大学英语四级考试语法结构命题规律及应试技巧

大学英语四级考试语法结构命题规律及应试技巧 这一讲我们一起来看一下语法在四级英语中的考查特点和应对 策略。 英语是一个重结构的语言，要求句子必须符合句法结构的要求。 用来规定句法结构的一些原则也就是我们常说的语法。英语中的语法 条文比较多，总的来说可分为两大类，即词法和句法。具体说来，有 情态动词的用法，形容词和副词的比较级用法，非谓语动词的用法， 时态和语态，定语从句，状语从句，虚拟语气，名词性从句，倒装， 强调与并列，主谓一致等。经过统计，95年1月到2000年6月，仅 词汇和句法部分对语法的考查就有190题，占52.8%，其中以非谓语 动词、虚拟语气、时态/语态、状语从句和定语从句考查最多。今天 这一讲我们重点讲时态/语态、虚拟语气和各种从句，下一讲重点讲 非谓语动词等。 一、时态和语态 英语中共有16个时态，最常用的是一般现在时、一般过去时、 一般将来时、现在和过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。但从 95年以来的考题统计来看，15个时态考题中将来完成最多，占3题， 时态考查的次序依次为将来完成时--- 过去完成时 --- 现在完成进行 时 --- 现在完成时 --- 一般将来 --- 一般过去。先看以下各题: Test Yourself: 1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too long.(2000.1) A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read 3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"(2000.6) "I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then." A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone 4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1) A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenged 5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6) A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been 6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already left.(1999.6) A. after B. by C. at D. during 7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1) A. didn't hear B. hasn't been hearing C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard Explanation and Expansion A:参考答案:1)B 2)A 3)A 4)C 5)C 6)B 7)D B:评析: 1) 以上各题都与完成时有关，完成时态用来 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示到某一个时间为止 已经完成的动作或某个状态/动作一直持续到某个时间。如果时间为 过去，则用过去完成时，即表示过去的过去，如5)和7)。 2) 如果表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作，则用将来完成时， 如1)和3)，再如: It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 3) 而现在完成时表示到目前为止某个动作已经结束，对现在有影响， 如4)。从下文中的"正在修改"可以判断人们已经对牛顿的观点提出挑 战，而不是将要提出挑战或者可能提出挑战，由此可以判断应该用现 在完成时。 4) 与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续 到现在，并且仍在进行，如2)。头疼的原因是看书时间太长。本题 可以用现在完成时，但不会是过去完成时，选项B不对，一般现在 时表示经常发生的动作，与这里的头疼不能构成直接的因果关系，由 于时间状语表示的是一段时间，有不可能是现在进行时，所以这里只 能用现在完成进行时。 C(完成时态使用注意事项 ? 完成时的时间状语一般表示"到……为止"，以"by"短语居多。如果 句中的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般是用完成 时态，如: By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out. We'll have completed the task by the time you come back. ? 在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用， 而表示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连 用。 The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1) It seems oil ___ form this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6) 这两题中都有表示动作持续的一段时间，应该用完成时态。 但是，如果只表示状态已经存在，则不能用完成时态，如: By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up. ? 完成时可以用来表示量的积累。 ? 对于完成时的考查有两种，一种是时态本身的选择，另一种是根 据时态选择时间状语，如6)。从句时态为过去完成时，表示等到他 回来，客人都已经离开了，与完成时态连用的，表示"到……为止"的 应该是介词by。 Test Yourself 刚才我们看了完成时态的考查，现在我们一块来看以下其它时态，请 先试做以下各题: 1) Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _____ advertisements showing happy, balanced families. A. are often seeing B. often see C. will often see D. have often seen (1995.6) 2) While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television _____ the newspaper completely. A. replaced B. have replaced C. replace • D. will replace (1995.6) 3) I'm sorry I can't see you immediately; but if you'd like to take a seat, I'll be with you ____. A. for a moment B. in a moment C. for the moment D. at the moment (1999.1) 4) If she doesn't tell him the truth now, he'll simply keep on asking her until she _____. A. does B. has done C. will do D. would do (1998.6) Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案: 1)C 2) D 3) B 4) A B. 评析 从以上各题可以看到，在解时态考题时应注意一下几点: ? 结合形容词选择时态，如2)。从unlikely一词可以看出从句表示 的是将来不大可能发生的事情，自然用一般将来时。类似的形容词还 有possible, probable, impossible等。 ? 根据时态判断时间状语。如3)。谓语动词为将来时态，说明时间 应该是in a moment，表示我一会就去见你。for a moment同样可以与 将来时态连用，但表示的是"与某人一块待一小会"，这样就与上文的 I can't see you immediately意思上冲突。 ? 注意句型对时态的要求，如1)。该句型中祈使句表示一种条件， 第二个分句中一般要用will表示在这种条件下可能发生的事情。但 是，本题中often的使用可能会造成一定的迷惑。这就要求考生对各 种时态的表达方式，以及其作用了解清楚。Will可以表示习惯。 ? 注意时间、条件和让步状语从句中时态的运用。 一般在时间、条件和让步状语从句中用一般现在时表示一般将 来，用一般过去时表示过去将来，用现在完成时表示将来完成，用过 去完成时表示过去将来完成。如4)。在如: He promised to send me an email as soon as he got there. No one is to leave the room until he has done the task. 但注意特殊句型中的时态，如: hardly/scarcely …when… no sooner… than… Hardly had I put down the receiver when the telephone rang again. No sooner had they got to know the news than they went to the bar to enjoy a drink. 刚才我们一起分析了时态的考查特点和答题时应该注意的事项，现在 我们一起来看一下语态的考查。语态的考查一般都与时态的考查相结 合。在解语态题的同时必须考虑时态的因素。请同学们先做以下下列 各题: 1) The last half of the nineteenth century ____ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(1998.6) A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed 2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ____.(19995.1) A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably. A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1) 4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now.(1996.1) A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collection ____ to the nation.(1996.6) A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left 6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____.(1997.6) A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say 7) Once environment damage ____, it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6) A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案:1)C 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) D 6) A 7)D B. 评析 ? 是否可用被动语态主要看谓语动词与句子主语之间的关系，如果 是动宾关系自然用被动语态。 ? 注意被动语态的各种时态构成，但四级考试中没有正误结构的判 断，考生只需要根据上下文判断出该用什么时态即可。 ? 不及物动词不可能有被动语态，但及物动词也未必有被动语态， 主要是看句子侧重表达的概念，如3题中wear表示眼镜的特点，不 可用被动语态。在如: This kind of software sells well. It being too cold, the car wouldn't start. won't wouldn't表示"拒绝"谓语动词不用被动形式。 ? 注意含有情态动词的被动语态的结构，以及类似的结构，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各种结 构表示的意思。然后就是根据具体的上下文选择适当的情态动词或时 态的问题。 二、虚拟语气 英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一 种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所 处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气的考查有28题之多，占词汇 /语法总数的15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一下四级考试中虚拟语 气的运用。 1.条件句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们 先做做一下以下各题: 1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. (1999.1) A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled C. won't smile D. didn't smile 2) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 3) ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1) A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5) _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6) A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 6) Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.