初三化学方程式大全(Complete chemistry equation)
初三化学方程式大全(Complete chemistry equation)
Chemical data
Chemical formula:
The magnesium Mg, iron Fe, Cu copper, zinc Zn, mercury Hg; helium neon argon He, Ne, Ar; H2 O2 of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen N2, Cl2 O3, chlorine, ozone, carbon C, phosphorus P, sulfur S
The water H2O H2O2 CO, hydrogen peroxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide CO2, P2O5 P2O5, sodium hydroxide Na2O,
Magnesium Oxide, MgO, calcium oxide, CaO, alumina, Al2O3, manganese dioxide, MnO2, iron oxide, Fe2O3, magnetite, Fe3O4,
FeO FeO, copper oxide CuO, mercury HgO
Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 KClO3, potassium chlorate, potassium permanganate, K2MnO4, sodium chloride NaCl, H2SO4 sulfate, nitrate HNO3, hydrochloric acid HCl,
CuSO4 FeSO4 copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, sodium carbonate Na2CO3, sodium sulfate Na2SO4, copper hydroxide Cu (OH) 2,
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
The acetic acid CH3COOH, glucose C6H12O6, starch (C6H10O5) n, C12H22O11 sucrose, C2H5OH alcohol, methane CH4
Valence formula and root valence:
Valence formula: monovalent chloride potassium sodium hydrogen silver, two valence oxygen calcium barium zinc, three aluminum four silicon copper mercury two or three pentavalent phosphorus, one or two iron, 246 sulfur, 24 carbon, elemental valence is zero.
The root of the valence: ammonium ion NH4+, carbonate ion CO32-, permanganate ion MnO4-, manganese ions MnO42-, nitrate ions NO3-, ClO3- chloride ions, sulfate ions SO42- and hydroxyl ions OH-
Metallic activity order:
K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, (H), Cu, Hg,, Ag, Pt, Au
Acid, base, and salt solutions, indicators, and pH:
Composition: acid H++, acid radical ion, alkali metal ion, +OH- salt, metal ion + acid radical ion
Indicator: acid solution can make the purple litmus solution turns red, alkali solution can make the purple litmus solution can make turn blue; acid solution to colorless phenolphthalein solution discoloration, alkali solution can make the colorless phenolphthalein solution turned red.
PH: acid solution pH < 7, neutral solution pH=7, alkaline solution pH > 7.
Solubility of acids, bases and salts:
Water soluble substance
Slightly soluble substances in water
Water-insoluble substance
OH-
NH4OH (volatile), KOH, NaOH, Ba (OH) 2
Ca (OH) 2
Mg (OH) 2, Al (OH) 3, Mn (OH) 2, Zn (OH) 2, Fe (OH) 2, Fe (OH) 3, and Cu (OH) 2
NO3-
HNO3 (volatile), NH4NO3, KNO3,
NaNO3, Ba (NO3) 2, Ca (NO3) 2, Mg (NO3) 2, Al (NO3) 3, Mn (NO3) 2, Zn (NO3) 2, Fe (NO3) 2, Fe (NO3) 3, Cu (NO3) 2, AgNO3 (I), and
Cl-
HCl (volatile), NH4Cl, KCl, NaCl, BaCl2, CaCl2, MgCl2, AlCl3, MnCl2, FeCl3, ZnCl2, FeCl2, CuCl2
AgCl
SO42-
H2SO4, (NH4) 2SO4, K2SO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4, Al2 (SO4) 3, MnSO4,
ZnSO4, FeSO4,, Fe2 (SO4) 3, CuSO4
CaSO4, Ag2SO4
BaSO4
CO32-
H2CO3 (volatile), (NH4) 2CO3, K2CO3, Na2CO3
MgCO3
BaCO3, CaCO3, MnCO3, ZnCO3, FeCO3, Ag2CO3
A common insoluble substance:
Five white precipitates
Mg (OH) 2, AgCl, BaSO4, BaCO3, CaCO3
A blue precipitate
Cu (OH) 2
A reddish brown precipitate
Fe (OH) 3
Chemistry of the most:
The lightest gas in nature
Hydrogen H2
The hardest substance in nature
diamond
The gas with the highest content in the air
Nitrogen N2
The most abundant element in the earth's crust
Oxygen O
The most important element in the human body
Oxygen O
The most abundant metallic element in the earth's crust
Al Al
The most abundant metallic element in the human body
Calcium Ca
At present, the world's highest yield metal
Iron Fe
A metal having the best conductivity and heat conductivity
Silver Ag
A metal of the highest melting point
Tungsten W
A metal of the lowest melting point
Mercury Hg
The formation of most valence elements
Carbon C
The smallest particle in a chemical change
atom
The simplest compound fertilizer
Potassium nitrate KNO3
Commonly known as common substances:
Material name
Name
Material name
Name
Calcium oxide CaO
