication facility basically has all realized singlechip intelligence control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the train wireless correspondence, again the mobile phone which everywhere to the routine work in, the colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on. ?.Singlechip in medical equipment domain application Singlechip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on. In addition, singlechip in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national defense aerospace all has the extremely widespread use. 2.Singlechip development tendency Now may say singlechip was all flowers blooms together, the time which hundred school of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own singlechip, from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable, had everything expected to find, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also had not not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplementarily, provided the broad world for singlechip application. Looks over singlechip developing process, may indicate singlechip development tendency, has approximately: ? Low power loss CMOS The MCS-51 series 8,031 promotes when the power 2 外文翻译 loss reaches 630mW, but the present singlechip all about 100mW, along with more and more is generally low to singlechip power loss request, the present each singlechip manufacturer basic has all used CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor craft). Looked like 80C51 to use HMOS (namely high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft) and CHMOS (supplementary high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft). CMOS although power loss low, but because its physical characteristic decides its working speed insufficiently high, but CHMOS then had has been high speed and the low power loss characteristic, these characteristics, suited in are requesting the low power loss likely battery power supply the application situation. Therefore this kind of craft will be the main way which the next section of times singlechip will develop. ? Miniature monolithic Now the conventional singlechip all is generally the central processor (CPU), the random access data storage (RAM), the read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and the serial communication connection, the interruption system, the timing circuit, the clock electric circuit integration on together the sole chip, the enlargement mode singlechip integrated like A/The D switch, PMW (pulse-duration modulation electric circuit), WDT (watch-dog), some singlechips (liquid crystal) actuate LCD the electric circuit all to integrate on the sole chip, such singlechip contains unit electric circuit more, the function is more formidable. Even singlechip merchant also may act according to the user requiremnet the body custom make, makes has oneself characteristic singlechip chip. In addition, present product universal demand volume small, weight light, this requests singlechip strong and the power loss is low besides the function, but also requests its volume to have to be small. Present many singlechips all have the many kinds of seals form, SMD (superficial seal) more and more receives welcome, to enable the system which constitutes by singlechip towards the microminiaturized direction to develop. ?.Mainstream and multi- varieties coexistence Now although singlechip variety is many, unique, but still as the core singlechip occupies the mainstream take 80C51, the compatible its structure and the command system have PHILIPS 3 外文翻译 Corporation the product, the ATMEL Corporation's product and the Chinese Taiwan's Winbond series singlechip. Therefore C8051 was the core singlechip occupied the half of the country. But Microchip Corporation's PIC simplified the set of instructions (RISC) also to have the strong development tendency, the Chinese Taiwan's HOLTEK Corporation recent years singlechip output grows day by day, if the low price nature superior superiority, occupied a certain market minute volume. In addition also has MOTOROLA Corporation the product, the Japaneseseveral big companies' special-purpose singlechips. In the certain time, this kind of situation will be able to continue, will not have the monopoly aspect which some singlechip unified, will walk will be depends on for existence supplementarily, will complement one another, the communal development path. 