SAEAMS2750E2012(航空航天材料规范高温测定法)英文

AEROSPACEAMS2750REV.EMATERIALIssued1980-04SPECIFICATIONRevised2012-07SupersedingAMS2750D(R)PyrometryRATIONALE5yearupdateandreviewofspecificationwithreorganizationtoimproveaccess.Technicalchangesresolveissuesdeterminedinusage.Changesareextensiveandnotmarked.CONTENTS1.SCOPE..........................................................................................................................................................32.APPLICABLEDOCUMENTS........................................................................................................................32.1ASTMPublications........................................................................................................................................32.2Definitions......................................................................................................................................................33.TECHNICALREQUIREMENTS....................................................................................................................83.1--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---TemperatureSensors...................................................................................................................................83.2Instrumentation(SeeTables3,4,and5)....................................................................................................123.3ThermalProcessingEquipment:.................................................................................................................163.4SystemAccuracyTests(SATs)..................................................................................................................183.5FurnaceTemperatureUniformitySurveys(TUS)........................................................................................233.6LaboratoryFurnaces...................................................................................................................................333.7Records.......................................................................................................................................................333.8Rounding.....................................................................................................................................................334.QUALITYASSURANCEPROVISIONS......................................................................................................334.1ResponsibilityforInspection........................................................................................................................335.PREPARATIONFORDELIVERY...............................................................................................................426.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.............................................................................................................................427.REJECTIONS.............................................................................................................................................428.NOTES........................................................................................................................................................43__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________SAETechnicalStandardsBoardRulesprovidethat:“ThisreportispublishedbySAEtoadvancethestateoftechnicalandengineeringsciences.Theuseofthisreportisentirelyvoluntary,anditsapplicabilityandsuitabilityforanyparticularuse,includinganypatentinfringementarisingtherefrom,isthesoleresponsibilityoftheuser.”SAEreviewseachtechnicalreportatleasteveryfiveyearsatwhichtimeitmaybereaffirmed,revised,orcancelled.SAEinvitesyourwrittencommentsandsuggestions.Copyright©2012SAEInternationalAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofSAE.TOPLACEADOCUMENTORDER:Tel:877-606-7323(insideUSAandCanada)SAEvaluesyourinput.ToprovidefeedbackTel:+1724-776-4970(outsideUSA)onthisTechnicalReport,pleasevisitFax:724-776-0790http://www.sae.org/technical/standards/AMS2750EEmail:CustomerService@sae.orgSAEWEBADDRESS:http://www.sae.orgSAEAMS2750EPage2of43FIGURE1REUSEANDRECALIBRATIONOFTESTANDLOADSENSORS...........................................................13FIGURE2FURNACECLASSUNIFORMITYRANGES..............................................................................................16FIGURE3INSTRUMENTATIONTYPEREQUIREMENTS.........................................................................................17FIGURE4MINIMUMSENSORSREQUIREDPERZONE..........................................................................................18FIGURE5ALLOWABLECOMBINATIONSOFRESIDENTSATSENSORWITHSENSORBEINGTESTEDFORTEMPERATURESOVER500°F(260°C).................................................................................................19FIGURE6SATCALCULATIONEXAMPLES...............................................................................................................21TABLE1SENSORSANDSENSORCALIBRATION.................................................................................................34TABLE2THERMOCOUPLESANDEXTENSIONWIRE..........................................................................................35TABLE3INSTRUMENTSANDINSTRUMENTCALIBRATION................................................................................36TABLE4RESOLUTIONREQUIREMENTSFORCHARTRECORDERS.................................................................38TABLE5PROCESSRECORDERPRINTANDCHARTSPEEDS............................................................................38TABLE6PARTSFURNACECLASS,INSTRUMENTTYPE,ANDSATINTERVAL.................................................39TABLE7RAWMATERIALFURNACECLASS,INSTRUMENTTYPE,ANDSATINTERVAL.................................40TABLE8PARTSFURNACECLASS,INSTRUMENTTYPE,ANDTUSINTERVAL................................................41TABLE9RAWMATERIALFURNACECLASS,INSTRUMENTTYPE,ANDTUSINTERVAL.................................41TABLE10PERMITTEDCALIBRATION/TESTINTERVALEXTENSION....................................................................42TABLE11NUMBEROFTUSSENSORSREQUIRED................................................................................................42--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---SAEAMS2750EPage3of431.SCOPE1.1Thisspecificationcoverspyrometricrequirementsforthermalprocessingequipmentusedforheattreatment.Itcoverstemperaturesensors,instrumentation,thermalprocessingequipment,systemaccuracytests,andtemperatureuniformitysurveys.Thesearenecessarytoensurethatpartsorrawmaterialsareheattreatedinaccordancewiththeapplicablespecification(s).1.2Thisspecificationisnotapplicabletoheating,ortointermediatethermalprocessingunlessspecificallyreferencedbyamaterialorprocessspecification.1.3Thisspecificationappliestolaboratoryfurnacestotheextentspecifiedin3.6.2.APPLICABLEDOCUMENTSTheissueofthefollowingdocumentsineffectonthedateofthepurchaseorderformsapartofthisspecificationtotheextentspecifiedherein.Thesuppliermayworktoasubsequentrevisionofadocumentunlessaspecificdocumentissueisspecified.Whenthereferenceddocumenthasbeencanceledandnosupersedingdocumenthasbeenspecified,thelastpublishedissueofthatdocumentshallapply.2.1ASTMPublicationsAvailablefromASTMInternational,100BarrHarborDrive,P.O.BoxC700,WestConshohocken,PA19428-2959,Tel:610-832-9585,www.astm.org.ASTME29StandardPracticeforUsingSignificantDigitsinTestDatatoDetermineConformancewithSpecificationsASTME207StandardTestMethodforThermalEMFTestofSingleThermoelementMaterialsbyComparisonwithaReferenceThermoelementofSimilarEMF-TemperaturePropertiesASTME220StandardTestMethodforCalibrationofThermocouplesbyComparisonTechniquesASTME230StandardSpecificationandTemperature-ElectromotiveForce(EMF)TablesforStandardizedThermocouplesASTME608StandardSpecificationforMineral-Insulated,Metal-SheathedBaseMetalThermocouplesASTME1129StandardSpecificationforThermocoupleConnectorsASTMMNL7ManualonPresentationofDataandControlChartAnalysisASTMMNL12ManualontheUseofThermocouplesinTemperatureMeasurement--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---2.2DefinitionsTermsusedinAMSareclarifiedinARP1917andasfollows:2.2.1ACCURACY:Themaximumdeviationoftheinstrumentationbeingtestedfromthecorrectedreadingsofatraceablestandard.2.2.2BASEMETALTHERMOCOUPLE:Thermocouplewhosethermoelementsarecomposedprimarilyofbasemetalsandtheiralloys.ExamplesofbasemetalthermocouplesincludeE,J,K,N,andT.2.2.3BIMONTHLY:Inthecontextofthisdocument,bimonthlyisequaltoonceeverytwomonths.2.2.4BIWEEKLY:Inthecontextofthisdocument,biweeklyisequaltoonceeverytwoweeks.SAEAMS2750EPage4of432.2.5CALIBRATION:Theprocessofadjustinganinstrumentorcompilingadeviationchartsoitsreadingmaybecorrelatedtotheactualvaluebeingmeasured.2.2.6CONTINUOUSFURNACE:Afurnacewhereproductisconveyedcontinuouslyfromthechargeareatothedischargearea.2.2.7CONTROLINSTRUMENT:Aninstrumentconnectedtoasensorandusedtocontrolthetemperatureofprocessequipment(includingquenchbathsandrefrigerationequipment).Theinstrumentmayormaynotalsorecordtemperature.2.2.8CONTROLSENSOR:Asensorconnectedtothefurnacetemperaturecontroller,whichmayormaynotbe--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---recording.2.2.9CONTROLZONEORFURNACECONTROLZONE:Aportionoftheworkingzoneinthermalprocessingequipmenthavingaseparatesensor/instrument/heatinputoroutputmechanismtocontrolitstemperature.Thisportionofafurnaceisindependentlycontrolled.2.2.10CONTROLLEDTEMPERATURELIQUIDBATH:Afurnacecontainingaliquidthatisheatedtothedesiredheattreattemperature.Productisnormallyimmersedintheliquid.2.2.11CORRECTIONFACTOR:Thenumberofdegrees,determinedfromthemostrecentcalibrationthatmustbeaddedto,orsubtractedfrom,thetemperaturereadingofasensor,oraninstrument,oracombinationthereof(system)toobtaintruetemperature.Thecorrectionfactorsofsensorsandinstrumentsareusuallykeptseparatelyandaddedtogetheralgebraicallywhenacombinationisused.2.2.12DATAACQUISITIONSYSTEM:Aninstrumentsystemusedtoautomaticallycollectandstoreprocessdataasanelectronicrecord.2.2.13DEADBAND:Therangewithinwhichthetemperatureinputcanbealteredupscaleanddownscalewithoutregisteringachangeontheinstrumentation.2.2.14DEVIATION:Inthecontextofthisdocument,thedifferencebetweentheuncorrectedindicatedtemperatureandthetruetemperature.2.2.15DIGITALINSTRUMENT:