建筑工程概论复习思考题

建筑 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 概论复习思考题 1、什么是建筑物,什么是构筑物,什么是建筑构成的基本要素, 建筑物是指供人们在其中从事生产生活或其他活动的房屋或场所 构筑物:人们不在其中生产生活的建筑 建筑构成的基本要素:建筑功能，建筑技术，建筑形象 2、我国建筑方针的主要内容是什么, 适用、安全、经济、美观 3、建筑物按使用功能如何划分, 居住建筑;公共建筑 4、建筑物按主要承重结构材料如何划分, 砖木结构;砖混结构;钢筋混凝土结构;钢结构;其他结构 5、建筑物按层数如何划分, 在民用建筑中，公共及综合性建筑超过24m的除了单层的以外，均为高层建筑。 住宅层数，低层(1-3层);多层(4-6层);中高层(7-9层);高层(10-30层);超高层(高度在100米以上) 6、建筑物划分等级的意义是什么,建筑物按耐久年限是怎样划分等级的,共分几级, 划分等级的意义:可以 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 管理诸多不同性质、不同功能、不同结构、不同建筑环境等的建筑，并且国家可以针对建筑设计、建筑 施工 文明施工目标施工进度表下载283施工进度表下载施工现场晴雨表下载施工日志模板免费下载 、建筑材料、建筑环境分别制定相应法律法规、规程规范、图集等，做到有的放矢。 按耐久年限分级的依据是主体机构确定的耐久年限，共分为四级 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 7、房屋的耐火等级是怎么确定的,分几级,什么是耐火极限,什么是耐火等级,按构件的燃烧性能分几类, 建筑物的耐火等级是由建筑构件的燃烧性能和耐火极限两个方面来决定的，也分为四级。 耐火火极限:建筑构件在规定的耐火实验条件下，对构件进行耐火实验，从受到火的作用起，到构件失去支撑能力或构件出现裂缝或构件背火面温度升高到220?时为止的这段时间 耐火等级:是衡量建筑物耐火程度的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，它由组成房屋构件的燃烧性能和耐火极限的最低值所决定 按构件的燃烧性能分四类:A级，不燃性;B1级，难燃性;B2级，可燃性;B3级;易燃性 8、什么是风向频率玫瑰图并用图形说明。 风向玫瑰图是在极坐标图上绘出一地在一年中各种风向出现的频率，图形与玫瑰花朵相似 9、什么是建筑规范和国家建筑标准,意义是什么, 建筑规范:由政府授权机构所提出的建筑物安全、质量、功能等方面的最底要求，这些要求以文件的方式存在就形成了建筑规范 国家建筑标准:国家建筑标准就是规范上有GB的，行业的如铁路是TB. 意义:统一标准，推行国家的而技术和经济政策，做到统一。也是验收管理审批的要求，统一的标准非常重要。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 10、什么是《建筑模数协调统一标准》,意义和作用是什么,什么是基本模数及其数值符号,什么是导出模数,扩大模数,分模数,并举例说明。 《建筑模数协调统一标准》是指规定了模数协调的适用范围及其目的意义，以及要确定建筑物、构配件、组合件等尺度和位置时应采用的一般原理和规定。 意义:实行建筑模数协调统一标准是为了实现建筑工业化大规模生产，推进建筑工业化的发展而制定出来的 基本模数是模数协调中选用的基本尺寸单位，其数值定为100m，符号为M 扩大模数:指基本模数的整倍数 分模数:指整数除以基本模数的数值 ?11、建筑平面由哪几部分组成, 使用部分和交通联系部分 12.平面设计包括那些基本内容, 使用部分的平面设计;交通联系部分的平面设计;建筑平面组合设计。 13.确定房间的面积应考虑哪些因素, 1)容纳人数。无论是家具设备所需的面积还是人们活动及交通面积，都与房间的规模及容纳人数有关。 (2)家具设备及人们使用活动面积 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 14.确定房间的形状应考虑哪些因素, 一般是从建筑的功能布局入手，也要兼顾建筑的造型，并严格按照国家相关的建筑规范进行，通常还会受到地形等一些的限制。 15.为什么矩形平面被广泛采用, 矩形平面体型简单，平直，便于家居布置和设备的安排，使用上能充分利用室内有效面积，有较大的灵活性。 结构布置简单，便于施工。以中小学教室为例，矩形平面的教室进深和面宽较大，采用预制构件，简化施工。 矩形平面便于统一开间、进深，有利于平面及空间的组合。如学校、办公楼、旅馆等建筑常采用矩形房间沿走道一侧或两侧布置，统一的开间和进深使建筑平面布置紧凑，用地经济。 16.什么叫开间、进深, 住宅的开间，就是住宅的宽度;住宅就进深，是指住宅的实际长度。 17.如何确定门的宽度、数量、位置及开启方式, 房间中门的最小宽度是由人体尺寸、通过人流股数及家具设备的大小决定的。当房间面积过大使用人数较多时，为了开启方便和少占使用面积应根据使用要求采用双扇门、四扇门或增加门的数量。在公共建筑和通廊式居住建筑中，当房间使用人数超过50人，面积超过60?时，至少需设两个门。 窗口面积大小和数量主要根据房间的使用要求、房间面积及当地日照情况等因素来考虑，还应结合通风要求、朝向、建筑节能、立面设计、of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 建筑经济等因素综合考虑。 房间门窗位置直接影响到家具布置、人流交通、采光、通风等，因此合理的确定门窗位置是房间设计又一重要因素:门窗位置应尽量使墙面完整，便于家具设备布置和合理组织人行通道。门窗位置应有利于采光通风。 门的位置应方便交通，利于疏散。 18. 如何确定窗的面积、位置、尺寸, 窗的面积的大小主要取决于室内的采光要求。 窗的位臵应综合采光、通风、立面处理和结构等因素来确定。 窗地面积比简称窗地比，是指窗洞口面积与房间地面面积之比。 窗高:一般住宅建筑中，窗的高度为1.5米，加上窗台高0.9米，则窗顶距楼面2.4米。还留有0.4米的结构高度。在公共建筑中，窗台高度由1.0-1.8米不等，开向公共走道的窗扇，其底面高度不应低于2.0米。至于窗的高度应根据采光、通风、空间形象等要求来决定。现代玻璃幕墙中，整块玻璃的高度有的已经超过7.2米，那已经不属于一般窗户的范围了。 窗宽:窗宽一般由0.6米开始，宽到构成“带窗”，但要注意采用通宽的带窗时， 左右隔壁房间的隔声问题以及推拉窗扇的滑动范围问题，也要注意全开间的窗宽会造成横墙面上的炫光，对教室、展览室都是不合适的。 19.常见的居室、教室、办公室、走道的采光窗地面积比是多少, 按照国家相应的规范要求，一般居住建筑的起居室的窗户面积不应小于地板面积的1/7;教室、办公室为1/5，走道为1/12 。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 20.辅助房间设计有些什么要求, 辅助使用房间的设计原理、原则和方法与主要使用房间基本相同，但由于在这类房间中大都布置有较多的管道、设备，因此，房间的大小及布置均受到设备尺寸的影响。不同类型的建筑，辅助用房的内容、大小、形式均有所不同。 21.交通联系部分包括哪些内容, 交通联系部分包括水平交通空间(走道)，垂直交通空间(楼梯、电梯、自动扶梯、坡道)，交通枢纽空间(门厅、过厅)等。 22.如何确定楼梯的数量、宽度和选择楼梯的形式, 楼梯的宽度和数量主要根据使用性质、使用人数和防火规范来确定。 楼梯的形式主要有直行跑梯、平行双跑梯、三跑梯等形式，应根据使用要求选择合适的形式。 23、如何确定走道的宽度、长度, ,走道的宽度 住宅的走道:通往卧室、起居室的走道净宽不宜小于1000mm，通往辅助用房的走道净宽不应小于800 mm; 中小学校的走道:教学用房采用中间走道时，净宽不应小于2100 m;采用单面走道时，净宽不应小于1800 mm;办公用房的走道净宽不应小于1500mm; 医院的走道:利用走道单侧候诊时，走道的净宽不应小于2100 mm;两侧候诊时，净宽不应小于2700 mm;通行推床的走道净宽不of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 应小于2100 mm;办公楼的走道:走道长度不超过40 m时，单面走道的净宽不应小于1300 mm，中间走道的净宽不应小于1400 mm;走道长度超过40 m时，单面走道的净宽不应小于1500 mm，中间走道的净宽不应小于1800 mm。 ?走道的长度 走道的长度主要是根据建筑物的使用要求、平面布局以及防火和采光等要求确定的。 