二、intelligent water meter design Long-term since, our country residence water meter are arranged on the indoor kitchen or toilet water concentration, the water more and scattered residences, sometimes even a indoor set more than one meter. In recent years, water meter is arranged on the indoor and caused many problems cause the attention of people increasingly: Home meter reading disturbs people 's normal life and may lead to residential burglary, privacy and safety not guaranteed: management of meter reading meter reading is not easy and large labor intensity: individual user steals water management departments to prevent and punish and so on. Because of these problems, water production has become an inevitable choice. Therefore, the newly revised national standard ( code for design of building water supply" GBJ15--88article 2.5.8: residential building should be installed in household water meter, household water meter or household water meter digital display should be located outdoors. Meter households generally have the following ways: Household water meter concentrated in the roof ( water supply ) or the underlying space ( water supply ). This mode is often used for multi-stormy residential. In general a unit provided with a ladder of water meter water meter well ( box ), household water pipe along the interior tube or building wall into the indoor. The utility model has the 4 外文翻译 advantages of convenient reading; reading, low labor intensity of workers, can avoid users water behavior. Disadvantages are: material consumption, head loss of pipeline, occupying larger space pipeline well, such as a wall is easy to affect the appearance of the building, the user branches not easy maintenance. Meter is arranged on the stair landing platform. Vertical water supply pipe is arranged on the platform, each provided with a water tank; the water meter box embedded platform resting on both sides of the wall. The utility model has the advantages of: user branches short, saving material, low head loss of pipeline, the shortcoming is: water dispersed settings, meter reading personnel of great labor intensity; usually indoor fire hydrant box is installed on a platform, so that the already crowded rest platform more cramped, traffic inconvenience to the residents.Each layer is Meter centralized meter room, household water meter on the wall. The utility model has the advantages of the same with B, the disadvantages are: household pipeline must follow the public walkway under floor into interior and corridors, ceiling requirements. Will be the traditional ordinary mechanical water meter changes for telemetering water meter or IC card intelligent water meter. Remote water meter accurate calculation without reading, this form must be a deposit a certain amount of water, will recharge after insertion of the IC card water meter reading can be water. Because the remote water meter and IC card table relatively expensive and technically still exist certain problems, hence in practice has not been widely applied. Above a few kinds of water-meter, each has its advantages and disadvantages, concrete in practical engineering design in which way, by the design staff according to residential properties, grades and local industry management department requirement.1.2water supply pipe arrangement and laying. At present, to build the house in one hutch two defend very general already, even with some houses one hutch three defend one hutch four defend, kitchen, toilet, the balcony, and each water using point locations are more dispersed. User branches to water points along the interior floor pipeline such as hanging, inevitable requirement set indoor ceiling, wall should also have the anti-condensation measures to bring inconvenience, household decoration, after all, not all tenants wanted to ceiling. ( the building water supply and drainage design specification ) GB15 2000(manuscript ) as 5 外文翻译 specified in article 3.6.18, water supply pipe should be laid in the floor ( ground ) surface of the leveling layer or along the wall laying pipe groove, laying the leveling layer or the tube groove water supplying pipe outside diameter is less than 25mm. In fact, if connected to two or more than two water points, water supply branch pipe are connected together in series, the pipe diameter is more than 25mm. Therefore, in order to meet the specification requirements, water supply branch door after access water separator, a water segregator dark kitchen or bathroom wall, through the diversion device connected to each water using point branch pipe diameter can be controlled under 25mm. But it should be noted: a leveling layer water supply pipe after completion of construction, should be in the position to do the obvious markers, lest the household decoration, destruction of water supply pipeline. Skyscraper water gauge the open air set up following severa ?kinds of forms: Whether 1.adopt far it pass by water gauge Change the ordinary water gauge into and pass the water gauge far, is joined the water gauge and data gathering machine by a signal line, And then reach intelligence to manage( the computer). Its merit lies in saving a large amount of people Strength comes to check meter, the data are accurate, the shortcoming is that the fabrication cost is high. Whether ?adopt magnetic stripe card of by water gauge Users buy the electronic card of the running water Company in advance , then insert it in the storing device of the water gauge, Card amount of money deduct automatically on the water, this way user need to prepay the water rate, The price of the water gauge is relatively high. ? adopt it set up at the open air water gauge not ordinary 1)The water gauge is set up in the stair have a rest in the alcove of the platform. Household watersupply to prop up and manage and enter the kitchen, bathroom after the water gauge is measured. Way this realize water gauge produce room set up, equivalence low project have , supply water and set up and in charge of and set up with water gauge office results in aesthetic problems in stair. It suitable for the South warm district kitchen, bathroom assign close to the houses of positions of staircase. 2)The water gauge concentrates on being set up among the water gauges( meter box). Person who give when supplying water, set up water gauge in ground floor( meter box) on falling, every household watersupply to prop 6 外文翻译 up and is in charge of applying having in the pipeline well, Southern area can overcast horn place lay along the outer wall in building too; Person who give when supplying water, can set up water gauge in roof( meter box) under upgoing. This way increases and supplies water to prop up In charge of and lay length, pipeline lay and influence building to be beautiful along outer wall. Water gauge produce way choice that family assign, must combine house kitchen, bathroom plane assign characteristic and concrete request of developer, Carry on to several feasibility scheme the above economic technology fix after comparing. Property well-managed medium-to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt and pass the water gauge far , It is that the water gauge will use the developing direction in the future; Estate management perfect medium- to-high grade commodity apartment of housing district, can adopt magnetic stripe card water gauge( Company have this kind district of business can design in running water) Or concentrate on setting up it among the water gauges( case); Southern area unit type house can set up rest platform office in stair with ordinary water gauge, In order to reduce the fabrication cost. 7 外文翻译 基于单片机的智能水表的设计 一、单片机 1.