(1997.6) A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through 7) If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案:1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C B. 评析 ? 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从 句中用过去时，过去完成时，或were to/should +原形动词，而主句中 用would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。 ? 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根 据从句与某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想 当然地认为主句与某一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。 如1)从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如: If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldn't have bought so many foods. (从句与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) ? 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据 句子所表达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。 如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用 would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2)6)和7)。 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用 would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用 would/might/could/should + be doing的结构，如1)。 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动词，以上3) 4) 5)表示的都属于这种情况。 ? if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略 if。考试时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下， 应注意分清从句的时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选 项。如2)3)5)。 ? If it weren't/hadn't been for …以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是……的话" ? 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用 would，应特别注意。 2(含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 Test Yourself 首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。 1) Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B . should have made C. would make D. could have made (2000.1) 2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6) Explanation and Expansion A(参考答案 1)D 2)A B(评析 含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条 件用介词短语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求 与含有条件从句的主句要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句 句型有: ? But for/Without, 主句 But for/Without your help, we wouldn't have accomplished the task on time. ? ……, otherwise/or …… He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work. 上面2)题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所 以用would have telephoned的结构。 ? 分词/不定式，主句 Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time, we could have done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ? ……，thought/but …… Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job, but he didn't apply for it. 上面的1)题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一 份很不错的薪水。 3(名词性从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有 关，用法也比较简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 以 下都有哪些规律可以遵循。 1) Wouldn't you rather your child _____ to bed early?(2000.1) A. go B. went C. would go D. goes 2) Mike's uncle insists ____ in this hotel.(2000.1) A. staying not B .not to stay C .that he would not stay D. that he not stay 3) Sometimes I wish I ____ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived 4) It is essential that these application forms ____ back as early as possible.(2000.1) A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent 5) It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made. (1995.6) A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.(1998.6) A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be out off 7) The suggestion that the mayor ________the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6) A. would present B. present C. presents D. ought to present 8) It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it is about time ____? (1996.6) A. we are going home B. we go home C. we went home D. we can go home 9) As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ____ for our defense.(1999.6) A .had been taken B. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken 10) It is vital that enough money __________to fund the project. (1997.1) A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collected 11) I don't think it advisable that Tim ____ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6) A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned 12) If only the committee ______the regulations and put them into effect as possible.(1997.1) A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve Explanation and Expansion A.参考答案:1)B 2) D 3)B 4)D 5)C 6)A 7)B 8)C 9)C 10)A 11)C 12) D B.评析 与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有: ? 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的动词后面的宾语从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, recommend等。 这里句型的考题中，一般都会有would, must等干扰项，正确选项以省略should者居多，并且常是not do something, 或be的形，尤其是 not be done的形式。如2)5)和9)。 另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist后可接doing something, being done或 on doing something的结构，suggest后也可接动名词。另外，这两个单词也有不用虚拟语气的句式，如insist 表示"坚持认为"，suggest表示"说明""表明"时，从句中就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意分别。 ? 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。 与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如suggestion, order, proposal 等后面的that从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如6)7)中都是that同位语从句中使用should + 原形动词，should省略的结构。 ? It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示"命令""建议""要求"的过去分词 + that 从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。 这一句型可分解为 It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential ...that …(should) It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should) It is a surprise/wonder ..that …(should) … It is suggested/requested/recommended … that …(should)… 这些句型一律使用should + 原形动词的结构，should可以省略，如4)5)10)题。 注意It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用should have done 的形式，如: It is strange that he should have failed in the election. ? wish wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况 表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时: How I wish I had a memory as good as yours. )。 表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如3 表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用could have done 的形式，如: I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept (1995.6) 由于might表示"也许"，与这里的意思不合，只能用A。 表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might + 原形动词。 