24、试说明门厅的作用和设计要求 作用:门厅是建筑物主要出入口处作为室内外过渡的空间，也是供建筑物内部各部分联系的交通中心。有些公共建筑中门厅除了交通职系外，还兼有适应建筑类型特点的其他功能要求。 设计要求: a(门厅代写职称论文乎面布局中的位置应明显而突出，通常应面向主要道路，使人流出入方便。 b(门厅内部的布置应做到导向明确，交通流线简捷通畅(防止交叉拥挤。对于兼有其他功能的门厅，应适当安排与分配休息等侯等其他功能要求的面积，防止堵塞交通。 c(门厅应有良好的天然采光，适宜的空间比例关系。 d.门厅应注意、和防寒等要求。门厅对外出入口处通常应设置雨趋、门廊或门斗等。 e(门厅设计应使疏散出入安全。门厅对外出人口的宽度，考虑疏散要求(不应小于通向该门厅的走道、楼梯通行宽度的总和。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 25、如何确定门的大小,门厅的布置方式有哪两种, 门厅又称为玄关，玄关有两种方式:硬玄关和软玄关。 (1)硬玄关又分为全隔断玄关和半隔断玄关。 全隔断玄关是指设计为全幅的玄关，这种玄关由地至顶，一般是为了阻拦视线而设的。在采用这种设计时，应当注意是否影响门口部分的自然采光，以及是否会造成空间的狭窄感。如果这种设计会造成门口部分的光线偏暗，或者让空间有一种狭窄、压抑的感觉，就是不可取的。 半隔断玄关是指玄关在水平或上下方向上采取一半或近一半的设计。这种设计能在一定程度上避免全隔断玄关的弊端。 另外，有的玄关在透明部分会采用玻璃，这种玄关虽然也是由地至顶的，但在视觉上是半隔断的，所以仍然归为半隔断玄关。 (2)软玄关是在材质等平面基础上进行区域处理的方法，可分为天花划分、墙面划分、地面划分和鞋柜划分。它们的区别就在于门厅位置的界定。天花划分通过天花造型的区别来界定;墙面划分通过墙面处理与其他相邻墙面的差异来界定;地面划分通过地面材质、色泽或者高低的差异来界定;而鞋柜划分则通过它在水平方向横摆拦断和垂直方向伸延的长短来界定。 26、平面组合的要求是什么, ,走道式(又称走廊式)的组合方式 是用走道将各房间连接起来，即在走道一侧或两侧布置房间。 特点:房间与交通联系部分明确分开，各房间不被穿越，相对独立，房间之间通过走道保持联系 适用:of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 房间面积不大、同类型房间数量较多的建筑，如学校、办公楼、医院、宿舍等建筑。 ? 套间式组合 套间式的组合形式是以穿套的方式将主要房间按一定序列组合起来。 特点:把水平交通联系部分寓于房间之内，房间之间联系紧密，具有较强的连贯性。 适用:房间的使用顺序性和连续性较强的建筑，如展览馆、博物馆、商店、车站等建筑。 ? 大厅式组合 大厅式组合是以主体大厅为中心周围穿插布置辅助房间。 特点:主要房间突出，主从关系分明，主要房间与辅助房间联系紧密的。 适用:影剧院、体育馆等建筑。 ? 单元式组合 单元式的组合形式是将关系较密切的房间组合在一起，成为相对独立的单元，再将这些单元以一定的方式连接起来。 适用:住宅、幼儿园、学校等建筑中 ? 混合式组合 混合式组合是指采用两种或两种以上的基本组合形式将各房间连接起来。 适用于功能复杂的建筑，如文化宫、俱乐部等建筑。 27、平面组合有哪几种方式,各有什么特点,各适应哪类建筑, ,走道式(又称走廊式)的组合方式是用走道将各房间连接起来，即在走道一侧或两侧布置房间。 特点:房间与交通联系部分明确分开，各房间不被穿越，相对独立，房间之间通过走道保持联系 适用:房间面积不大、同类型房间数量较多的建筑，如学校、办公楼、医院、宿舍等建筑。 ? 套间式组合 套间式的组合形式是以穿套的方式将主要房间of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 按一定序列组合起来。 特点:把水平交通联系部分寓于房间之内，房间之间联系紧密，具有较强的连贯性。 适用:房间的使用顺序性和连续性较强的建筑，如展览馆、博物馆、商店、车站等建筑。 ? 大厅式组合 大厅式组合是以主体大厅为中心周围穿插布置辅助房间。 特点:主要房间突出，主从关系分明，主要房间与辅助房间联系紧密的。 适用:影剧院、体育馆等建筑。 ? 单元式组合 单元式的组合形式是将关系较密切的房间组合在一起，成为相对独立的单元，再将这些单元以一定的方式连接起来。 适用:住宅、幼儿园、学校等建筑中 ? 混合式组合 混合式组合是指采用两种或两种以上的基本组合形式将各房间连接起来。 适用于功能复杂的建筑，如文化宫、俱乐部等建筑。 28、大量性民用建筑常用的结构类型有哪几种,说明其主要特点及适用范围。 混凝土框架结构、混凝土砖混结构、剪力墙结构、框剪结构 砖混结构:是由砖或承重砌块砌 筑的承重墙，现浇或预制的钢筋混凝土楼板组成的建筑结构。多用来建造低层或多层居住建筑。 框架结构:由梁和柱组成的主体骨架承重结构，楼板一般为现浇混凝土，墙为填充墙。多用来建造中高层和高层建筑。 框架一剪力墙结构:是由剪力墙和框架共同承受竖向和水平作用的结构，也叫框架抗震墙结构。框架抗震墙结构和框架结构的区别是为了增加建筑物的刚度和整体性，将框架结构中一部分不受力的填of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 充墙变成承受风和地震水平荷载的钢筋混凝土墙。多用来建造中高层和高层建筑。 剪力墙结构:是由剪力墙组成的承受竖向和水平作用力的结构，也叫抗震墙结构。 29、基地环境、条件对平面组合有何影响, 1) 场地大小、形状和道路走向 场地的大小和形状，对建筑物的层数、平面组合有极大影响在同样能满足使用要求的情况下，建筑功能分区可采用较为集中紧凑的布置方式，或采用分散的布置方式，这方面除了和气候条件、节约用地以及管道设施等因素有关外，还和基地大小和形状有关。同时，基地内人流、车流的主要走向，又是确定建筑平面中出入口和门厅位置的重要因素。 2) 建筑物的朝向和间距 影响建筑物朝向的因素主要有日照和风向。不同季节，太阳的位置、高度都在发生着有规律的变化。根据我国所处的地理位置，建筑物采取南向或南偏东、南偏西向能获得良好的日照。 3) 基地的地形条件 在坡地上进行平面组合应依山就势，充分利用地势的变化，减少土方工程量，处理好建筑朝向、道路、排水和景观等要求。坡地建筑主要有平行于等高线和垂直于等高线两种布置方式。当基地坡度小于25%时，建筑物平行于等高线布置，土方量少，造价经济。当基地坡度大于25%时，建筑物采用平行于等高线布置，对朝向、通风采光、of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 排水不利，且土方量大，造价高。因此，宜采用垂直于等高线或斜交于等高线布置。 30、什么叫层高、净高, 层高是指建筑物内某一层楼(地)面到其上一层楼面之间的垂直高度。净高即建筑物内某一层楼(地)面到其上部构件或吊顶地面的垂直距离。 31、确定层高及净高应考虑哪些因素, ,家具、设备的安置和使用高度 ,人活动所需要的使用高度 ,满足生理、心理要求的其他标准 ?节能要求 32、确定建筑物的层数应考虑哪些因素, ,城市规划的要求 ,建筑物的使用性质 ,选用的建筑结构类型和建筑材料 ?城市消防能力的影响 33、空间组合时如何处理高差相差较大的空间, 一般情况下可以将使用性质近似、高度又相同的部分放在同一个层内;空旷的大空间尽量设在建筑顶层，避免放在底层形成“下柔上刚”的结构或者是放在中间层造成结构刚度的突变。此外，利用楼梯等垂直交通枢纽或过厅、连廊等来连接不同层高或不同高度的建筑段落，即可解决垂直的交通联系，又可以丰富建筑体型，是建筑中常用of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 的手法。以下是几种剖面组合形式: ,分层式组合 ,分段式组合 34.建筑体型和立面设计要求是什么, 符合基地环境和总体规划的要求;符合建筑功能的需要和建筑类型的特征;合理运用某些视觉和构图的规律了;符合建筑所选用结构系统的特点及技术的可能性;掌握相应的设计标准和经济指标。 35.建筑构图中的统一与变化，均衡与稳定，韵律，对比，尺度等含义是什么? 统一与变化是古今外一个优秀建筑师必然要遵循的一个规则，是建筑构图的一条重要原则，也是艺术领域里各种艺术形式所要遵循的一般原则，它是一切形式美的普遍规律，具有广泛的普遍性和概括性，其它如主从，对比，尺度，均衡等构图要素都是作为达到统一和变化的手段。 均衡和稳定既是力学概念也是建筑概念，均衡主要是研究建筑物左右前后结构的轻重关系，并使其组合起来给人以平稳，安定的感觉;稳定是指建筑物结构的上下的轻重关系，应给人以安全可靠，坚如磐石的安全感。