Quick lime
Calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2
Hydrated lime and hydrated lime, called Shi Huishui when
dissolved
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Caustic soda, caustic soda, caustic soda
Sodium carbonate Na2CO3
Soda ash
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Baking soda
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Limestone (the main component of marble)
Hydrogen chloride (hydrogen chloride) HCl
hydrochloric acid
Iron oxide Fe2O3
Iron oxide (the main component of rust)
Solid carbon dioxide CO2
dry ice
Carbon monoxide CO
Main components of gas
Methane CH4
Major components of methane and natural gas
Mercury Hg
Mercury
Ethanol C2H5OH
alcohol
Ammonium bicarbonate NH4HCO3
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium sulfate (NH4) 2SO4
ammonium sulphate
Ammonium nitrate (NH4) 2CO3
Ammonium nitrate
The type of concentration that can occur in metathesis
reactions:
Expression
Meet conditions
Reactant
Resultant
Metal oxide + acid + salt + water
At least one of them is soluble in water
H2O
Acid + alkali + salt + water
At least one of them is soluble in water
Or: H2O
Acid + salt + new acid + new salt
At least one of them is soluble in water
The decrease or increase or H2O
Alkali + salt + new base + new salt
Must be dissolved in water
The decrease or increase or H2O
Salt + salt + new salt + new salt
Must be dissolved in water
Here
Ions that cannot coexist in water:
H+ and OH-, H+ and CO32-, H+ and HCO3-, NH4+ and OH-, Ca2+ and
CO32-, Ba2+ and SO42-, CO32-, Ag+ and Cl-, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mg2+,
and OH-
Test method for ammonia gas:
The red litmus paper can make wet blue ammonia.
Basic reaction type:
Chemical reaction: changeable. Decomposition reaction. Substitution reaction: simple substance + compound, new substance + new compound.
Double decomposition reaction: AB+CDAD+CB.
Testing of cations:
Ion
Inspection method
Experimental phenomena
H+
The dripping purple litmus test solution
Litmus red
PH was measured with pH test paper
< 7 pH
Add a small amount of hydrogen to the front metal
Bubble generation
Add a small amount of carbonate (calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate)
Bubble generation
Fe3+
Drop NaOH or KOH solution
Producing reddish brown deposits
Cu2+
Drop NaOH or KOH solution
Produce blue precipitate
Mg2+
Drop NaOH or KOH solution
Produce white precipitate
Ag+
Add hydrochloric acid (or soluble hydrochloride) and dilute
nitric acid
Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute
nitric acid
Ca2+
Soluble carbonate
Produce white precipitate
Ba2+
Dilute sulfuric acid (or soluble sulfate) with dilute nitric acid
Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid
NH4+
Adding NaOH solution heat, gas produced by the wet red litmus paper test
For solids, grind the sample together with slaked lime
Have ammonia taste, test paper turns blue
Ammoniacal
Test of anions:
Ion
Inspection method
Experimental phenomena
OH-
The dripping purple litmus test solution
Litmus blue
The dripping colorless phenolphthalein TS
Colorless phenolphthalein TS turned red
PH was measured with pH test paper
PH > 7
Soluble copper salt solution
Produce blue precipitate
Soluble iron salt solution
Producing reddish brown deposits
Cl-
Drip AgNO3 solution and dilute nitric acid
Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute
nitric acid
SO42-
Drip Ba (NO3) 2 solution and dilute nitric acid
Produce white precipitate and precipitate insoluble in dilute nitric acid
CO32- (HCO3-)
Dilute the hydrochloric acid and pour the resulting gas into clear lime water
A colorless odorless gas produced to clarify lime water to become turbid
Chemical equation:
I. properties of oxygen
The preparation of oxygen:
The hydrogen peroxide solution is added in manganese dioxide: 2H2O22H2O+O2 =
The heating of potassium chlorate and adding manganese dioxide: 2KClO32KCl+3O2 =
The heating up Potassium Permanganate: 2KMnO4MnO2+K2MnO4+O2
