saej2727v002

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAETechnicalStandardsBoardRulesprovidethat:“ThisreportispublishedbySAEtoadvancethestateoftechnicalandengineeringsciences.Theuseofthisreportisentirelyvoluntary,anditsapplicabilityandsuitabilityforanyparticularuse,includinganypatentinfringementarisingtherefrom,isthesoleresponsibilityoftheuser.”SAEreviewseachtechnicalreportatleasteveryfiveyearsatwhichtimeitmaybereaffirmed,revised,orcancelled.SAEinvitesyourwrittencommentsandsuggestions.Copyright©2007SAEInternationalAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofSAE.TOPLACEADOCUMENTORDER:Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)Tel:724-776-4970(outsideUSA)Fax:724-776-0790Email:CustomerService@sae.orgSAEWEBADDRESS:http://www.sae.orgJ2727REV.JUL2007SURFACEVEHICLESTANDARDIssued2005-06Revised2007-07SupersedingJ2727JUN2005(R)HFC-134aMobileAirConditioningSystemEmissionChartRATIONALEIndustrystandardsdidnotexistformeasuring,orestimating,refrigerantemissionsfrommobileairconditioningsystemswhentheoriginalversionofSAEJ2727wascreated.Thisrevisionisbasedonactuallaboratorymeasurementsandfieldcorrelationsandsupersedestheoriginal,whichprovidedarelativesystememissionratingbasedsolelyoncomponenttechnologyusedinthesystemcombinedwithexpertinputregardingrelativeemissionratesofcomponents.1.SCOPETheoriginalSAEJ2727“LeakageChart”providedaratingsystemforcomparingmobileA/CsystemsandwasnotintendedtodefinemobileA/Csystemrefrigerantleakage.Ithadbeendevelopedfromindustryexperienceofexpectedsystemrefrigerantleakagebaseduponcurrentlyavailabletechnologies.Thenew“SystemEmissionsChart”nowcontainedinthisrevisionisintendedtoserveasameansofestimatingtheannualrefrigerantemissionsrate(gramsperyear)fromnewproductionA/Csystemsequippedwithspecifiedcomponenttechnologies.Itprovidesemissionvaluesforvariouscomponenttechnologiesthatarecurrentlyavailable,andcanbeexpandedasnewtechnologiesarecommercialized.ThisdocumentprovidestheinformationtodevelopanExcelfiletemplate“SystemEmissionsChart”forsystememissionanalysis.Thenewchartincludesautomotivecompressortechnologies,forconventionalmobileairconditioningsystemsaswellasfullyhermeticcompressors.2.REFERENCES2.1ApplicablePublicationsThefollowingpublicationsformapartofthisspecificationtotheextentspecifiedherein.Unlessotherwiseindicated,thelatestversionofSAEpublicationsshallapply.2.1.1SAEPublicationsAvailablefromSAEInternational,400CommonwealthDrive,Warrendale,PA15096-0001,Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)or724-776-4970(outsideUSA),www.sae.org.SAEJ2064HFC-134aRefrigerantAutomotiveAir-ConditioningHoseSAEJ2763SAERefrigerantEmissions(Mini-ShedEvaluationLeakageEvaluationMethod)2006SAEAlternateRefrigerantsSymposiumJune28,2006RevisingJ2727SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-2-3.ASSUMPTIONSFORHFC-134ALEAKAGECHARTSPREADSHEET3.1GeneralAssumptions3.1.1Realworldemissionrateswillnotbeuniversallyconsistentduetoassemblyvariations,andcustomerclimateandusagepatterns.3.1.2Thevaluesinthisspreadsheetapplytosystemsassembledinnewproductionvehicles.3.1.2.1Thecorrelationtofieldtestresultsisbasedonvehiclesproperlyassembledinthetypicalvehicleassemblyplant.Thelaboratorycorrelationsarebasedoncarefullyassembledcomponents.3.1.3Fittingtechnologiesvaryintheirabilitytocontainrefrigerantandintheirinherentabilitytobeproperlyassembled.Relativeleakagerateswereassignedtoeachtechnologybasedonlaboratorytestingandfieldrepairexperience.3.1.3.1Thischartallowsfornormaldesignassemblyrefrigerantsystemconnections.Thedefaultvalueforeachfittingtechnologyreflectsitspotentialformisassembly.3.1.4Theratingsystemchartcanbemodifiedasnewtechnologiesaredevelopedandevaluatedfortheirrobustnessandabilitytoreducesystememissions.3.2RigidPipeConnections3.2.1Rigidpipeconnectionsarethosetubeandpipeassembliesthatconnectcomponents,withouttheuseofhosesandcouplings.Theassumptionisthatleakageoccursonlyatthetwofittingconnectionsateitherend.3.3ServicePortsServicefittingsaretestedwithsealingcapsinplace.Leakagerateisbasedonthedesignqualityofthesealsinthesecaps.3.4PRV,Switches,TransducersLeakageTheassumptionisthatthesedevicesmayincludeo-rings,sealwashers,gaskets,orothersealingtechnologiesandleakageisbasedonthesealingtechnologyused.3.5FlexibleHose3.5.1Hosetechnologiesvaryprincipallyinrefrigerantpermeationrate,i.e.,differenthosematerialsandconstructioncanchangethepermeationrate.Hosepermeationrateisafunctionoflocationonthesystem,internalrefrigeranttemperatureandpressure,material,andhoseinnersurfacearea.Assignedvalueshereinwerebasedonlaboratorytestingexperience.Relativeratesforhigh-sideandlow-sidepermeationare1.5to1,aweightedaveragebasedon5-7%system‘on’timeusage.3.5.1.1High-sideandlow-sidepressurehoseinnerdiameterandhoseconstructiontypemustbeidentifiedintheleakagechartforratingthesystem.3.5.2Hosepermeationratesincludeleakagefromthetubeandhosecrimpjoint.3.5.3SAEJ2064HFC-134aRefrigerantAutomotiveAir-ConditioningHose[publishedJan.2005]identifiescurrentminimumindustrystandardsforproductionsystemsmeasuredundercontrolledlaboratoryconditions.Fieldassembledhoseassembliesnotmeetingtheserequirementswillhavehigheremissionrates.3.5.3.1ItisassumedveneerhosesuseanadhesiveorO-ringsorsimilarsealingtechnologyintheareaofthecrimpjoints.SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-3-3.5.4Flexiblehoseassembliesincludetube,hoseandcrimping.Leakageoccursthroughthehoseandatthecrimps.Theleakageatthetubefittingconnectionsateitherendisincludedinthe“SystemComponentConnection”category.3.6RefrigerantFlowDevices3.6.1Expansionvalves,inlineorblocktypeincorporatevarioussealingtechnologiesonthefittingconnections.Emissionsofflexiblehoseassembliesorrigidpipeconnectionstotherefrigerantflowdeviceareincludedintheidentificationofnumberofconnectionsinthecomponentconnectionchartfor3.2RigidPipeand3.5Flexiblehose.Inaddition,theexpansionvalvedevicemayincludejoints,o-rings,sealwashers,gaskets,orothersealingtechnologies.Theseconnectionsarealsoincludedwiththerigidpipeconnectionstable.Inadditionthereisavalueof0.2g/yassignedtoleakagefromtheTXV.3.6.2Orificetubeflowdevicesemissionsareincludedinflexiblehoseassembliesorrigidpipeconnectionsandareidentifiedinthenumberofconnectionsinthecomponentconnectionchartfor3.2RigidPipeand3.5Flexiblehose.3.7HeatExchangers,MufflersandReceiver/DriersandAccumulators3.7.1ThesecomponentsareconsideredrobustandtheEmissionsChartassignsavalueof~0.5g/yfortheircombinedemissions.Emissionsofflexiblehoseassembliesorrigidpipeconnectionstothesedevicesareincludedintheidentificationofnumberofconnectionsinthecomponentconnectionchartfor3.2RigidPipeand3.5Flexiblehose.3.7.1.1Refrigerantheatexchangercoupling(s)(threadedsurfaces)shallmeettheOEMrequirementsandbefreeofmanufacturingprocessresidue.3.8