均衡和稳定是相互联系的是建筑构图的一个重要原则。 韵律是任何物体各要素重复或渐变所形成的一种特性，这种有规律的变化和有秩序的重复的节奏，能产生具有条理性，重复性，连续性为特征的韵律感，给人以美的享受。 在二物之间彼此相互衬托下，使其形、色更加鲜明，大物更大、小物of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 更小，深者更深、浅者变浅，给人以强烈的感受和映像，称为对比。 尺度所研究的是建筑物整体和局部构件给人感觉上的大小与其真实大小之间的关系，比如自然的尺度，夸张的尺度，亲切的尺度。 36.体型组合有哪几种方式, 1、对称式布局。这种布局的建筑有明显的中轴线，主体部分位于中轴线上，主要用于需要庄重、肃穆感觉的建筑，例如政府机关、法院、博物馆、纪念堂等。 2、不对称式布局。在水平方向通过拉伸、错位、转折等手法，可形成不对称的布局。用不对称布局的手法形成的不同体量或形状的体块之间可以互相咬合或用连接体连接，还需要讲究形状、体量的对比或重复以及连接处的处理，同时应该注意形成视觉中心。这种布局方式容易适应不同的基地地形，还可以适应多方位的视角。 3、在垂直方向通过切割、加减等方法来使建筑物获得类似 "雕塑"的效果。这种布局需要按层分段进行平面的调整，常用于高层和超高层的建筑以及一些需要在地面以上利用室外空间或者需要采顶光的建筑。 37.立面处理有哪几种方法, 加法、减法、凹凸、重复、穿插、拉伸、旋转、断裂、错位、仿生。 38.建筑构造在建筑设计中的作用是什么, 建筑构造是为建筑设计提供可靠的技术保证。现代化的建筑工程of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 如果没有技术依据，所作的设计只能是纸上的 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ，没有实用价值可言。建筑构造作为建筑技术，自始至终贯穿于建筑设计的全过程，即方案设计、初步设计、技术设计和施工详图设计等每个步骤。在方案设计和初步设计阶段，首先应根据该工程的社会、经济、文化传统、技术条件等环境来选择合宜的结构体系，使所设计的建筑空间和外部造型具有可行性和现实性;在技术设计阶段还要进一步落实设计方案的具体技术问题，并对结构和给水排水、供暖、供电、空调设备等工程项目进行统一规划，协调各工程项目之间的交叉矛盾。施工详图设计阶段是技术设计的深化，处理局部与整体之间的关系，并为工程的实施提供制作和安装的具体技术条件。 39.建筑物由哪些基本构件组成,它们的基本作用是什么, 房屋的主要组成部分 基础:建筑最下部的承重构件，承担建筑的全部荷载，并下传给地基。 墙体和柱:墙体是建筑物的承重和围护构件。在框架承重结构中，柱是主要的竖向承重构件。 屋顶:是建筑顶部的承重和围护构件，一般由屋面、保温(隔热)层和承重结构三部分组成。 楼地层:是楼房建筑中的水平承重构件，包括底层地面和中间的楼板层。 楼梯:楼房建筑的垂直交通设施，供人们平时上下和紧急疏散时使用。 门窗:门主要用做内外交通联系及分隔房间，窗的主要作用是采光和通风，门窗属于非承重构件。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 建筑的次要组成部分: 附属的构件和配件:如阳台、雨篷、台阶、散水、通风道等。 40.影响建筑构造的因素包括哪些方面, ?外界环境的影响 a.外界作用力的影响 外力包括人、家具和设备的重量，结构自重，风力，地震力，以及雪重等，这些通称为荷载。b.气候条件的影响 如日晒雨淋、风雪冰冻、地下水等。对于这些影响，在构造上必须考虑相应防护的措施，如防水防潮、防寒隔热、防温度变形等。c.人为因素的影响 如火灾、机械振动、噪声等的影响，在建筑构造上需采取防火、防振和隔声的相应措施。 ?建筑技术条件的影响 建筑技术条件指建筑材料技术、结构技术和施工技术等。随着这些技术的不断发展和变化，建筑构造技术也在改变着。 ?建筑标准的影响 建筑标准所包含的内容较多，与建筑构造关系密切的主要有建筑的造价标准、建筑装修标准和建筑设备标准。标准高的建筑，其装修质量好，设备齐全且档次高，自然建筑的造价也较高;反之，则较低。 41.建筑保温的意义是什么,如何提高围护构件的保温能力, 意义:节能、适合居住并延长室内物品寿命 1.增加墙厚 不过此方法太重 一般的层数多的建筑就不会用 2.要提高围护构件的保温能力最好的方法就是用保温隔热材料，其次应该可以使用一些对温度不敏感的材料，这样可以从源头上杜绝构件因为热胀冷缩而造成的构件不稳定。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 42.建筑防热的意义是什么,建筑防热的基本途径包括哪些方面, 意义:减少室外热能传入，加强室内隔热和散热的作用。 基本途径:1(减弱室外的热作用 合理地选择建筑的朝向和进行建筑群布局，防止过度日晒。居住建筑物的朝向宜采用南北向或接近南北向。尽量避免主要房间受到东、西向日晒。同时要绿化周围环境，以降低环境辐射和空气温度。对外围护结构的外表面，应采用浅颜色以减少对太阳辐射的吸收，降低综合温度，从而减少进入围护结构的传热量。 2(外围护结构的隔热和散热 对屋顶及东、西外墙等围护结构要进行隔热处理，达到节能所要求的热工指标，使内表面温度满足隔热设计标准的要求。白天隔热好而夜间散热又快的隔热形式是最理想的，尤其适合在自然通风情况下采用。通风屋面和通风墙是应用广泛而又有效的隔热方式。 3(良好的自然通风 自然通风是排除室内余热，改善室内热湿环境的主要途径之一。组织自然通风的措施包括:使房间的进风口尽量接近夏季主导风向;居住区的总体规划和居住建筑的平面、立面设计及门窗的设置，应有利于自然通风，利于室内的风场分布;设置通风构造;利用绿化、地理环境组织通风等。 4(遮阳 建筑物的向阳面，尤其是东、西向窗户，宜优先采用活动或固定的建筑外遮阳设施。在屋顶和西墙的外侧设置遮阳设施，可以降低它of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 们的室外综合温度。在建筑设计中，宜结合外廊、阳台、衫k檐等构件达到遮阳的目的。利用绿化、设置其他活动的或固定的遮阳设施也可实现有效的遮阳。 5(利用自然能 利用自然能主要包括建筑外表面的长波辐射、夜间对流、被动蒸发冷却、地冷空调、太阳能降温等防用结合的措施。 以上建筑防热的各种措施，应在建筑防热设计中综合使用。最主要的防热措施是隔热和自然通风，同时辅以窗口遮阳、环境绿化等手段。 43.建筑节能的意义是什么,建筑设计中如何考虑节能问题, 狭义意义: 节能就是建筑落成之后能广泛利用可再生能源，以及最大限度的节约水电燃料等不可再生能源。 具体点 1)利用内外保温隔热墙体，门窗以及地暖工程等节约空调用电。 2)利用太阳能加热或者发电等充分利用太阳能，也是节约用电。 3)通过建筑布局合理采光以及通风，自然调节室内温度以及照明，还是节约用电。 44.噪音传播的方式有哪些,如何提高围护构件的隔声能力, 噪音的传播途径可概括为两大类:空气传声和固体传声。 空气传声是指声源直接激发空气振动产生的声波，并通过空气做为传of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 声媒质，例如汽车喇叭声音、发动机排气声、通风机的进、排风噪声以及各种振动机器表面向空气中辐射的声波，当然空气声也可以经墙壁、楼板、等建筑物构件振动的传递，再以空气声的形式辐射出去。 固体传声是声源直接激发结构振动所产生的噪声，因此也称结构声，结构振动以弹性波形式在墙壁、楼板。梁、柱等构件中传播，同时在传播途径中向周围空气辐射噪声，如要墙壁敲击、楼板上拖动物体、砰击门窗等，激起固体质振动而辐射的噪音。 围护结构有:不透明维护结构有墙、屋顶和楼板等;透明围护结构有窗户、天窗和阳台门等围护结构。 其中主要起隔声作用的有:墙、屋顶、楼板、门窗等。 1. 墙体隔声分类 ? 单层墙体:当外部声的频率较低时，隔声性能受劲度控制，这是可提高劲度。当频 率较高时，墙体隔声性能主要受质量控制，可以增加墙的面密度，每增加面密度一倍隔声量增加6分贝，但同时应注意避开吻合效。 ? 双层墙:在以上基础上可以改进，可在双层墙的空气层内填充玻璃棉、岩棉和矿棉 毡等多孔吸声材料可进一步提高隔声性能。 ? 轻质墙: a 做成夹层结构，b 增加空气层厚度，c 增加墙板的密度。 2. 屋顶: 上下楼层的隔音则必须安装隔音吊顶。这种吊顶采用5厘米左右的塑料泡沫板做隔 音材料，直接粘贴在天花板上。在贴天花板的一面，可以扎一些不规则的洞眼(但不要扎透)，以加大吸音的效果。