The elemental reaction with oxygen (reaction):
The combustion of hydrogen in air: 2H2+O22H2O
The carbon in the air in full combustion: C+O2CO2
The combustion of carbon in the air is not sufficient: 2C+O22CO
The combustion of sulfur in the air: S+O2SO2
The combustion of phosphorus in the air: 4P+5O22P2O5
Such as magnesium burn in the air: 2Mg+O22MgO
Iron, burning in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2Fe3O4
These copper in air heating: 2Cu+O22CuO
Only the combustion of aluminum in the air: 4Al+3O22Al2O3
3 compounds and oxygen reaction:
The combustion of the carbon monoxide in the air: 2CO+O22CO2
The combustion of methane in air: CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O
The alcohol burning in the air: C2H5OH+3O22CO2+3H2O
Two. Water in the natural world
The decomposition of water under the effect of direct current: 2H2O2H2 = +O2 =
The hydrogen production: Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2 = Zn+2HClZnCl2+H2 (or = no dilute sulfuric acid before use)
The reaction of lime and water: CaO+H2OCa (OH) 2
The carbon dioxide dissolved in water: H2O+CO2H2CO3
Three. Law of conservation of mass
The magnesium burn in the air: 2Mg+O22MgO
The reaction of iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4Cu+FeSO4
The reduction of copper oxide by hydrogen: H2+CuOCu+H2O
Four carbon and carbon oxides
The chemical properties of carbon oxide:
The carbon in the air in full combustion: C+O2CO2
The combustion of carbon in the air is not sufficient: 2C+O22CO
The reduction of copper oxide: C+2CuO2Cu+CO2 = charcoal
The reduction of iron oxide: 3C+2Fe2O32Fe+3CO2 = coke
The coke reduction of Fe3O4: 2C+Fe3O43Fe+2CO2 =
The three reactions occur in the coal stove (reaction):
The stove bottom: C+O2CO2
The stove in the middle: C+CO22CO
The stove top (blue flame generated): 2CO+O22CO2
Preparation and properties of carbon dioxide 3:
1 (marble or limestone) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (production of carbon dioxide in laboratory): =
CaCO3+2HClCaCl2+H2O+CO2
The carbon dioxide dissolved in water: H2O+CO2H2CO3
The carbonate is not stable and easy to decompose: H2CO3H2O+CO2 =
The high temperature calcination of limestone (industrial production of carbon dioxide): CaCO3CO2 = +CaO
The clarification of lime water reacts with carbon dioxide (CO2 test): Ca (OH) 2+CO2CaCO3: +H2O
Such as sodium hydroxide and carbon dioxide (CO2 removal reaction): 2NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O
The properties of carbon monoxide:
The combustion of the carbon monoxide in the air: 2CO+O22CO2
The carbon monoxide reduction of copper oxide: CO+CuOCu+CO2
The carbon monoxide reduction of iron oxide: 3CO+Fe2O3Fe+3CO2
The carbon monoxide reduction of Fe3O4: 4CO+Fe3O43Fe+4CO2
Five. Fuel and its application
The sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid (fire extinguisher principle): Na2CO3+2HCl2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
The heat decomposition of sodium bicarbonate (for powder extinguishing principle: 2NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2 =)
The combustion of methane in air: CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O
The alcohol burning in the air: C2H5OH+3O22CO2+3H2O
The combustion of hydrogen in air: 2H2+O22H2O
Six. Metal
The metal and oxygen reaction:
The magnesium burn in the air: 2Mg+O22MgO
The iron burns in oxygen: 3Fe+2O2Fe3O4
The copper in the air heating: 2Cu+O22CuO
The aluminum oxide film is formed in the air: 4Al+3O22Al2O3
The acid and metal salt + hydrogen (reaction):
The zinc and sulfuric acid reaction: Zn+H2SO4ZnSO4+H2 =
The iron and dilute sulfuric acid reaction: Fe+H2SO4FeSO4+H2 =
The magnesium with dilute sulfuric acid reaction: Mg+H2SO4MgSO4+H2 =
The aluminum with dilute sulfuric acid reaction: 2Al+3H2SO4Al2 (SO4) = 3+3H2
The zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Zn+2HClZnCl2+H2 =
Such as iron reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe+2HClFeCl2+H2 =
, magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Mg+2HClMgCl2+H2 =