Compressor3.8.1Thecompressormajoremissionpathsareshaftsealandhousing(body)seals.3.8.2Dustlipsintheshaftsealshallnotcountassecondaryrefrigerantsealsunlessshowntoreduceleakagelevels.Itisassumedthatgasket-housingsealsarebetterthanO-rings.3.8.3Leakagefornew,properlyassembled,non-hermetic(e.g.,belt-driven)compressorsrangesfromapproximately7to12grams/year.3.8.3.1Hermeticandsemi-hermeticcompressorswouldleaklessandaresoaccountedfor.Hermeticcompressorscontainnoseals,onlyjointsforsuctionanddischargefittings.Theshaftisfullyenclosedwithinthecompressorbody.Semi-hermeticcompressorsaresimilartohermeticcompressorsexcepttheycontainone,ormore,housingseals.3.8.4Compressorleakageisafunctionofthenumberofhousingsealingjointsthatareused.Thetypeofdesignshallbeidentifiedinthecompressorsectionofthespreadsheet.3.8.5Somecompressorsusefittingadaptorplatesbetweenthecompressorbodyandtherigidpipefitting.AdaptorplatesaresealedtothehousingbyacapturedO-ringormolded-in-placeseal.3.8.6Emissionsofflexiblehoseassembliesorrigidpipeconnectionstothecompressorareincludedintheidentificationofnumberofconnectionsinthecomponentconnectionchartfor3.2RigidPipeand3.5Flexiblehose.SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-4-4.CORRELATINGSYSTEMEMISSIONRATINGS(SPREADSHEET)WITHFIELDTESTANDMINI-SHEDTESTRESULTS4.1Mini-shedtestingofsystems,withandwithoutthecompressor,wasperformedperSAEJ2763[draftstandard]toestablishtheemissionrateofproperlyassembledA/Csystemsandtherelativecontributionofthecompressorandhoses.FleettestswerealsoconductedinJapanandEuropebyJAMAandACEA.ThespreadsheetwasdevelopedusingthefieldtestresultswithguidancefrombenchtestingdoneperSAEJ2763.4.2Thecustomerusageprofileassumedhereincombines5monthsofusageunderSAEJ2763Mini-shedtestconditions(weightedaverageambientof31C)witha7-monthnon-useperiodatanaverageambientof5degreesC.5.CORRELATINGSYSTEMEMISSIONSWITHRANDOMLYCHOSENPRODUCTIONVEHICLES5.1The“SystemsEmissionsChart”spreadsheetdirectlycalculatestheannualemissionsestimateofproductionassembledthecomponenttechnologyactuallyusedonthesystem5.2TheemissionestimatesprovidedbythisspreadsheetcorrelatedwellwiththemeasuredrefrigerantlossesfromfieldtestvehiclesinJapanandEurope.[Apresentationmadeatthe2006SAEAlternateRefrigerantsSymposiumJune28,2006.RevisingSAEJ2727]5.3TheratingofaMACbythisstandardisexpectedtoreasonablypredictannualsystemrefrigerantemissionsfromrandomlychosenvehiclefleetsassuminggoodpracticeintheassemblyofthevehicle.5.4ThisprocedurecanbeusedtopredictMACannualgramsperyearemissionratesfornewHFC-134avehiclesystemsforcompliancewithgovernmentalrequirements.Estimatesareconservativeandwillslightlyoverestimatetheactualmeasuredleakagevalues.6.SYSTEMEMISSIONRATINGSSystemRatingswereestablishedintheoriginalSAEJ2727standard.AratingsystemcanalsobeappliedtothesesystemsbasedonannualrefrigerantemissionsexpectedfromproductionHFC-134amobileairconditioningsystemsasshowninTable1.TABLE1-SYSTEMEMISSIONRATINGSRatingValueApproximateGrams/Year1-LeakageEnhancementLevelIV<102-LeakageEnhancementLevelIII10-203-LeakageEnhancementLevelII20-304-LeakageEnhancementLevelI30-405-StandardLeakage40-507.SAMPLESHEETFORHFC-134AEEMISSIONCHARTSPREADSHEETFIGURES1TO47.1Thisprovidesanexampleforarefrigerantsystemwiththeemissionsestimateof23.6grams/year7.1.1ThesamplesystemisthesametypicalsystemthatwasidentifiedintheoriginalSAEJ2727ratingsystemhavingaratingof5.