在泡沫板下再做吊顶，吊顶要和泡沫板保持一定距离。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 3( 楼板: ? A(对于混凝土地面，行之有效的一种方法是“浮筑地面”法，即在结构楼板上铺一 层减振地垫(一般4-10mm厚)，再在上面浇灌混凝土(一般40-80mm，需配筋)，形成“三明治”弹性夹心结构。 B(在混凝土地面上铺设木地板，对楼板隔声也有很大改善。包括实木地板 (带龙骨)和复合地板都有很好的撞击声隔声效果，Lpn,w实测值一般小 于70dB， C(也可在楼板的下表面粘贴阻尼板，对楼板的振动进行阻尼，从而提高 隔声量。 ?对于撞击声:a(在承重楼板上铺放弹性面层。b.浮雕楼板。c.在承重楼板下加 设隔声吊顶。 4. 门窗: 一、门 ? 一般门窗结构轻薄，而且存在较大缝隙，因此，门窗的隔声能力往往比墙体低得多，形成隔声的“薄弱环节”。若要提高门窗的隔声，一方面要改变轻、薄、单的门窗扇，另一方面邀密封缝隙，减少缝隙透声 ? 简单地采用厚而重的门扇，如钢筋混凝土门，一种是采用多层复合结构，用多层性质相差很大的材料(如钢板、木板、阻尼材料如沥青，吸声材料如玻璃棉等)相间而成，因为各层材料的阻抗差别很大，使声波在在各层边界上被反射，提高了隔声量。 ? 如果但道门难以达到隔声要求，可以设置双道门。如果双层墙一样，因为两道门之间的空气间层而得到较大的附加隔声量。如果加大两道门之间的空间，扩大称为门斗， 并在门斗内表面做吸声处理，能进一步提高隔声效果。这种门斗又叫of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 做“声闸” 二、 窗: 窗的隔音与门一样 主要取决与玻璃的厚度质量越大隔声量也就越高和窗扇之间与框之间的密封程度 因为采光和透过视线的要求，只能采用玻璃，对于隔声要求高的窗，可采用较厚的玻璃，或采用双层或多层玻璃。在采用双层或多层时，若有可能，各层玻璃不要平行，各层玻璃厚度不要相同。玻璃之间的窗樘上可布置吸声材料。 以上方法均可以提高建筑围护结构隔声效果。 45、地震震级和地震烈度有什么区别,建筑设计中主要应采取哪些措施来提高建筑物的防震能力, 地震震级反映地震释放的能量大小，只跟地震释放的能量多少有关，是表示地震大小的度量，它是用“级”来表示的。地震烈度是表示地面受到地震影响和破坏的程度，它是用“度”来表示的。一次地震只有一个震级，而烈度则各地不同，但震中烈度只有一个。 良好的抗震设计应尽可能地考虑下述原则:(1)场地选择。场地选择的原则是避开地震时可能发生地基失效的松软场地，选择坚硬场地。(2)体形均匀规整。无论是在平面或立面上，结构的布置都要力求使几何尺寸、质量、刚度、延性等均匀、对称、规整，避免突然变化。(3)提高结构和构件的强度和延性。结构物的振动破坏来自地震动引起的结构振动，因此抗震设计要力图使从地基传人结构的振动能量为最小，并使结构物具有适当的强度、刚度和延性，以防止不能容忍的破坏。在不增加重量、不改变刚度的前提下，提高总体强度和延性是两个有效的抗震途径。(4)多道抗震防线。使结构具有多道支撑和of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 抗水平力的体系，则在强地震的作用下，建设工程的一道防线破坏后尚有第二道防线可以支撑结构，避免倒塌。(5)防止脆性与失稳破坏，增加延性。脆性与失稳破坏常常导致倒塌，故应防止。这种破坏常见于设计不良的细部造。 合理的抗震设计必须通过高质量的施工才能起到抗御地震的作用。只有把好抗震设计和施工两道关才能有效地提高建设工程的抗震性能。 46、墙按所处位置、受力特点、所用材料及构造方式分哪几类型, (1)依墙体在房屋中所处位置不同可分为外墙和内墙，纵墙和横墙。 (2)依墙体结构受力情况可分为承重墙和非承重墙。其中，非承重墙包括隔墙、填充墙和幕墙。 (3)根据墙体建造材料的不同可分为砖墙、石墙、土墙、砌块墙、混凝土墙以及其他用轻质材料制作的墙体。 (4)按照墙体构造方式可以分为实体墙、空体墙和组合墙三种。 47、基础按所用材料和构造方式有哪些类型,各有什么特点, 按基础所采用材料和受力特点分，有刚性基础和非刚性基础;依构造形式分，有条形基础、独立基础、筏形基础、桩基础、箱形基础等。 刚性基础抗压强度高，而抗拉、抗剪强度低。非刚性基础宽度的加大不受刚性角的限制，也可节省大量的混凝土材料和挖土工作量。 48、什么叫基础埋深,影响基础埋深的因素是什么, 从室外设计地面至基础底面的垂直距离称基础的埋置深度，简称基础的埋深。 影响基础埋深的因素包括:建筑物上部荷载的大小、地基土质的好坏、of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 地下水位的高低、土的冰冻的深度以及新旧建筑物的相邻交接关系等。 49、什么叫勒脚,常用勒脚构造做法有哪些, 勒脚是墙身接近室外地面的部分。 常用勒脚构造做法有:(1)抹灰:可采用20厚1:3水泥砂浆抹面，1:2水泥白石子浆水刷石或斩假石抹面。此法多用于一般建筑。(2)贴面:可采用天然石材或人工石材，如花岗岩、水磨石板等。其耐久性、装饰效果好，用于高标准建筑。(3)勒脚采用石材，如条石等。 50、墙中为什么要设水平防潮层,水平防潮层设在什么位置,一般有哪些做法,各有什么优缺点, 为杜绝地下潮气对墙身的影响，砌墙体应该在勒脚处设置防潮层。 水平防潮层设在建筑物内外墙体沿地层结构部分的高度。如果建筑物底层室内采用实铺地面的做法，一般设在地面素混凝土结构层的厚度范围之内。工程中常将其设于,0.06m处。 水平防潮层一般分为油毡防潮层、防水砂浆防潮层和配筋细石混凝土防潮层等。 油毡防潮层对抗震不利，而且使用寿命一般只有10年左右，目前已很少使用。防水砂浆防潮层适用于一般的砖砌体中，但砂浆易开裂，不适用于地基会产生微小变形的建筑中。配筋细石混凝土防潮层抗裂性好，且能与砌体结合为一体，适用于整体刚度要求较高的建筑中。 51、什么情况下要设垂直防潮层,垂直防潮层设在什么位置,一般有of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 哪些做法,各有什么优缺点, 在有些情况下，建筑物室内地坪会出现高差或室内地坪低于室外地面的标高时，要设垂直防潮层，以避免有高差部位填土中的潮气侵入低地坪部分的墙身。 垂直防潮层设在有高差部分的垂直墙面。 垂直防潮层的做法是在墙体迎向潮气的一面做20~25厚1:2的防水砂浆，或者用15厚1:3的水泥砂浆找平后，再涂防水涂膜2~3道或贴高分子防水卷材一道。 52、试述散水和明沟的作用和一般做法。 为保护墙基不受雨水的侵蚀，常在外墙四周将地面做成向外倾斜的坡面，以便将屋面雨水排至远处，这一坡面称散水或护坡。还可以在外墙四周做明沟，将通过水落管流下的屋面雨水等有组织地导向地下集水井(又称集水口)，然后流入排水系统。 散水所用材料与明沟相同，散水坡度约5%，宽一般为600~1000mm。 散水的构造做法:10厚1:2.5水泥砂浆抹面;60厚C10混凝土;80厚碎砖或道渣;素土夯实。 53、窗台的作用是什么,试述窗台的防水做法要点。 当室外雨水沿窗扇下淌时，为避免雨水聚积窗下并侵入墙身且沿窗下槛向室内渗透，可以于窗下靠室外一侧设置泻水构件——窗台。 窗台须向外形成一定坡度，以利排水。 54、过梁的作用是什么,常见的过梁做法有哪几种,试述其构造要点of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 及适用范围。 作用:为了支承洞口上部砌体所传来的各种荷载，并将这些荷载传给窗间墙。 过梁的形式较多，常见的有砖拱(平拱、弧拱和半圆拱)、钢筋砖过梁和钢筋混凝土过梁等。 (1)砖拱是我国传统式做法，其跨度最大可达1.2m，当过梁上有集中荷载或振动荷载时，不宜使用;在需要抗震设防的地区，也不应使用。(2)钢筋砖过梁多用于跨度在2m以内的清水墙的门窗孔洞上。(3)钢筋混凝土过梁一般不受跨度的限制。过梁宽与墙厚相同，高度应与所用的砌筑块材有一定的相关关系，否则影响整个墙面的继续砌筑。过梁在洞口两端的搁置长度也应该作同样的考虑。 55、圈梁的作用是什么,一般设在什么位置,为什么, 在墙身中自下而上地与墙体同步施工，设置钢筋混凝土的圈梁和构造柱，使其互相连通，在墙体中形成一个内骨架，从而加强建筑物的整体刚度，是混合结构建筑墙体主要的抗震措施。 圈梁是沿着建筑物的全部外墙和部分内墙设置的连续封闭的梁。设置部位在建筑物的屋盖及楼盖处。 因为混合结构建筑墙体中的圈梁不同于骨架体系的梁那样先于填充墙完成，作为受弯构件承担楼面传来的荷载。