How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit. ? If only 表示愿望时与wish用法相同。再如: If only that photograph weren't missing. If only the letter had arrived in time. ? would rather would rather的虚拟语气形式在这几年考查是最多的，有7道题，但 would rather从句的时态规则并不复杂。 如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。 在如以下各题: 1) The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same office. A. had not worked B. not to work C. does not work D. did not work (2000.6) 2) To be frank, I'd rather you ____ in the case. (1995.1) A. will not be involved B. not involved C. not to be involved D. were not involved 3) You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you ____ on business first. (1998.1) A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone 4) Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1) A. didn't do B. haven't done C. don't do D. have done 5) I'd rather you ____ make any comment on the issue for the time being.(1998.6) A. don't B. wouldn't C. didn't D. shouldn't 答案为: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C) ? It's (about/high) time that … 该句型中一律用一般过去时，再如: "You are very selfish. It's high time you ____ that you are not the most important person in the world," Edgar said to his boss angrily.(1999.1) A. realized B. have realized C. realize D. should realize 4(状语从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 状语从句中的虚拟语气主要指as if/though从句中的虚拟语气，首先 请同学们做一下下面三道题: 1) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they ______. A. didn't exist B. don't exist C. hadn't existed D. were not existing 2) He operates the new computer as if he _____ special training in it. A. has received B. had received C. would receive D. received 3) They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible ______soon. A. had happened B. happened C. would happen D. has happened Explanation and Expansion )A 2)B 3) C A(参考答案 1 B(评析 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由as if/as though引导。 该从句中时态的选择原则是: ? 如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时; ? 如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一 般过去时，如1)。 ? 如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过 去完成时，如2)。 ? 如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might + 原 形动词。 三、定语从句 定语从句在四级英语测试中占有一定的比重，大约在词汇语法题 的7.4%，平均每次都有一题，实际测试中有时多达三道题，如1996 年6月，98年6月和2000年6月都有三道考查定语从句的题。在我 们讲四级英语测试对定语从句的考查之前，先让我们看以下几题: Test yourself 1) Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____ obtaining water is not the least.(1998.1) A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in which 2) A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region, ____were surprising. (1999.1) A .as results B. which results C. the results of it D. the results of which 3) We need a chairman ____.(1998.6) A. for whom everyone has confidence B .in whom everyone has confidence C. who everyone has confidence of D. whom everyone has confidence on 4) The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, ___ is often the case in other countries.(1998.6) A. as B. what C. so D that 5) The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ____ up to half will be from overseas.(1998.6) A. in which B. for which C. with which D. of whom 6) Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, ____overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.(2000.6) A. whose B. which C. that D. what 7) We were struck by the extent ____ which teacher's decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the children.(1996.6) A .to B. for C .in D. with 8) Melted iron is poured into the mixer much ____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. (1996.6) A. in the same way like B. in the same way which C. in the same way D. in the same way as 9) I've never been to Beijing, but it is the place ____.(1999.6) A. where I'd like to visit B. in which I'd like to visit C. I most want to visit D. that I want to visit it most 10) ___ might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.(1996.6) A. As B. That C. It D. What Explanation and Expansion A( 参考答案: 1) C 2) D 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) A 7) A 8) D 9) C 10) A B( 评析 从以上各题可以看出，定语从句的考查还是集中在关系词的选 择，与1，2，3级不同，四级考试中的定语从句虽然也有关系词最一 般的用法，但更多的是对特殊关系词的考查。总的说来有以下几点需 要注意 ? 关系词的使用一看先行词，二看关系词在从句中的作用，在此基 础上熟记几个常用的固定句式，如: the same … as such … as 当看到先行词前有the same 或such修饰时，可直接从选项中找as， 选择就变得比较简单，如8。在这种情况下，考生用不着考虑先行词 是人还是物。如 Our company won't employ such graduates as you recommend. I'm determined to buy such a flat as you are now living in. ? 上面有两道题涉及到关系词在句中做定语。同学们应该熟悉关系 词做定语时的各种变体。 做定语的关系词可有以下变体，试比较: the office whose windows are broken the office the windows of which are broken the office of which the windows are broken 上面的2)题就属于the windows of which这种形式。 先行词是人时，同样也可有这三种形式，如: the professor whose car was stolen the professor the car of whom was stolen the professor of whom the car was stolen 当然考试中也有最一般形式的考查，如上面的6)，只要能够看 出关系词做定语修饰overall consumption就不难判断答案为whose。 ? 注意"介词 + which/whom"的结构做关系词 从四级考试对定语从句的测试来看，主要考查的是介词的选择。 "介词 + which/whom"主要有以下几种情况 A( 介词是句中短语搭配的一部分，如3)。表示"信任某人"要用have confidence in somebody，所以做定语，应该用a chairman in whom … has confidence。 B( "部分 + of + 整体名词"的结构，该结构，做关系词也就是 "部 分名词 + of which/whom"的结构。 该结构的使用应注意两点，一是注意定语从句与并列句的分别， 如: He invited two scientists to his birthday party, many of _____ were his old classmates. A. whom B. them C. which D. that 这里很自然地会有many of whom 与many of them的选择。 二是注意该结构可以有变体，即"of whom/which + 部分名词"，上面 的5)题就是一例，可以写成up to half of whom。 C( 另一种介词是表示最高级范围的介词，四级考题中已经有两个 这种考题，如上面的1)题，其实该句表示的是obtaining water is not the least of its problems， 所以用of which，2000年6月又有一道与此 基本完全相同的题: Living in the western part of the country has its problems, ____ obtaining fresh water is not the least. A. with which B. for which C. of which D. which (2000.6) D( 更多的是看关系词与先行词之间的关系，如: He has composed many pieces of music popular with young people, of which this is an example. 这里用of which因为，正常的结构是an example of the music。 E( 有时介词与先行词构成短语，如7)题，to which源于to … extent 的短语搭配。1997年1月也有一道题考查该短语搭配。 It is useful to be able to predict the extent ________which a price change will affect supply and demand. A. from B. with C. to D. for (1997.1) ? 注意as引导的非限制性定语从句的用法 as引导非限制性定语从句时，可置于句首，也可置于句尾，表示 )两题。 "正如……"。如上面的4)和10 一般as引导定语从句时，其先行词为整个主句。which引导非限制性 定语从句，其先行词也可以是主句或主句中的一部分。但，as从句表 示的行为经常是在主句行为之前，而which引导的定语从句表示的却 在主句之后，表示连续发生的事情或结果等。如: He promised to help me, which he did. He was often late for work, which cost him his job. ? 注意先行词为时间、地点或原因时，关系词的选用。如果用when, where 或why，关系词在从句中应该是做状语，否则的话则应该用 which/that等。