Therefore aluminum reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: 2Al+6HCl2AlCl3+3H2 =
3 + metal + new metal salt salt:
The reaction of iron and copper sulfate solution: Fe+CuSO4FeSO4+Cu
The reaction of zinc and copper sulfate solution: Zn+CuSO4ZnSO4+Cu
The reaction of copper and silver nitrate solution: Cu+2AgNO3Cu (NO3) 2+2Ag
The refining of iron:
The blast furnace top: 3CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2
The blast furnace middle: CO2+C2CO
The blast furnace lower: C+O2CO2
Seven. Acids, bases, salts
The chemical properties of acid:
The acid and metal salt + hydrogen (see above)
The acid salt + water + metal oxide:
1. Reaction of iron oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid: Fe2O3+6HCl2FeCl3+3H2O
Reaction of iron oxide with dilute sulfuric acid: Fe2O3+3H2SO4Fe2 (SO4) 3+3H2O
Oxidation of copper with dilute hydrochloric acid reaction: CuO+2HClCuCl2+H2O
Oxidation of copper with dilute sulfuric acid reaction: CuO+H2SO4CuSO4+H2O
The acid and alkali salt + water (neutralization):
Reaction of hydrochloric acid with caustic soda: HCl+NaOHNaCl+H2O
Reaction of hydrochloric acid with calcium hydroxide: 2HCl+Ca (OH) 2CaCl2+2H2O
Aluminium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid (treat gastric acid overmuch): 3HCl+Al (OH) 3AlCl3+3H2O
Sulfuric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide:
H2SO4+2NaOHNa2SO4+2H2O
The acid + salt + acid salt:
The marble reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: CaCO3+2HClCaCl2+H2O+CO2 =
The sodium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: Na2CO3+2HCl2NaCl+H2O+CO2 =
The sodium bicarbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid: NaHCO3+HClNaCl+H2O+CO2 =
The sulfuric acid with barium hydroxide solution reaction: H2SO4+BaCl2BaSO4: +2HCl
The chemical properties of alkali:
The alkali metal oxide salt + water + non:
Sodium hydroxide solution was exposed to air deterioration: 2NaOH+CO2Na2CO3+H2O
Sodium hydroxide solution absorbs sulfur dioxide gas: 2NaOH+SO2+Na2SO3+H20
Sodium hydroxide solution absorbs three sulfur oxides gas: 2NaOH+SO3Na2SO4+H2O
The deterioration in air exposed calcium hydroxide: Ca (OH) 2+CO2CaCO3: +H2O
The lime sulfur dioxide absorption: Ca (OH) 2+SO2CaCO3: +H2O
The alkali acid + water + salt (see above)
The alkali + salt + alkali salt:
The calcium hydroxide and sodium carbonate reaction: Ca (OH): 2+Na2CO32NaOH+CaCO3
The reaction of calcium hydroxide and copper sulfate (from Bordeaux): Ca (OH) 2+CuSO4CaSO4+Cu (OH): 2
The chemical properties of 3 salt:
A new metal salt + + metal salt (see above):
The iron and nitrate reaction: Fe+Hg (NO3) 2Fe (NO3) 2+Hg
The salt + acid + acid salt (see above):
The reaction of silver nitrate solution and hydrochloric acid: AgNO3+HClAgCl: +HNO3
The salt alkali alkali salt + New + new:
The copper sulfate solution with hydrochloric acid: CuSO4+2NaOHCu (OH) 2: +Na2SO4
The ferric chloride solution with sodium hydroxide solution reaction: FeCl3+3NaOHFe (OH) 3: +3NaCl
The reaction between sodium nitrate solution and calcium hydroxide solution is 2NaNO3+Ca (OH) 22NaOH+Ca (NO3) 2
The calcium sulfate solution with sodium hydroxide solution reaction: CaSO4+2NaOHCa (OH) 2: +Na2SO4
The reaction solution of sodium hydroxide and ammonium chloride solution: NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3 = +H2O
The reaction solution of sodium hydroxide and magnesium chloride solution: 2NaOH+MgCl22NaCl+Mg (OH): 2
The salt salt salt Salt + New + new:
The reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride: NaCl+AgNO3AgCl: +NaNO3
The sodium sulfate and barium chloride reaction:
Na2SO4+BaCl2BaSO4: +2NaCl
The formation of stalagmites and stalactites:
Calcium acid reacts with carbon dioxide and water: CaCO3+CO2+H2OCa (HCO3) 2
The heat decomposition of calcium bicarbonate: Ca (HCO3) 2CaCO3: +CO2 = +H2O
Eight chemistry and life:
The glucose slowly under the action of the enzyme oxidation: C6H12O6+6O26CO2+6H2O
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