圈梁是在墙体砌筑到适当高度时才连同构造柱一起整浇的。 56、构造柱的作用是什么,应在何处设置, 在多层砌体房屋墙体的规定部位，按构造配筋，并按先砌墙后of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 浇灌混凝土柱的施工顺序制成的混凝土柱，通常称为混凝土构造柱，简称构造柱。为提高多层建筑砌体结构的抗震性能,规范要求应在房屋的砌体内适宜部位设置钢筋混凝土柱并与圈梁连接,共同加强建筑物的稳定性。这种钢筋混凝土柱通常就被称为构造柱。构造柱,主要不是承担竖向荷载的，而是抗击剪力,抗震等横向荷载的. 构造柱通常设置在楼梯间的休息平台处，纵横墙交接处，墙的转角处，墙长达到五米的中间部位要设构造柱。近年来为提高砌体结构的承载能力或稳定性而又不增大截面尺寸，墙中的构造柱已不仅仅设置在房屋墙体转角、边缘部位，而按需要设置在墙体的中间部位,圈梁必须设置成封闭状。 从施工角度讲，构造柱要与圈梁地梁、基础梁整体浇筑。与砖墙体要在结构工程有水平拉接筋连接。如果构造柱在建筑物、构筑物中间位置，要与分布筋做连接。 57、试述砌块墙的特点, ,生产效率高 ,热工性能好 ,减少环境污染 58.隔墙有哪些类型,试描述各类隔墙的基本做法。 (1)轻质内隔墙:立筋类隔墙、条板类隔墙、活动隔墙、常用隔断 (2)立筋类隔墙:先制作一个骨架，再在其表面覆盖面板，包括胶合板、纸面石膏板、硅钙板、塑铝板、纤维水泥板等;条板类隔板:of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 其所选用的材料是具有一定厚度和刚度的条形板材，如水泥纤维空心条板、空心加强石膏条板、内置发泡材料或复合蜂窝板的彩钢板等;活动隔板:其主体部分的制作工艺可以参照门窗的做法，其移动多由上下两条轨道或是单由上轨道来控制和实现;常用隔板:其构造往往由各专业制造公司设计，而且与设备管道等综合考虑。 59.试述墙面装修的作用和基本类型。 (1)作用:建筑物构件的外表面需要进行处理，添加合适的面层。面层的主要作用是对建筑物和建筑构件进行保护，并且起到美观的作用。 (2)基本类型:粉刷类面层、粘贴类面层、钉挂类面层、裱糊类面层。 60.抹灰类墙面装修中各层次的作用是什么,试述常见的抹灰墙面面层做法, (1)打底层抹灰具有使装修层与基层墙体粘牢和初步找平的作用;面层抹灰是对整个面层的所作的最后修整，达到表面平整、无裂痕的要求;表面处理使得达到色泽均匀、面膜牢固的效果。 (2)面层抹灰是对整个面层所作的最后修整，达到表面平整、无裂痕的要求，面层抹灰完成后的外表面大多是用工具压平可以抹光的，不像找平层那样表面毛糙，但也可以用工具在表面进行拉毛、刻痕等处理，以追求特殊的质感。在工程中一般常用强度较低的砂浆打底，用同类强度较高的砂浆粉面。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 61.楼层和地层的作用是什么, (1)楼层:楼层是沿水平方向分隔上下空间的结构构件。它除了承受并传递垂直荷载和水平荷载，应具备足够的强度和刚度外，还应具有一定的防火、隔声和防水等方面的能力。 (2)地层构造可以分为实铺地面和架空地面。实铺地面是指将开挖基础时挖去的土回填到指定标高，并且分层夯实后，在上面铺碎石或三合土，然后再满铺素混凝土结构层。架空地面是指用预制板将底层室内地层架空，使地层一下的回填土同地层结构之间保留一定的距离，相互不接触;同时利用建筑的室内外高差，在接近室外地面的墙上留出通风洞，使得土中的潮气不容易像实铺地面那样可以直接对建筑底层地面造成影响。 62.楼层和地层各有哪些层次组成,各层的作用是什么 (1)楼层:楼层由结构层、面层、顶棚层组成;地层:一般是由承受荷载的结构层(垫层)、基层、和满足使用要求的面层三个主要部分组成。 (2)作用:结构层是承重层。面层其在结构层上护楼层表面。面层起到隔音、防水、装饰作用。一般面层多为现浇混凝土及砂浆、地砖、地板革、塑胶、涂料、各种木材地面构成。顶棚层一般保护结构层、铺设管线、安装吊顶。楼层常见有木、砖拱楼层，钢筋混凝土楼of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 层，组合楼板楼层。组合楼板由预制压型钢板、钢砼组成。组合楼板做法这样:钢筋绑扎后浇筑混凝土，以压型钢板为模板，不拆模。 63.现浇式钢筋混凝土楼板有什么特点,有哪些基本形式, (1)其结构的整体刚度好，特别适合于那些整体性要求较高的建筑物、有管道穿过楼板的房间以及形式不规则或房间尺度不符合模数要求的房间中。(具有整体性好、抗震能力强、可以是不规则形状、便于留空洞、布置管线方面等优点，但有模板用量大、施工速度慢等缺点) (2)基本形式:板式楼板、肋形楼板、井字楼板、无梁楼板、压型钢板组合楼板。 64.装配式钢筋混凝土楼板有什么特点,有那些基本形式, (1)预制装配式施工工艺指将楼层构件在预制加工厂或施工现场预先制作成型并达到强度后，运送到指定位置按照顺序进行安装。这种施工方法，大大减少了现场湿作业的机会，提高了现场机械化施工的水平，并可使工期大为缩短，这对建筑工业化的提高是一大促进，并且有利于建筑产品的质量控制。 (2)基本形式:实心平板、槽型板、空心板 65.装配式钢筋混凝土楼板的梁支承有哪些形式,采用何种形式可减少结构高度, of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. (1)花篮梁、十字梁 (2)为了减少结构的高度，必要时可以把结构梁的截面做花篮梁或者十字梁的形式，但要注意除去花篮梁和十字梁两侧的支承部分后，梁的有效宽度和高度不能够小于原来的形状。 66.装配板接缝形式有几种,缝隙如何处理, (1)一是在上表层作刻槽处理，二是在薄板上表面露出规则的三角形状的结合钢筋。 (2)为增强房屋的整体刚度，在楼板与墙体之间以及楼板与楼板之间，常用锚固钢筋予以锚固。 67.空心板端头孔中堵砖或混凝土的作用是什么,坐浆的作用是什么, (1)空心板在安装时支撑端的两端孔内常用专制的填块、碎砖块或砂浆块填塞，以免灌缝时混凝土自行进入孔内，影响施工。 (2)坐浆在建筑中使用的方面很多，最常见的是柱钢筋绑扎完毕并且支模完毕后，用水泥砂浆灌到最底层，这种用来起粘结和找平作用的砂浆就叫坐浆。能有效的防止柱出现烂根的现象。 68.装配板与墙和梁的搭接长度有何要求, 搁在钢筋混凝土梁上搭接长度不小于600mm,搁在砖墙上搭接长度不小于100mm. of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 69、装配整体式楼板有何特点, 装配整体式施工工艺指将楼层中的部分构件经工厂预制后到现场安装，再经整体浇筑其余部分后，使整个楼层连接成整体。其结构整体刚度优于预制装配式的，而且预制部分构件安装后可以方便施工，特别是其中叠合楼板的下层部分可以同时充当其上层整浇部分的永久性底模，施工时可以承受施工荷载，完成后又不需拆除，可以大大加速施工进度。 70、楼地面包括哪些层次,各层次的作用是什么, 地面层是分隔建筑物最底层房间与下部土壤的水平构件，地面层从下至上依次由素土夯实层、垫层和面层等基本层次等组成。其次有附加层。楼板层从上至下依次由面层、结构层和顶棚层等几个基本层次组成。面层:是楼板上表面的构造层，也是室内空间下部的装修层。面层对结构层起着保护作用，使结构层免受损坏。同时，也起装饰室内的作用。结构层:是楼板层的承重部分，包括板、梁等构件。结构层承受整个楼板层的全部荷载，并对楼板层的隔声、防火等起主要作用。地面层的结构层为垫层，垫层将所承受的荷载及自重均匀地传给夯实的地基。附加层:主要有管线敷设层、隔声层、防水层、保温或隔热层等。管线敷设层是用来敷设水平设备暗管线的构造层;隔声层是为隔绝撞击声而设的构造层;防水层是用来防止水渗透的构造层;保温或隔热层是改善热工性能的构造层。顶棚层:是楼板层下表面的构造of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 层，也是室内空间上部的装修层，顶棚的主要功能是保护楼板、安装灯具、装饰室内空间以及满足室内的特殊使用要求。 71、对楼地面的基本要求是什么, ?对坚固，耐久性的要求; ?安全性的要求; ?舒适感的要求; ?装饰性的要求; 72、楼地面分哪几类,试述各类的特点以及使用场合。 楼层的形式可分为板式、梁板式和无梁板楼盖等。当房间尺寸较小，楼板可以直接将其上面的荷载传给周围的支撑构件，而不会使得其因为跨度太大，而造成断面尺度太大或者说是结构自重太大，在这种情况下可将楼板做成平板的式样，它的主要特点是底部平整，可以得到最大的使用净高。