如上面9)中，先行词在从句中visit的宾语，关系词 不能用where，而只能是that/which。再如: I will never forget the days that I spent with my friends in the country. ? 关系词做代替的成分在从句中不能再次出现。 ? 注意定语从句与同位语从句的区别。如: There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families. A. that B. which C. in which D. whose (2000.6) 由于signs与后面的restaurants没有修饰和被修饰关系，所以whose 不对，如果是定语从句，关系词代替signs，而从句中不需要该词。 所以这里不是定语从句而是同位语从句，从句表示sign的内容。 ? 适当注意that和which的不同，什么情况下只能用that，什么情 况下只能用which。 ? 注意从句与其它成分的区别，如下题: As ____announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commoditier Fair is also open on Sundays. A. being B. is C. to be D. been (1997.1) 这里涉及到从句与非谓语动词的区别，如果是非谓语动词的话， 则是保留了连词的非谓语动词做状语，根据announce与句子主语之 间的关系，应该什么都不填，这里还是定语从句。答案为B。 四、状语从句 状语从句也是四级词汇和句法部分考查的重点之一，95年至 2000年6月共设考题20题，占10%强。就状语从句而言，主要是根 据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此，在准备状语从句时，主要任 务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。 1(时间状语从句的连词 表示时间的连词有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as，有些名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句，如the moment, the instant, each time，有些是固定句型如:no sooner … than hardly/scarcely …when。在这些连词的使用中应注意 ? as强调同时，也表示一边……，一边……"，while表示主句动作 发生在从句的过程之中，要求从句谓语动词为状态动词或持续性动 词，when的使用则比较简单，相当于汉语的"当……时候"。如: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests. A. when B. since C .before D. after (1996.1) 四个选项都表示时间，但根据主从句间的关系可以判断答案 为A。 ? 注意when的特殊句型 下列句型中when连接的不是时间状语从句，但考试中却常与其它时 间状语从句的连词一块出题。 were/was doing something when … were/was about to do something when … had just done something when … 四级考题中不乏对上述结构的考查，如: I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices. A. as B. when C. after D. while (1997.6) I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention. A. unless B. until C. when D. while (1996.1) 这类考题比较简单，只要同学们清楚这一句型，答案则自然可得。 ? 注意no sooner … than ….和hardly/scarcely …when句中的时态。 ? 注意not … until 中时间状语可以提前。如 ____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. A. Before B. Until C. From D. Since (1995.6) 但只要同学们能够辨认not … until 的句法结构，答案也就显而易见。 比较常见的提前方式是将not until….提至句首，后面用肯定形式，主 谓倒装。本题可以改成，Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home.这时，句子采用主谓倒装结构， 应注意。 ? 在对名词短语做连词引导时间状语从句时，常与名词构成的其它 短语相区别。如: You see the lightening ___ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. A. the instant B .for an instant C. on the instant D. in an instant (1997.1) 能够引导时间状语从句的是名词the instant，而不是由其构成的介词 短语。 ? 注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型，如It won't be long before … 和It is …since两类句型。It won't be long before可以有三个变体，即: It was (not) + 一段时间 + before，It won't be + 一段时间+ before。如 95年6月就有对此的考查: Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since B .before C. after D. when 2(原因状语从句的连词 原因状语从句一般由because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that连接。对于表原因连词本身的区别考查相对较少，主要是 与其它状语从句连词的对比。如: ? ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.(1999.6) A. For B. Since C. Before D. While ? ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.(1997.6) A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite 1) 从以上两题可以看出，首先，同学们要根据主从句的语意关系， 确定是什么状语从句，然后在进行选择。 2) 注意连词的结构，如2)为Now that的搭配。 3) 注意for, because, since/as的区别。一般说来，for不表示原因，其 所连接的是并列句，是一种解释说明，尤其是当用结果来反证原因时。 如: He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset. You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 4) 注意引导原因状语从句的还可以是considering/seeing that，其用法 与since/as相同。如: Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes. Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days. 3(条件状语从句的连词 涉及到条件状语从句的考查题很多，如时态，虚拟语气等。但从 状语从句的概念来讲，这里我们所说的是条件状语从句性质的判断和 连词的选择。要求同学们首先能理解主从句之间的关系，确定是条件 状语从句，然后在根据各连词的特点进行选择。如: ? I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it.(1998.1) A. if only B. in case C. until D. unless ? We'll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money.(1999.1) A. lest B. until C. unless D. provided ? ____ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.(1998.1) A. As soon as B. As well as C. As far as D. So long as 从以上考题来看，就条件状语从句而言，同学们应掌握以下几点: 1) unless与其它连词的差别，unless表示的是If …not …的意思。 2) if only或only if是一种强调的条件状语从句。根据if only 与unless 肯定与否定条件的差别，可以判断?题答案为A。 3) provided (that)表示唯一的条件，相当于if and only if，on condition that，如?表示"明年只要有钱，我们就去欧洲。" 4) so/as long as表示条件时一般与其它类似短语一同考查，如?，四 个短语都可以连接状语从句，但表达意思有别，考试的目的就是考查 同学们对句子的理解能力。 5) 另外注意，引导条件状语从句的还可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once等。 4(让步状语从句的连词 引导让步状语从句的连词很多，但结构差别比较大，比较容易掌 握，同学们只要能掌握各连词的结构和语义特点，准确把握主从句的 关系，让步状语从句则就不过是一块巧克力。先看一下下列各题: ? I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________. A. however much it costs B. however does it cost much C. how much does it cost D. no matter how it costs (1996.6) ? ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.(2000.6) A. Although much he likes her B. Much although he likes her C. As he likes her much D. Much as he likes her ? ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.(1999.1) A. Even if B. As far as C. If only D. So long as ? ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.(1998.1) A. But for B. For all C. Above all D. Except for 从以上四级真题我们可以看到对让步状语从句的考查特点:一是 让步状语从句与其它状语从句的对比，如?，另一种是让步状语从句 连词自身的结构功能，如??两题。下面我们就一起来看让步状语从 句的连词功能: 1) although/though连接让步状语从句，表“尽管"，从句用直陈语序， 与汉语的结构类似。 2) as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构，如?题。可提至句首的 有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。 如: Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up. Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all. Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him. 3) No matter + 疑问词和疑问词 + ever引导让步状语从句，表示"不论 谁""不论什么时间/地点/方式"等等，从句用直陈语序。由此可以判断 上面?题答案为A。 4) For all表示让步时后面可以接从句，也可以接名词短语，后接名词 时常与其它类似短语比较，如?。注意接从句: For all that he has a master's degree, I don't think he can outdo me in many aspects. 5) 其它用来引导让步状语从句的还有whether …or， even if， even though，和"动词 + 疑问词+主语+情态动词"，如: Say what you will, he will turn a deaf year. So it's better to keep silent. Doubt whom you may, you shouldn't doubt me. 5(方式状语从句的连词 相比之下，方式状语从句则简单了许多，四级考试中还从未涉及此项。 用来表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though。如: I have made the change as you suggested. I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday. 6(结果状语从句的连词 尽管这几年，四级考试中并没有考题涉及结果状语，同学们还是 应该了解以下结果状语从句的一些用法。首先让我们先来熟悉一下结 果状语从句所在句式: 1) so … that…/ such ….that 该句式中重要考查的是so和such的区别。应注意以下可能出现的结 构: so nice a boy that… such a nice boy that… so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that… such (fine weather/great improvement) that… 2) so that Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time. 