6.7.2RigidPipeConnectionsandFlexibleHoseConnections9singleo-rings1singlecapturedo-ring2sealwasherSAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-5-7.3ServicePorts1highsidesingleo-ring1lowsidesingleo-ring7.4PRV,Switches,Transducers2singleo-ring1singlecapturedo-ring7.5FlexibleHose1high-pressureline650mmlength10mminnerdiameterstandardbarriermaterial1low-pressureline650mmlength16mminnerdiameterrubberhose7.6CompressorSinglelipshaftsealandtwobodyjointswitho-rings8.SPREADSHEETFORMULASSinceaspreadsheetcannotbeincludeinthisdocumentthetypicallayoutisidentifiedinFigure2andtheformulasfordevelopingthesystemassumptionareidentifiedinthissection.Twodifferentleakagecharttemplatesarerequired.Bothchartsareidenticalexceptforthecompressorvaluesbeingdifferentforabeltdrivencompressororhermeticelectriccompressorasidentifiedin:8.1Fittings8.1.1LineH7=(B6*B7+C6*C7+D6*D7+E6*E7+F6*F7+G7*G6)/100*0.5228.1.2LineH8=SUM(H7)8.2ServicePortsandRefrigerantDevices8.2.1HighsideserviceportLineH12=SUM(B12*0.3)8.2.2LowsideserviceportLineH15=SUM(B15*0.2)8.2.3PRV,Switches,TransducersLineH18=SUM(B18*0.2)8.2.4RefrigerantControlDeviceLine21=SUM(B21*0.2)8.2.5TotalLine22=SUM(H12+H15+H18+H21)8.3FlexibleHose8.3.1Highpressureline1D27=3.14159*C27*B27H27=(E27*0.0216*D27+F27*0.0054*D27+G27*0.00225*D27)/100*0.522SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-6-8.3.2Highpressureline2D28=3.14159*C28*B28H28=(E28*0.0216*D28+F28*0.0054*D28+G28*0.00225*D28)/100*0.5228.3.3Highpressureline3D29=3.14159*C29*B29H29=(E29*0.0216*D29+F29*0.0054*D29+G29*0.00225*D29)/100*0.5228.3.4Highpressureline4D30=3.14159*C30*B30H30=(E30*0.0216*D30+F30*0.0054*D30+G30*0.00225*D30)/100*0.522=(E30*0.0216*D30+F30*0.0054*D30+G30*0.00225*D30)/100*0.5228.3.5Lowpressureline1D31=3.14159*C31*B31H31=(E31*0.0144*D31+F31*0.0036*D31+G31*0.00167*D31)/100*0.5228.3.6Lowpressureline2D32=3.14159*C32*B32H32=(E32*0.0144*D32+F32*0.0036*D32+G32*0.00167*D32)/100*0.5228.3.7Lowpressureline3H33=3.14159*C33*B33H33=(E33*0.0144*D33+F33*0.0036*D33+G33*0.00167*D33)/100*0.5228.3.8Lowpressureline4D34=3.14159*C34*B34H34=(E34*0.0144*D34+F34*0.0036*D34+G34*0.00167*D34)/100*0.5228.3.9TOTALH35=SUM(H27:H34)8.4HeatExchangersMufflersandReceiver/DriersandAccumulators8.4.1Assumption=0.01H380.018.5Compressor8.5.1BeltDriven8.5.1.1H44=(B45/B44+C45*C44+D45*D44+E45*E44+F45*F44)/100*0.5228.5.2Electric8.5.2.1H44=(C45*C44+D45*D44+E45*E44+F45*F44)/100*0.522SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-7-8.6SummaryandPieChartTABLE2-SUMMARYOFSPREADSHEETVALUESFORPIECHARTLineABC48Summary%ContributionGrams/year49Fittings=H8/B57=sum(H8)50RefrigerantControlDevice=H22/B57=sum(H22)51Hoses=H35/B57=sum(H35)52HeatExchangers=H38/B57=sum(H38)53Compressor=H44/B57=sum(H44)54Total=sum(B49:B53)=sum(B49:B53)8.6.1LineA57ApproximateTotalSystemRefrigerantEmissionsGrams/Year8.6.2LineB57=SUM(H8,H22,H35,H38,H44)9.SAMPLESPREADSHEETTEMPLATES9.1TemplateBeltDrivenCompressor,Figure19.2SampleBeltDrivenCompressor,Figure29.3TemplateElectricCompressor,Figure39.4SampleElectricCompressor,Figure4SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-8-FIGURE1-TEMPLATEBELTDRIVENCOMPRESSORSAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-9-FIGURE2-SAMPLEBELTDRIVENCOMPRESSORSAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-10-FIGURE3-TEMPLATEELECTRICCOMPRESSORSAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-11