当房间的平面尺寸较大，采用板式楼盖会造成单块楼板的跨度太大时，可以通过在楼板下设梁的方式，将一块板划分为若干个小块，从而减小小板块的跨度，这就是梁板式楼盖。它的特点是能形成主次梁的关系。无梁楼盖形式上是以结构柱与楼板组合，取消了柱间及板底的梁，楼板以大型平板通过柱帽支撑在柱子上，这时周边的楼板最好均匀出挑，可使结构较为单一，这种做法，使结构在地震作用下回发生刚度变化，减小地震的作用，而地震过后又会自动恢复原有刚性，因此抗震性能较好。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 73、水泥地面和水磨石地面如何构造, 水泥地面:用水泥砂浆碾压形成面层，水泥和砂子的比例为1:2; 水磨石地面:水磨石地面分为两层构造，底层为1:3，水泥砂浆18mm厚找平，面层为1:1.5~1:2，水泥石屑12mmm厚，石屑粒径为8mm~10mm，具体操作时，将找平层做好，然后找平层上按设计和图案嵌用玻璃分离条(或铜条，铅条)，分隔条一般高10mm，用1:1水泥砂浆固定，将拌合好的水泥石屑铺入压实，经浇水养护后磨光，一般粗磨，中磨，精磨，用草酸水溶液洗净，然后打蜡抛光。 74、水磨石地面分格作用是什么,分格材料有哪些, 主要起温度缝防止变形的作用，分隔也有美观的效果;金属或玻璃嵌条 75、顶棚的作用是什么,有哪两种基本形式, 作用:增加室内装饰效果;满足使用功能，隐藏与室内环境不协调因素; 基本形式:?直接式顶棚;?吊顶式顶棚 76、地面防潮的意义是什么,采取什么措施可以改善底层房间的潮湿状况, 意义:一楼的住户一般在装修前还是应该考虑对地面以及1米高的墙of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 面做防潮处理，这样才能彻底杜绝因为地下潮气上升而使室内水气超标。潮气会给我们带来很多麻烦，所以我们对此问题必须有高度重视，潮气会腐蚀我们的地板和货物，会引起我们身体不舒服，以至影响我们的生活质量。一般人很容易混淆防潮和防水的概念，往往用防水的方法来处理防潮的问题，这样会导致我们没法彻底解决地面防潮的问题。防潮需要防的是地下潮气(水蒸气)，防水需要防的是地下水(液态水)，所以普通的防水层是难以阻止潮气进入室内的。 措施:特种地面PANHOO防潮液，能和水泥反应形成致密的防潮层，它是和水泥融合为一体的，所以它能起到很好的防潮效果，它没有起泡，脱落的担忧，也没有使用的有效期限的顾虑，它是永久有效的。这里陈述一下，虽然它的作用原理和水性渗透结晶型的防水类产品有相识之处，但是它所形成的化学成分是有本质的区别的，水性渗透结晶型的防水液形成的晶体颗粒是脆性的，它能减少液态水通过，而无法阻止水汽通过。特种地面PANHOO防潮液形成的颗粒是一种动态结构的颗粒，它有很好的弹性，遇水汽能膨胀开来，从而起到一个橡胶密封塞一样的功效，从而能起到防潮的功效。 77、为提高楼层的隔声，可采取哪些措施, 采用弹性面层，弹性垫层或采用吊顶。 78、阳台有哪些类型,阳台板的构造形式有哪些, 挑阳台、凹阳台、半挑半凹阳台;悬挑、悬挂 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 79、如何处理阳台的排水与防水, 排水:阳台地面应低于室内30mm以上，并在阳台一侧栏板下设排水孔; 防水:可设置防水层道，常见的防水材料有防水砂浆或防水涂料。 80.楼梯是由哪几个部分组成,各部分的作用是什么, 楼梯由楼梯梯段、楼梯平台和扶手栏杆(板)三部分组成。 1.楼梯梯段是由若干踏步组成，以供层间上下行走的通道段落，是楼梯的主要使用和承重部分。 2.楼梯平台是两个梯段之间的水平部分，用来供楼梯转折、连通某个楼层或供使用者在攀登了一定的距离后略事休息。 3.扶手栏杆是为行走的安全和扶持之用。 81.常见的楼梯有哪些形式, 1.直行单跑楼梯:沿着一个方向上楼且无中间平台的楼梯 2.直行双跑楼梯:在直行单跑楼梯的基础上增设了中间平台 3.平行双跑楼梯:第二跑楼梯段折回和第一跑平行的楼梯 4.平行双分楼梯:第一跑在中间为一较宽梯段，经过休息平台之后，向两边分为两跑，各以第一跑一半的梯宽上至楼层 5.平行双合楼梯:第一跑为两个平行的较窄梯段，经过休息平台之后，合成一个宽度为第一跑两个梯宽之和的梯段上至楼层 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 6.折行双跑楼梯:两个相邻梯段成角度布置的折行楼梯 7.折行多跑楼梯:梯段较多的折行楼梯 8.交叉跑楼梯:两个直行单跑楼梯交叉并列而成 9.剪刀楼梯:相当于两个双跑式楼梯对接 10.螺旋形楼梯:平面呈圆形，平台和踏步均成扇形平面，内径较小 11.弧形楼梯:平面为一段圆弧环 82.楼梯的坡度如何确定,踏步高和踏步宽与人行步距的关系如何, 楼梯的坡度与建筑物的性质有关，主要依据是建筑物内主要使用人群的体征状况与通行情况。如交通建筑的楼梯坡度较缓而居民住宅的楼梯坡度较缓。为此《民用建筑设计通则》(GB 50352-2005)对不同类型的建筑而给出了楼梯踏步最小宽度和最大高度。设计时参照执行，可以做到兼顾楼梯舒适性和经济性两方面。 《民用建筑设计通则》条文说明6(7(10 楼梯踏步高宽比是根据楼梯坡度要求和不同类型人体自然跨步(步距)要求确定的，符合安全和方便舒适的要求。坡度一般控制在30?左右，对仅供少数人使用服务楼梯则放宽要求，但不宜超过45?。步距是按2r，g:水平跨步距离公式，式中r为踏步高度，g为踏步宽度，成人和儿童、男性和女性、青壮年和老年人均有所不同，一般在560,630mm范围内，少年儿童在560mm左右，成人平均在600mm左右。按本条规定的踏步高宽比能反映楼梯坡度和步距。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 83.一般民用建筑的踏步高和踏步宽的尺寸是如何限制的,在不增加梯段长度的情况下如何加大踏步面宽, 踏步高宽分别用h、b表示，通常采用以下等式限制: 2h+b=600~620mm h+b=450mm 最小宽度为220~280mm，最大高度为150~200mm 在不增加梯段长度的情况下，通过将踏步前缘挑出形成突缘来增加踏步宽度。 84.栏杆扶手的高度一般是多少, 栏杆扶手的高度一般为自踏面前缘以上0.90m。 室外楼梯特别是消防楼梯高度应不小于1.10m。 栏杆水平段长度超过500mm时，其高度必须不低于1.50m。 在幼托和小学等儿童主要建筑物中，需要在0.60m高度加设一道扶手。 在养老建筑以及无障碍设计场所，扶手高度应为0.85m，并且应在0.65m高度处加装一道扶手，断面应方便抓握。 85、楼梯净高一般指什么,要求楼梯净高一般是多少, 楼梯的净高是指从楼层层面到底层地面的垂直距离，这个距离都是在楼层层面以及地面没有铺地砖或者地板前的高度。 楼梯的梯段下面的净高不得小于2200mm;楼梯的平台处净高不得小于2000mm。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 86、当底层平台下作出入口时，为增加净高常采用哪些措施, 1.将楼梯底层设计成“长短跑”，让第一跑的踏步数目多些，第二跑踏步少些，利用踏步的多少来调节下部净空的高度。 2.降低底层平台下的地面标高，即将部分室外台阶移到室内。 3.将底层采用直跑楼梯，一跑到二层楼面，但对该层进深和层高有条件。 87、整浇式钢筋混凝土楼梯常见的结构形式有哪几种,各有何特点, 一般是梁板式、板式两种。 梁板式:受力合理，适宜大跨度楼梯。但支模麻烦，梯段底板不如板式美观。 板式:施工方便，外形简洁漂亮。 88、楼梯踏步的踏面作法如何,防滑条做法有哪些, 楼梯踏面做法: 1.混凝土结构基面上湿贴面砖、石材、水磨石，或者水泥直接找平; 2.钢结构、木结构的就直接做钢板踏步或木踏板刷清漆; 防滑条做法: 嵌金刚砂或铜条;钉金属防滑条;石材铲口;粘贴复合材料防滑条;贴防滑面砖;锚固金属防滑条。 89、栏杆与踏步的构造如何, of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 栏杆建造栏杆的材料有木、石、混凝土、砖、瓦、竹、金属、有机玻璃和塑料等。栏杆的高度主要取决于使用对象和场所，一般为900mm，居住建筑中，栏杆不宜有过大空档或可攀登的横档，有空花式、栏板式、混合式等类型。 踏步由踏面和踢面组成，通常用来砌筑踏步的材料从天然到人造石、砖、木材、混凝土、钢板、铝板、管到玻璃、软木以及弹性材料比如油布、橡胶、毯子、塑料，可分为架空式台阶和分离式台阶。 90、扶手与栏杆的构造如何, 楼梯扶手按材料分有木扶手、金属扶手、塑料扶手等，以构造分有漏空栏杆扶手、栏板扶手和靠墙扶手等。