单片机的应用领域 单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医用设备、航空航天、专用设备的智能化管理及过程控制等领域，大致可分如下几个范畴: ?在智能仪器仪表上的应用 单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能强、扩展灵活、微型化和使用方便等优点，广泛应用于仪器仪表中，结合不同类型的传感器，可实现诸如电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、压力等物理量的测量。采用单片机控制使得仪器仪表数字化、智能化、微型化，且功能比起采用电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备(功率计，示波器，各种 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 仪)。 ?在工业控制中的应用 用单片机可以构成形式多样的控制系统、数据采集系统。例如工厂流水线的化智 管理，电梯智能化控制、各种报警系统，与计算机联网构成二级控制系统等。 ?在家用电器中的应用 可以这样说，现在的家用电器基本上都采用了单片机控制，从电饭褒、洗衣机、电 冰箱、空调机、彩电、其他音响视频器材、再到电子秤量设备，五花八门，无所不在。 ?在计算机网络和通信领域中的应用 现代的单片机普遍具备通信接口，可以很方便地与计算机进行数据通信，为在计算 机智能网络和通信设备间的应用提供了极好的物质条件，现在的通信设备基本上都实现了单片机控制，从手机、电话机、小型程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、再到日常工作中随处可见的移动电话，集群移动通信，无线电对讲机等。 ?单片机在医用设备领域中的应用 单片机在医用设备中的用途亦相当广泛，例如医用呼吸机，各种分析仪， 8 外文翻译 监护仪，超声诊断设备及病床呼叫系统等等。此外，单片机在工商，金融，科研、教育，国防航空航天等领域都有着十分广泛的用途。 2.单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有: ?低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互 补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化阿物半导体工艺)像和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗像电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 ?微型单片化现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路 集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将、LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。 ?主流与多品种共存现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有 PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机。所以C8051为核心的 9 外文翻译 单片机占据了半壁江山。而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头，中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增，与其低价质优的优势，占据一定的市场分额。此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品，日本几大公司的专用单片机。在一定的时期内，这种情形将得以延续，将不存在某个单片机一统天下的垄断局面，走的是依存互补，相辅相成、共同发展的道路。 二、智能水表 长期以来，我国住宅水表均设于室内厨房或卫生间等用水集中处，对于用水点较多且分散的住宅，有时甚至一户内设多个水表。近年来，水表设于户内而引发的诸多问题日益引起人们的重视:入户抄表扰乱人们的正常生活及可能导致的入户抢劫，使住宅私密性及安全性得不到保障:管理人员抄表不易且抄表劳动强度大:个别用户偷水而管理部门无法制止及处罚等。由于这些问题的产生，水表出产已成为必然的选择。水表出户一般有以下几种方式:分户水表集中设于屋顶(水箱供水)或底层空间内(变频供水)。这种方式常用于多层单元式住宅中。一般一个单元梯位水表设一个水表井(箱)，分户水管沿室内管井或建筑外墙引入户内。其优点为;抄表方便，抄表人员劳动强度低，可以杜绝用户的输水行为。缺点是:管材耗量大，管道水头损失大，需占用较大空间的管道井，如设于外墙则易影响建筑外观，分户支管不易检修。水表设于楼梯休息平台处。给水立管设于平台处，每户设一水表箱;将水表箱嵌入休息平台两侧墙体中。其优点为:分户支管短，较节约管材，管道水头损失也较小，缺点是:水表分散设置，抄表人员劳动强度较大;通常室内消火栓箱也明设于休息平台处，因而使本来就拥挤的休息平台更为局促，给住户通行带来不便。水表每层集中设于水表间内，分户水表整齐靠于墙面。其优点同方式b相同，缺点是:分户管道必须沿公共走道楼板下引入室内，因而走道内要求设吊顶。将传统的普通机械式水表改换为远传水表或IC卡智能型水表。远传水表计算准确且无需抄表，此卡表需用户预存入一定数额水费，将充值后的IC卡插入水表的读码器中即可用水。由于远传水表和IC 卡表价格相对昂贵且在技术上仍存在一定问题，因而在实际工程中尚未得到广泛应用。以上几种水表出户方式，各有其优缺点，具体在工程实际设计中采用何种方式，应由设计入员根据住宅的性质、档次及当地行业管理部门的要求确定。给水支管布置与敷设。目前，新建住宅 10 外文翻译 中一厨两卫已很普遍，有的住宅甚至配有一厨三卫、一厨四卫，且厨房、卫生间、阳台各用水点位置均较分散。分户支管至用水点间管道如沿室内楼板下吊设，必然要求设室内吊顶，管外壁还应有防结露 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 ，给住户装修带来不便，毕竟不是所有住户都想设吊顶。(建筑给排水 设计规范 民用建筑抗震设计规范配电网设计规范10kv变电所设计规范220kv变电站通用竖流式沉淀池设计 )GB15,2000(送审稿)第3.6.18条规定，给水支管宜敷设在楼(地)面的找平层或沿墙敷设在管槽内，敷设在找平层或管槽内的给水支管外径不宜大于25mm。实际上，如果将接往两个或两个以上用水点给水支管串接在一起，其支管外径均会超过25mm。因此，为了满足 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 的要求，给水支管入户后即接入分水器，分水器暗设于厨房或卫生间墙体内，通过分水器后接往各用水点支管管外径均可控制在25mm以下。但应注意:设于找平层内给水支管施工完毕后，应在其位置做上明显的标记，以免住户装修时破坏给水管道。 水表户外设置问题: 水表设在户内，不但抄表的工作量很大，而且使住宅的安全性和私密性大大降低。故住宅的分户水表或分户水表的数字显示宜设在户外。多层住宅水表户外设置有以下几种形式:?采用远传水表把普通水表换成远传水表，由一根信号线连接水表与数据采集机，再传至智能管理(微机)。它的优点在于节省大量人力来抄表，数据准确，缺点是造价高。?采用磁卡式水表用户预先购买自来水公司的电子卡，然后把它插入水表的存贮器内，用水时卡上金额被自动扣除，这种方式用户需预水费，水表价格较高。?采用普通水表设在户外?水表设在楼梯休息平台的壁龛里。住户给水支管经水表计量后进入厨房、卫生间。这种方式 实现了水表出房设置，工程等价低，但给水立管和水表设在楼梯处影响美观。它适用于南方较暖和地区厨 房、卫生间布置靠近楼梯间位置的住宅。?水表集中设在水表间(水表箱)。下行上给式供水时，在底层设水表间(水表箱)，各层住户给水支管在管道井内敷设，南方地区也可在建筑物阴角处沿外墙敷设;上行下给式供水时，可在屋顶设水表间(水表箱)。这种方式增加给水支管敷设长度、管道沿外墙敷设影响建筑物美观。水表出户布置的方式选择，须结合住宅厨房、卫生间平面布置特点和开发商的具体要求，对以上几种可行性方案进行经济技术比较后确定。 11