-FIGURE4-SAMPLEELECTRICCOMPRESSORSAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-12-10.BACKGROUNDINFORMATIONONDEVELOPMENTOFDOCUMENTIndustrystandardsdidnotexistformeasuring,orestimating,refrigerantemissionsfrommobileairconditioningsystemswhentheoriginalversionofSAEJ2727wascreated.Thisrevisionisbasedonactuallaboratorymeasurementsandfieldcorrelationsandsupersedestheoriginal,whichprovidedarelativesystememissionratingbasedsolelyoncomponenttechnologyusedinthesystemcombinedwithexpertinputregardingrelativeemissionratesofcomponents.This“SystemEmissionsChart”hasbeendevelopedundertheauspicesoftheSAEI-MACCooperativeResearchProgram.I-MAChasaddressedrefrigerantemissionsfromnewproductionA/Csystemsandhasdevelopedatestprocedure(mini-shed)tomeasurerefrigerantemissionsfromfullyassembledproductionsystems(ref).Baseduponthismini-shedtesting,thesystememissionschartwascreatedandcorrelatedtoin-usevehicleemissionsviainternationalfleettestresults.IfemissionmeasurementcapabilityexistedwhenweoriginallydevelopedSAEJ2727,wewouldhavefollowedthesesteps:1.measuredsystememissions(mini-shedorfield)andcomponentcontributions2.developedaspreadsheetspecificallytopredictthemeasuredemissions3.modifiedthespreadsheettoaccountforrelativecomponentleaktightnessandprobabilityofimproperassembly4.furthermodifiedthespreadsheettoaccountforcustomerusageandclimaticconditionsduringusetodirectlyprovideemissioningrams/yearBecausereliableemissionmeasurementcapabilitydidnotexist,SAEJ2727wasdevelopedasaratingsystem,leavingthecorrelationtograms/yearasanunfinishedactivity.SAEJ2727wasoriginallyformulatedbasedupontheleveloftechnologyofcomponentsusedandthecollective,andcurrent,experiencewiththeemissionscharacteristicsofthesecomponenttechnologies.Weratedtherelativeabilityofcomponents(compressors,seals,hoses,andfittings)tocontaintherefrigerantandtheirrelativeabilitytobeassembledwithoutintroducingadditionalleakage.Therefore,theratingincludesemissionsresultingfromcomponentandsystemdesignaswellasanticipatedassemblyerrors.TheratingsystemusedbySAEJ2727wasnotintendedtorateemissionsforaperfectlyassembledsystem-itincludesanaccountingfortheprobabilityofqualityproblemsandimproperassemblyassociatedwithdifferenttechnologies.Indevelopingtheratingsystem,theratingofcomponentswasbasedonestimatesoftheiremissionsand,tocreatearatingsystem,theseemissionsweredividedby10.Accordingly,aratingof2wouldcorrespondtoanestimatedemissionof20grams/year.ItwasalwaystheintentofSAEtoreviseSAEJ2727basedonactualemissionmeasurementstakenfromlaboratoryandfield-testing.EmissiontestingundertheI-MACprogramwasperformedtoenablesuchrevision.AreviewofSAEI-MACmini-shedsystememissiontesting,coupledwiththeresultsofEuropeanandJapanesevehicleemissiontesting,providesstrongevidencethatactualemissionsarelowerthanpreviouslybelieved,andthatSAEJ2727ratings(whenconvertedtogramsperyearviamultiplicationby10)significantlyoverestimateactualemissions.FurtherreviewshowsthatthebasisforthisoverestimateliesintherelativecontributionofhosestooverallsystememissionswithintheSAEJ2727spreadsheet.Thefactorsforestimatingtherelativecontributionofhoseemissions,bothwithinhosetypeandhoseplacementinthesystem(highvs.lowside),areincorrectandneedtoberevised.SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-13-OurtestingexperienceisthathosesdonotemitasmuchrefrigerantasSAEJ2727wouldpredict.Infact,theyshouldbehaveinthefieldastheydointhelaboratorybecausetheyarenotsubjecttotheassemblyvariationsof,forexample,fittings.Therelativeemissionrate(g/mm2-year)ofrubberversusbarrier/veneerhosesisgiveninSAEJ2727as8:1,inadditiontothehightolowsideemissionrateratioof2:1.AtrealworldtemperatureswithA/Cusagebeing~5-7%,ouremissionsversustemperaturedatashowthatthehigh-to-lowsideemissionrateratioshouldbe1.5:1insteadof2:1.Inaddition,therubber-to-barrierhoseemissionrateratioshouldbe4:1,not8:1.Accordingly,emissionratesperunitinternalsurfaceareawereadjustedtoconformtotheseratiosandtoprovideamoreaccuratepredictionofmeasuredemissions.RelativeEmissionofHoseTypeandSystemPlacementEmissionratesperunitinternalsurfacearea(g/mm2-year)SAEJ2727SAEJ2727revisedRubberRubberBarrierHigh0.0900.01130.0216d0.0054cLow0.0450.00560.0144b0.0036aSubscriptsrefertostepsinthecorrelationprocessa–EmissionrateforlowsideBarrierhosereducedby35%to0.0036–otherratesarerelativetothisa-c–RateforBarrierincreasedby1.5xforBarrierusedonhighside(insteadof2x)a-b–RateforRubberhoseincreasedby4xvs.Barrierforlowsideusec-d–RateforRubberhoseincreasedby4xvs.BarrierforhighsideusePredictionofFieldTestResults–VehiclesAssembledtoSpecificationForcontrolledfleettestingofindividualsystems,assemblyvariationsareminimized/eliminatedforthefittingsbecauseallfittingsareassembledtospecificationandleakchecked.Thus,theyareallveryleaktight–theyareasperfectlyassembledonavehicleaspossible.AswithSHEDtesting,withassemblyvariationsremovedfromthespreadsheet,SAEJ2727shouldpredictactualfleettestemissionswithreasonableaccuracy.Toaccountforlowleakagefittingsexpectedfromproperassembly,SAEJ2727wasmodifiedasfollows:sealsoflessertechnologythansealwashersweremovedtotheMultipleO-Ringcategoryandnon-hermeticcompressorsemissionsweremovedtothelowestleakagecategory(7g/y),ifnotalreadythere(compressorleakagewasverifiedbyactualshedtestingatEcoledesMines).Thiswouldbeexpectedtoprovidemuchcloserandmorerealisticagreementtoactualmeasuredemissions.Tocompletethecorrelationrequiresfactoringinusagepatternsandambientconditions.CorrelatingtheRevisedSAEJ2727toActualVehicleEmissionsintheFieldTherevisedSAEJ2727canbecorrelatedtoactualfieldmeasuredemissionsbytakingintoaccountusagepatterns,averagetemperatures,etc.Assumeduserprofile:5monthsA/Cuse@SHEDconditions7monthsnon-use@5Caverage-whereemissionsare~0.18thoseofSHEDbasedonemissionsasafunctionofPressuresquaredWeightedaveragetemperatureoftheSHEDtestprofileis31C.CorrelationforLaboratorytoVehicleTesting(ProfessionallyAssembledSystems)g/year(field)=5/12x(g/yrshed)+7/12x0.18(g/yrshed)=0.522(g/yrshed)Correlationfactorfromlabtestingat31Ctocontrolledvehiclesystemtesting=0.522SAEJ2727RevisedJUL2007-14-CorrelationfactorwasincorporateddirectlyintotheSAEJ2727spreadsheettoprovideanestimateofgramsperyearemissions.Summary–reasonablyestimatestherelativecontributionofindividualcomponentstototalsystememissions–reasonablyestimatesemissionsfromcontrolledsystemshedtesting,whenmodifiedtoaccountforpropersystemassembly.–reasonablyestimatesactualcontrolledfieldtestemissionswhenmodifiedtoaccountforpropersystemassemblyandseasonalusage.–correlateswellwithArminesresultsandmethodology–shouldprovideareasonableestimateofactualcustomer-experiencedemissionsand,therefore,serveasameansmonitoringanddocumentingsystemimprovements.ReferenceComponentIllustrationsHoseConstructionFIGURE5FIGURE6FIGURE7SAEJ2727Rev