木扶手、塑料扶手藉木螺丝通过扁铁与漏空栏杆连接;金属扶手则通过焊接或螺钉连接;靠墙扶手则由预埋铁脚的扁钢藉木螺丝来固定。栏板上的扶手多采用抹水泥砂浆或水磨石粉面的处理方式。 栏杆和栏板对于梯段与平台临空的一边，是重要的安全措施，也是装饰性较强的构件。栏杆与扶手组合后应有一定的强度，须能经受必要的冲击力。可行3股人流以上的楼梯，在靠墙一边还要安装靠墙扶手;人流达到4股时，在中间也应该设扶手。 91.实体栏板构造如何, 住宅阳台栏板或栏杆净高，六层及六层以下的不应低于1.05m;七层及七层以上的不应低于1.10m。封闭阳台栏板或栏杆也应满足阳台栏of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 板或栏杆净高要求。七层及七层以上住宅和寒冷、严寒地区住宅宜采用实体栏板。 92.台阶构造要求如何, ?台阶尺度: 踏步高一般在100-150mm左右，踏步宽在300-400mm左右。在台阶与建筑出入口大门之间常设一缓冲平台，平台深度一般不应小于1m，平台需做3%左右的排水坡度。考虑有无障碍设计坡道时，出入口平台深度不应小于1.5m。平台处铁篦子空格尺寸不大于20mm。 ?台阶面层: 应选择防滑和耐久的材料。对于人流量大的建筑的台阶，还应在台阶平台处设刮泥槽。 ?台阶垫层:步数较少的台阶，其垫层做法与地面垫层做法类似。一般采用素土夯实后按台阶形状尺寸做C15混凝土垫层或砖石垫层。标准较高的或地基土质较差的还可以在垫层下加铺一层碎砖或碎石层。 对于步数较多或地基土质差的台阶，可根据情况架空成钢筋混凝土台阶。 严寒地区的台阶还需考虑地基土冻胀因素，可用含水率低的砂石垫层换土至冰冻线以下。 93.坡道防滑处如何处理, 一般可将坡道面层做成锯齿状或加设防滑条。坡道面层应选择表面结实和抗冻性好的材料，坡道材料常见的有混凝土或石块等 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 94.设计屋顶应满足哪些要求, 防水要求、保温隔热要求、结构要求、建筑艺术要求、其他要求(节能、经济) 95.屋顶外形有哪些形式,注意各种形式屋顶的特点及适用范围。 ?平屋盖:指屋面坡度小于10%的屋顶，常用坡2%,5%度均称为平屋盖。 特点:易于协调统一建筑与结构的关系，较为经济合理，因而是广泛采用的一种屋盖形式。构造简单，具有多种材料叠合，多层次做法的特点。 适用范围:大量性民用建筑。 ?坡屋盖:常见形式:单坡、双坡屋盖、硬山及悬山屋盖、四坡歇山及庑殿屋盖，圆形或多 角形攒尖屋盖等，其屋面防水材料多为瓦材，坡度一般为20%-30%。 特点:坡度较大，雨雪易排除，屋面材料易就地解决;坡屋顶下空间，可设置阁 楼加以利用;空间利用;改善室内空间观感;设置管道;解决保温隔热问题。 适用范围:民居、现代的某些公共建筑考虑景观环境或建筑风格的要of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 求也常采用。 ?其他形式屋盖:悬索屋盖、薄壳屋盖、拱屋盖、折板屋盖、网架屋盖等。 96.影响屋顶坡度的因素有哪些,各种屋顶的坡度值是多少, 因素:屋顶结构形式、屋面防水材料、当地气候条件、建筑立面造型、屋顶使用功能 平屋盖:指屋面坡度小于10%的屋顶，常用坡2%,5%度均称为平屋盖。 坡屋盖:坡度一般为20%-30%。 97.平屋顶有什么特点,钢筋混凝土平屋顶的基本构造层是什么, 平屋顶坡度小，一般在1%-3%这个范围内，它的屋面可作为各种活动的场地，如晒台、屋顶花园、日光浴场、体育场等。 基本构造层:屋面防水 ， 功能层 ， 保温层 ，隔热层 ， 屋面排水。 98.油毡屋面的构造层有哪些,各层作用是什么,可用哪些材料, 油毡防水屋面的构造层有水泥砂找平层、防水层、隔热层、保护层 各层的作用分别起:找平、防水、隔热、保护作用 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 99.何为刚性防水屋面，刚性防水屋面的构造层有哪些,各层如何做,为什么要设隔离层, 刚性防水屋面是指用细石混凝土做防水层的屋面，因混凝土用于脆性材料，抗拉强度较低，故而称为刚性防水屋面。刚性防水屋面的主要优点是构造简单，施工方便，造价较低; 缺点是易开裂，对气温变化和屋面基层变形的适应性较差，所以刚性防水多用于日温差较小的我国南方地区防水等级为?级的屋面防水，也可用作防水等级为I、?级的屋面多道设防中的一道防水层。 刚性防水属面的构造层次及做法: 刚性防水屋面的构造层一般有:防水层、隔离层、找平层、结构层等，刚性防水屋面应尽量采用结构找坡。 (1)防水层 常用的措施:增加防水剂、采用微膨胀剂、提高密实性。 防水层采用不低于C20的细石混凝土整体现浇而成(其厚度不小于40mm，并应配置直径为4,6.5mm，间距为100,200mm的双向钢筋网片。为提高防水层的抗裂和抗渗性能， 可在细石混凝土中掺人适量的外加剂，如膨胀剂、减水刑、防水剂等。 (2)隔离层 隔离层位于防水层与结构层之间，其作用是减少结构变形对防水层的不利影响。 结构层在荷载作用下产生挠曲变形，在温度变化作用下产生胀缩变形。由于结构层较防水层 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 厚，刚度相应也较大，当结构产生上述变形时容易将刚度较小的防水层拉裂。因此，宜在结构层与防水层间设一隔离层使二者脱开。隔离层可采用铺纸筋灰、低标号砂浆，或薄砂层上 平铺一层油毡等做法。 (3)找平层 当结构层为预制钢筋混凝土板时浇混凝土结构时则可不设找平层。 (4)结构层 屋面结构层一般采用预制或现浇的钢筋混凝土屋面板，结构层应有足够的刚度，以免结构变形过大而引起防水层开裂。 设隔离层原因: 结构层在荷载作用下产生挠曲变形，在温度变化作用下产生胀缩变形。由于结构层较防水层 厚，刚度相应也较大，当结构产生上述变形时容易将刚度较小的防水层拉裂。因此，宜在结构层与防水层间设一隔离层使二者脱开。隔离层可采用铺纸筋灰、低标号砂浆，或薄砂层上 平铺一层油毡等做法。 100.何为分仓缝,应设置在哪些部位, 受技术要求、施工工艺的约束或规定，将一个混凝土结构分成一块一块的进行浇筑，这每一块，称仓，块与块之间的缝，称分仓缝。分仓缝一般尺寸为6m*6m，是针对刚性屋面防止变形裂缝设置的规范; 设置位置:分仓缝应设置在装配式结构屋面板的支承端、屋面转折处、of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 刚性防水层与立墙的交接处，并应与板缝对齐。刚性防水层不能紧贴在女儿墙上，它们之间应做柔性封缝处理以防女儿墙或刚性防水层开裂引起渗漏。 101.什么叫无组织排水和有组织排水,它们的优缺点和适用范围是什么, 无组织排水:自由落水，屋面雨水直接从檐口滴落至室外地面的一种排水方式 优点:构造简单，造价低廉 缺点:雨水自由下落溅湿墙面 适用范围:三层及以下或檐高不大于10m的中、小型建筑，少雨地区 有组织排水:通过排水系统，将屋面积水有组织的排至地面或地下管沟的一种排水方式 优点:优点是可以防止雨水自由溅落打湿强身，影响建筑美观。它的应用十分广泛，尤其是可以用于寒冷地区的屋面排水以及又腐蚀性的工业建筑中。采用这种系统时，街道下只有一条排水管道，因而管网建设比较经济。 缺点是它增加了建筑成本，构造复杂，不易渗漏，不易检修。几种污水汇集后都流人污水处理厂，使处理厂的规模过大，投资过多，建设困难;不降雨时，排水管内水量较小，管中水力条件较差;如果直接排入水体又极不卫生。因此实际采用合流制排水系统的很少。 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 适用范围:建筑物较高、年降水量较大或较为重要的建筑，应采用有组织排水方式 。年降雨量大于900mm,檐口高度大于8m时年降雨量小于900mm,檐口高度大于10m时。应用于多层及高层建筑，高标准低层建筑、临街建筑及严寒地区建筑。 102、屋顶坡度的形成方法有几种,各有什么优缺点, 材料找坡和结构找坡两种。前者室内天棚较平，可兼作隔热保 温层，但屋面荷载较大;后者节省材料，屋面荷载较小，但室内 天棚不平。 103、平屋顶保温材料有哪些类, 板材 块材 卷材 散料 104、为什么设隔汽层,油毡屋面为什么要考虑排气措施,如何做, 屋面保温层如果进水受潮后它的保温性能会下降，特别是 吸水性较大的水泥珍珠岩等，除了保温层的上面不让雨水进入 外，还要防止室内的水汽通过混凝土屋面板长期慢慢渗入保温 层，在保温层中形成结露、受潮情况。 由于地面含水因素影响，建筑结构体内含水率的增高或降 低会对防水设施的耐久性造成损害并形成空鼓开裂及变形。