该句式中主要考查so that 与其它短语的区别，如: I took no notice of him, ___ he flew into a rage. A. for that B. so that C .in that D. but that 由于so that也可以引导目的状语从句，同学们应特别注意从句中时态 的运用。 3) so much so that 该结构用于形容词或副词之后，表示"到如此程度以致于"。如: He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk. I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night. 4) 注意结构状语从句与too….to.. enough to…, so… as to结构的不 同。 7(目的状语从句的连词 目的状语从句是比较常用的，也是比较简单的状语从句。就目的 状语从句而言，第一，同学们应该清楚的是引导目的状语从句各连词 所表达的语义差别，对于个别的状语从句中的时态要求应有所了解。 具体测试中，主要是根据主从句的语意逻辑关系来判断从句的属性。 如: ? I was advised to arrange for insurance ___ I needed medical treatment. A. nevertheless B. although C. in case D. so that (1999.1) ? The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ___ himself. A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure (1998.1) 从这两题我们可以看出， 1) 在解答状语从句的试题时，首先是判断主从句的逻辑关系，意思 确定了，答案也就有了。如第一题，安排保险的目的是以防自己有朝 一日需要医务治疗，而能表达这种目的含义的只有选项C。 2) 注意状语从句中的时态，如lest后常用should + 原形动词，should 可以省略，而第二题也正式对这一原则的考查。 3) 注意其它表目的连词的用法，如for fear that表示"恐怕""以免"等: The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that they might lose their job. 8(地点状语从句 表示地点的自然是where或 wherever引导，要求同学们做到的 就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。如: ? Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.(1998.1) A. which B. that C. what D. where ? I have kept the portrait ___ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.(1996.1) A. which B. where C. whether D. when 这种地点状语从句一般是与定语从句相比较，如上面第一题，也可能 与其它状语相比较，如第二题。 五、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句， 在四级考试中所占比重不大，约4.7%。在讲解名词性从句的考试方 式和答题要素前，让我们先看以下几题: Test Yourself 1) Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life.(2000.1) A. that B. what C. it D. this 2) We agreed to accept ____ they thought was not the best tourist guide.(2000.1) A. whatever B. whomever C. whichever D. whoever 3) In some countries, ____ is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. which B. what C. that D. one (1995.6) 4) When I try to understand ____ that prevents so many Americans from being as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.(1998.1) A. why it does B. what it does C. what it is D. why it is 5) They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a company.(1995.1) A. what it takes B. what takes it C. what they take D. what takes them 6) By success I don't mean ____ usually thought of when that word is used.(1996.6) A. what is B. that we C. as you D. all is 7) The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.(1997.6) A. what B. which C. that D. why 8) There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.(2000.6) A. that B. which C. in which D. whose Explanation and Expansion A( 参考答案:1) B 2) D 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) A 7) C 8)A B( 评析 1) 名词性从句的考查主要集中在两点，一是从句的语序为直陈语序， 这一点在上面的5)题就有涉及。 2) 另一点则是名词性从句的连词的选择，而其中以what的使用最为 广泛，涉及what连词的占5/8。 3) 连词what为缩合连词，相当于all that/ everything that等，而与之 经常在同一题出现的which为疑问连词，表示"哪一个,"的概念，that 做名词性从句的连词在从句中不做任何成分，也因此经常省略。在解 这种题时一是看从句所表达的含义，最重要的是看连词在从句中是否 做主语、宾语或表语。 4) 注意whoever 与who的差别。whoever相当于anyone who，而who 为疑问连词。但从四级考试来看，更倾向于whoever 与whatever, whichever等的比较。也就是说，测试倾向于句子的理解，而不只是 语法规则的记忆。 5) 除what以为，when, where, why也都可做缩合连词来用，考生也 应引以注意，如: I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village. Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day? 6) 名词性从句考查设疑的另一点就是从句与非从句的比较，如1)中 是否可以用it 或this，3)中是否可以用one等。 7) 同位语从句一般以that为连词者句多，如上面的7)8)两题。这 类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容，连词that没有 任何词汇意义，也没有任何句法功能。 六、 非谓语动词 近几年的语法测试中非谓语动词约占31.1%，平均每年近5道题， 可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点， 解答时又应注意些什么呢,下面我和大家就一起来分析一下: 1、非谓语动词考查特点 1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断 对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构， 如: All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1) A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled 四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学 们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案 自明。 2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择 谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个 题眼。如: ? I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. (2000.1) A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make ? Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in.(1996.1) A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed ? Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6) 这类题涉及三个方面: 谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词, 即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别, 不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式, 3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择 从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种 情况: (1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如: ? The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6) A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ? If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6) A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected 同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断? 题答案为C，?题答案为D。 (2)对固定结构的考查，如: ? The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base ? The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed ?题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，?题为某些特定名词的 定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容 词变来的名词，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不 定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。 4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如: ? ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6) A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed ? _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.(1995.1) A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming ? Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1) A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not ? ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1) A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有: (1)状语类别的判断 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式， 如?。 (2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去 分词。 (3)非谓语动词的否定形式 not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如?。 (4) 独立成分 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成 分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。 5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择 做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾 语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如: ? They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1) A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed ? After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______.