为 防止消除变形对防水层的不利影响避免防水层空鼓开裂的现 象，所以必须做好排气通道以及排气孔保证防水层的耐久性. of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 要阻止水汽进入保温材料内，要安排通道以使进入建筑外围护结构中的水汽能够排出。 105、平屋顶隔热、降温构造有几种形式,他们的优缺点是什么, 通风隔热屋面、蓄水隔热屋面、种植隔热屋面，反射降温屋面 种植屋面是在屋面防水层上用各种培养基种植绿色植物，以达到隔热降温的目的。一般来说，种植屋面使用的都是不需要额外维护易于生存的本地生草本或者蕨类植物，因此种植屋面其实价格比较低廉，而且不需要过多维护，又有较好的保温隔热效果。种植屋面除了要特别注意屋面的防水和防渗漏以外，并没有其他技术难点，由于培养基的厚度比较小，所以屋顶的承重问题相对也易于解决，但是由于覆土的重量，结构造价会有相应的增加。 蓄水屋面是利用水的蓄热和蒸发，大量消耗投射在屋顶上的太阳辐射热。蓄水屋面除了防水要求之外，最大的问题就是水源的及时补给。在夏季如果不及时补充水源，很容易造成蓄水屋面干涸，从而导致刚性防水层开裂，就无法修复了。所以一般来说，蓄水屋面最好在雨水量相对充足的地区使用，能够充分利用天然雨水。同种植屋面一样，由于蓄水的重量，蓄水屋面的结构造价也会较一般屋面高。 架空屋面是在屋顶中设置通风的空气间层降低屋顶下表面的温度，达到隔热降温的目的。架空屋面的优点是构造简单，且造价低廉。但是架空屋面的隔热效果相对于种植屋面合蓄水屋面 of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 都要差很多，尤其是夏季建筑顶层的温度一般都会比其他楼层的 温度要高。 106、简述门和窗的作用和要求。 门:供交通出入及分隔、联系建筑空间，带玻璃或亮子的门也可起通风、采光的作用。 窗:采光、通风及观望。 1、 采光和通风方面的要求 2、 密闭性能和热工性能方面的要求 3、 使用和交通安全方面的要求 4、 在建筑视觉效果方面的要求 107、简述门和窗按材料、按开关方式和按层数的分类。 按材料:木制门窗、金属门窗、塑料门窗 按开关方式:平开门、弹簧门、推拉门、折叠门、转门、升降门、 卷帘门、上翻门;固定窗、平开窗、悬窗、立式转窗、 推拉窗、百叶窗、折叠窗 按层数:单层、双层 108、窗框的安装方式与区别是什么, 立樘(立口)在将墙身做到门窗底标高时，先将门窗框立 起来，临时固定。待其周边墙身全部完成后，再撤去临时支撑。of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 门窗的实际尺寸与洞口尺寸相同。门窗框靠其两侧的“羊角” 或木拉砖砌入墙身而拉结，但施工较为麻烦。 塞樘(塞口)将门窗洞口留出，完成墙体施工后再安装门窗 框。门窗的实际尺寸要小于门窗的标志尺寸。 109、窗框在窗洞中的位置怎样确定,并加以比较。窗框的固定方式有几种, 根据墙的厚度可分为窗框外平，窗框内平，窗框居中，固定方式有立樘和塞樘两种。 110、在什么情况下要用双层窗,为什么双层窗可以保温, 房间为了保温、恒温以及隔声等要求下需设双层窗。双层 窗增加了一个空气间层，提高了窗的保温能力，降低建筑物冬 季采暖热损耗。 111、简述木门的组成，门框和门扇的组成。 木门由门框、门扇、亮子、五金零件及附件组成。门框由 上横框、中横框、边框及中竖眶组成，中竖框四扇以上较大的 门才有。门扇主要有镶板门和夹板门两种。 112、确定门的尺寸应考虑哪些因素,常用门扇的类型有哪些, 要考虑通风和采光、密闭性能和热工性能、交通安全需要、视of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 觉效果等因素。门扇类型:镶板门、夹板门、百叶门、无框玻璃门 113镶板门的用途和构造特点? 镶板门的强度较好，无突出内外分别，适用于一般建筑的内外门。根据洞口尺寸的不同，镶板门也有有亮、无亮，单扇、双扇之分，而根据功能的需要还可装玻璃和百叶，作为外门时有时还可带有纱门。镶板门由垂直构件边梃，水平构件上冒头、中冒头和下冒头以及门芯板或玻璃组成。 114夹板门的用途和构造特点? 夹板门用料省、自重轻、外形简洁，适用于房屋的内门。夹板门是在胶合成的木框格表面再胶贴钉盖胶合板或其他人工合成板材，在装门锁和铰链的部位，框料须另加宽。 115什么是弹簧门，有哪几种? 弹簧门是门分类中按门的开启方式分类中的一种门。装有弹簧合页的门，开启后会自动关闭，分单扇、双扇弹簧门。 116变形缝的作用，基本类型? 三种变形缝是指伸缩缝、沉降缝和抗震缝。其中伸缩缝的作用是防止结构在温差作用下开裂，沉降缝是防止避免地基的不均匀沉降而使结of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 构开裂，抗震缝是为了防止地震时建筑物在高地或平面变化处内力过度集中而局部破坏。 117什么情况下设伸缩缝，宽度? 伸缩缝的设置需根据建筑物的长度、结构类型和屋盖刚度以及屋面有否设保温或隔热层来考虑。伸缩缝的宽度一般为20~30mm。 118什么情况设沉降缝，宽度由什么确定? 地基土质不均匀、建筑物本身相邻部分高差悬殊或荷载悬殊、建筑物结构形式变化大、新老建筑相邻。地基情况和建筑物高度。 119什么情况设防震缝，宽度依据是? 建筑物平面不规则，纵向为复杂体型。设防烈度、结构类型和建筑物高度。 120伸缩缝、沉降缝、防震缝各有什么特点? 伸缩缝:为克服过大的温度应力而设置的缝，基础可不断开;抗震缝:为使建筑物较规则，以期有利于结构抗震而设置的缝，基础可不断开;沉降缝: 指同一建筑物高低相差悬殊，上部荷载分布不均匀，或建在不同地基土壤上时，为避免不均匀沉降使墙体或其它结构部位开裂而设置的建筑构造缝。沉降缝把建筑物划分成几个段落，自成系统，从基础、墙体、楼板到房顶各不连接。缝宽一般为30,70毫米。将of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood. 建筑物或构筑物从基础至顶部完全分隔成段的竖直缝。借以避免各段不均匀下沉而产生裂缝。通常设置在建筑高低、荷载或地基承载力差别很大的各部分之间，以及在新旧建筑的联接处。 121墙体中变形缝截面形式? 平缝、错口缝、企口缝。 122 用图表示伸缩缝: 123用图表示卷材水平屋顶变形缝构造: of work enthusiasm and forward-looking. The difficulties and problems of individual cadres indifferent masses as the buck passing, long, make some simple complex problems. Some cadres general talk about pay, do not take the initiative to undertake for the bitter and tired of the work, the lack of courage to play a positive attitude." corrective measures: (LED Leadership: Luo Mingjun, rectification time: before September 25th, insist for a long time) 1, effectively solve the enterprise less, help is not enough. In order to "turn style, solve problems, and do practical things, heart to heart" as the core, in accordance with the provisions of division of Labor Bureau, by the Bureau of Party members and cadres room composition the working group , to help enterprises solve problems, promote the construction of major projects; close ties with the masses, to ask for the people, ask for people to know the people, public opinion, the people, improve people's livelihood.