(1998.6) A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled ? You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6) A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising ? His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6) A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering ? When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1) A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating ? The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1) A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 考查涉及到感官动词后的宾语补足语，如?。have, make, let, leave等 特殊单词后的宾语补足语。 regard类后面的宾语补足语 with独立分句后面的常用动词后面的宾语 补足语。 6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择 表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用 法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的 也就不用考虑。如: ? The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.(1999.6) A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated ? These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6) A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded 分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表 语，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿 用法规则是相同的。 7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择 to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考 查也比较多。如: ? I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard ? The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6) A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal ? The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项 to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质; 另一种是to在题干中，如?。 8) 分词前连词的使用 分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地 理解试题。考查有两种情况 (1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1) A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold 与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。 (2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___directed.(1996.1) A. like B. so C. which D. as 由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。 9) 非谓语动词的体 非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done, having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以 用于做定语和做补足语。 动名词的体也有having done, having been done和 being done的结 构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。 不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等结构中。如: ? The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 ? I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1) A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse 从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定 式的进行体。 ? The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1) A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发 生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。 10)动名词复合结构 动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中 总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构: ? _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.(1999.1) A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated C. The girl's being educated D. The girl to be educated 本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做 主语，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B结构不能做主语，答案 是C，为动名词的复合结构。 ? Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon. A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance C. there be a chance D. being a chance 介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A， 这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。 ? I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make (2000.1) Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自 然是B。 ? I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6) A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep 本题与上一题类似，答案是A。 2(非谓语动词解题策略 1)正确判断非谓语动词 这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有 连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 + 分词。 All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6) 句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做 状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。 ____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6) A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal 做状语的可以是从句，但B的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符， 不表目的，C不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式， 答案为A。 2) 判断动名词复合结构的方式 主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词代词 + 非谓语动词"，如 果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请 看以下各例: He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping. A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求"开着窗子 睡觉"，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。 The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour. A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked 做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被 堵的道路"，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。 The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college. A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted 消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是"被录取的孩子"，介词of后不可 能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。 3) 注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系 正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓 语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特 点: 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词; 如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词; 如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。 这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌 握其更细的规则。如: (1)做定语时 做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所 构成的大多为固定短语，四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定 式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语。 ? The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ? Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1) A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done ? As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.(1998.1) A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had ? Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists. A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite 做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式: "doing 结构":分词与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行,或状态。 如? "being done结构":分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动和正在 进行，如:No one is to enter the building being repaired. "to be done结构":不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被 动，如?。 "done结构":分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般， 如??。 "to do结构":不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如:The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works. 完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。 (2)做状语 做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有: "doing 结构":分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与谓语动词同时发 生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存在的状态。如:______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed "done结构":只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词， 可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行，也可以表示条件。如:_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1) He came in, followed by a group of reporters. "having done结构":分词与句子主语是主谓关系，切发生在谓语动词 之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema. "having been done结构":该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之 间是动宾关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。如:Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine. "to do 结构":这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做 结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如: _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming 表结果时一般为固定结构，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表 示出乎意料的结果，常可加构成only to的结构。如: I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital. "being done结构":该结构表示被动与正在进行，一般置于句首，表 示原因。如:Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass. (2)做表语 测试中对表语的考查主要侧重在现在分词与过去分词的区别上， 所以对于做表语的非谓语动词，主要看分词与句子主语之间的关系。 做表语的分词一般只有doing和done两种形式。现在分词表示做表 语的与主语是主谓关系;过去分词表示做表语的与主语之间是动宾关 系。根据使用规律，如果主语是无生命名词，则表语分词为现在分词; 如果主语是有生命名词，以过去分词居多，但也可以用现在分词，但 意思不同。如: How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望) How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令 人失望) 可接表语的系动词很多，除be外还有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。 (3)做补足语 一般做宾补的非谓语动词动词的形式选择与其它成分中的非谓 语动词形式选择规则基本相同。 doing结构:分词与宾语构成主谓关 系，表正在进行。 When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating done结构:分词与宾语构成动宾关系，表示被动与完成。 Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1) A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change to do 结构:不定式表示将来，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。 being done结构:表示被动和正在进行, watch the flag being raised Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1) A. being cultivated B. been cultivated C. having cultivated D. cultivating to be done结构:用语表示将来与被动，一般用语主谓关系时可 用to做宾补的动词后，如:want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做宾补。 4) 注意分析非谓语动词做什么状语 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定 式，另外，测试中也常有选择非谓语动词前连词的试题。因此，同学 们应注意根据状语与句子间的关系，判断连词的使用。 5) 注意不定式的特殊句式 不定式在做定语和做状语时都有其特殊句式，注意这些句式的特 点，考试中就会少走一点弯路。如: have something to do类: 这 类结构相当于汉语的连动结构，即"有事要做"，"买东西吃"，"借书看 "等。 a room in which to live类: 该类结构是a room to live in 的变 体。但如果不熟悉这个结构，考试中则难以决断。如: You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.(1998.1) A. there B. them C. which D. where The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6) A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base the first to do 该结构表示如果名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或序数词、最高级本 身做名词用，其后应不定式做定语。 the ability to do 该结构表示， 形容词变了的名词后用不定式做定语。 the need to do 该结构表示由动词变来的名词后用不定式做定语。 the way to do 该 结构表示，在一些特定的名词后面常用不定式做定语，应注意记忆， 如means, reason, time, pressure, moment。 6) 熟记固定搭配，分清不定式与to加动名词 其实容易产生不定式符号与介词混淆的只是为数不多的某些句 式，只要平时注意积累即可。 prefer doing something to doing something look forward to doing something be used to doing something (习惯于做某事) stick to doing something object to doing something/ have objection to doing something be opposed to doing something admit/confess to doing something I have no objection _____ your story again.(2000.6) A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard The man in the corner confessed to ________ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 从出题人的心理来看，如果有to do something和 to doing something 的对比项，一般答案是to doing something。 7) 分清宾补的类别 (1)感官动词后的宾补可以是 doing, do, done, being done的结构，其中being done 只用于少数动词 后面， 如find, smell, feel等。 (2)have somebody do something 让某人做某事 have somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 won't have somebody do something 不许某人做某事 have something done 使某事被做 have something + ving 让……一直…… (3)catch, smell, keep, set,等只能接doing的结构,表示主动和正在进 行。 (4)leave somebody doing something 让某人一直做某事 leave something undone 使某事只做了一半 leave something to be done 事情有待于解决 leave somebody to do something让某事做某事，表示将来 (5)with somebody to do something宾补与宾语是主谓关系，表示将来。 with somebody doing something 宾补与宾语之间是主谓关系，表示正 在进行。 with something to do 宾补与宾语间是动宾关系，表示将来，动作执行 者在句中找的着。 with something to be done宾补与宾语是动宾关系，表示将来，但动作 执行者在句中找不着。 with something done 宾补与宾语之间是动宾关系，表示完成。 8) 注意下列结构中非谓语动词的体 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to do something 不定式动作一般为状态动词，也可是终止性动词，表示与谓语动词同 时存在或发生。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to have done something 不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前。 pretend/appear/seem/happen/ be said to be doing something 不定式动作与谓语动词同时进行 9)熟记哪些动词后接不定式,哪些接动名词,如果两者都可，又有什么 差别。 既可接不定式,又可接动名词,用法有别的动词常考的有: forget, remember, regret, mean, try等。 10)注意want/need/require表示"需要"时的特殊句式 want/need/require表"需要"时，后接主动的动名词或被动的不定式， 即doing 或to be done的形式。不可混淆。 七、 比较级 Test Yourself 在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前,让我们首先 看以下几题。 1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and information.(1995.6) A. are the most three common means B. are the most common three means C. are the three most common means D. are three the most common means 2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1) A. a lot of more us B. more a lot of us C. a lot of us more C. a lot more of us 3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1) A. than B. more than C. as D. so much as 4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6) A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much twice C. twice protein as much D. protein as twice much 5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots. A. likely B. more likely C. most likely D. much likely 6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1) A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1) A. and B. than C. as D. but 8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1) A. to be paid more than a month late B. to be paid later than more a month C. to pay later than a month more D. to pay late more than a month 9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1) A. the most B. most of C. most D. the most of 10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1) A. almost more than B. hardly more than C. nearly more than D. as much as 参考答案: 1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B 2( 比较级测试特点 在四级测试中，比较级属低档题，比较简单，考查范围大体有 1)比较级形式的判断 比较级考题在 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 干扰项时一般都会有比较与非比较的选择， more than 与as/so …as的选择。如上面的?，?。 2)比较级的修饰语 比较级的修饰语包括修饰语的结构和修饰语的选用。 结构指比较级修饰语须置于比较级之前，如?，?和?。 修饰语的选用根据其所表达的意思而定，如?，?。 3)比较级结构与其它结构的区别 如?中形容词修饰语more than a month与比较级结构的区别，? 中most 与the most的区别。 3( 比较级应对策略 1)如果选项中有比较级结构，则该题则为比较级考查题，可根据比 较级使用规则选择正确答案。 2)比较级修饰语应注意more than 或as…as结构之前。 3)注意比较结构的完整性，要么是more than 结构，要么是as/so …as 结构，或是the more …., the more ….的句型。 4)注意结构的各种变体: 结构内出现名词时的结构可以是as old a car, as many /much/few/little …as。 5)如果有比较 对象的选择应注意比较对象的一致性和互不包容性。 如: His English is better than anyone else's in his class. 八、 情态动词 1. Test Yourself 首先让我们分析以下近几年情态动词的考题: 1) This box is too heavy, _________give me a hand?(1998.1) A .would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to 2) Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night , no matter what we ____ during the day.(1999.1) A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 3)It was very kind of you to do the washing-up,but you____ it.(1998.6) A. mustn't have done B. wouldn't have done C. mightn't have done D. didn't have to do 4) If you don't like to swim, you ___ stay at home.(1995.1) A. should as well B. may as well C. can as well D. would as well 5) You ____ him so closely;you should have kept your distance.(2000.6) A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following 6) You ___her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.(19996.1) A. needn't have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can't have seen 7) The room is in a terrible mess; it ____ cleaned.(1996.6) A. can't have been B. shouldn't have been C. mustn't have been D. wouldn't have been 参考答案 1) B 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A 2(情态动词的测试要点 从以上例题可以看出，四级语法对情态动词的测试大体有以下几 点。 1)情态动词的基本用法，如???。 2)情态动词 + 动词的完成形式的用法，如??。 3)情态动词的推测性用法?。 3( 情态动词的应对策略 情态动词的使用主要根据其所表达的含义。解题时注意以下几 点: 1)情态动词自身结构要正确 结构包括情态动词自身的搭配和其后的连带成分。除ought外情 态动词后接原形动词，测试中常将不同结构的动词置于一起设干扰 项，如?。四个选项都与请求有关，但would you mind后接动名词， 一般说would you like to而不是will you like to，will you please后用 原形动词，答案是would you please? 2)注意情态动词推测性用法中各个情态动词使用的句型是否与题干 句型一致。 在情态动词的推测性用法中，must, can, may, might, could各用于 不同的句型，应注意分辨。具体使用规律为: must只用于肯定句 中。 can/could不能用语肯定句中。 may/might不能用语疑问句 中。 另外还应注意can't表示"不可能"，may not表示"可能不"。考 试时，如果有原因说明自己的猜测，一般应该must, can't用而不是 may, may not。如: He can't have stolen the money; he is not such kind of person. Some pleasant thing must have happened to him. He is so excited. 3) 注意推测性用法中谓语动词发生的时间。 如果推测的为过去的事情，情态动词后则用完成形式。 There must have been no one in, for nobody answered the phone. 如果推测的是正在进行的事情，情态动词后则用动词的进行形式。 They must be talking about something very secret. 如果推测的是现在的状态等，情态动词后则用原形动词 He must be badly ill. He looks so pale. 如果推测的是将来发生的事情，情态动词后同样用原形动词，这时， 情态动词只能是may/might。 There may be a terrible storm in the following few days. 4) 注意"情态动词+动词的完成形式"所表达的意思与题干意思是否 相符。 其它"情态动词+ 动词的完成形式"并不表示推测，而分别表示: could have done本来能够 He didn't take part in the competition, he _______ though. A. won B. didn't win C. could win D. could have won needn't have done 本来没必要 You ________. There was plenty of time. A. needn't hurry B. can't hurry C. mustn't have hurried D. needn't have hurried should/ought to have done 本来应该 You _______ me earlier. I could have helped you. A. should tell me B. should have told C. need to tell D. needn't have told shouldn't/oughtn't to have done 本来不应该 You ____ him so closely; you should have kept your distance. A. shouldn't follow B. mustn't follow (2000.6) C. couldn't have been following D. shouldn't have been following might have done 本来应该(用来表示一种责备) You ______ even though you were busy at that time. A. might help him B. must have helped him C. might have helped him D. should help him 这类题在设计干扰项时，一般都会有情态动词推测性用法的涉 及，同学们应注意分词上下文的逻辑和语意关系。 5) 注意常用情态动词的基本句法和表意功能 其它常用动词的用法，如shall表示"命令"、"威胁"、"许诺"或征 求许可，may/might as well等，同学们都应多多注意其用法。 九、 倒装 倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的分量不大，考试都 有哪些特点，如何应对，首先让我们一起来看一下近几年的考题。 1(Test Yourself. 1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the importance of it.(19995.1) A. if only I could not B. no more than I could C. or I could not D. nor could I 2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6) A. had he arrived B. would he have arrived C. did he arrive D. should he have arrived 3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted responsibly.(19996.1) A. neither B. so C. either D. both 4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.(1999.6) A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use 5) Only under special circumstances _____to take make-up tests.(1997.6) A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permitted C. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen 参考答案: 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A 2(倒装测试范围和应对策略 倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装，但从近几年的测试来看，重点是部 分倒装。对于倒装句型同学们所应注意的就是在哪些情况下需要倒 装，并且如何倒装。注意下面常见的倒装条件。 1) 含有否定意味的词置于句首，主谓倒装。 同学们应注意常用否定词语，如:hardly, barely, not, seldom, little, few, nowhere, never, at no time, by no means, in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, not until, not only… but also.., neither … nor…等。如果是在从句的句首，则从句倒装，如4)题。 2) only + 状语置于句首，主谓倒装。 Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，要特别注意， 从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。如: Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work. 3) Neither/So置于句首倒装，表示"也/也不……"，如上面的2)3) 题。 4) There/here/then或做状语的地点副词和地点介词短语置于句首， 要全部倒装。如: There stands a monument in the center of the square. Down came a light form the ceiling when he was walking across the floor. On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen. 5) 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成"分词+ be + 主语+其它+的 倒装句式。如: Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl. Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which they had been working so hard to find, radium. 6) so/such…. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如: So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway. Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night. 同学们，英语的语法是一个包容性很广的话题，在这里我们很难 穷尽四级考试中涉及的方方面面，语法能力的培养要靠同学们平时的 训练。不管怎样，希望我的讲解对各位同学能有一定的帮助，愿同学 们顺利通过语法这一关。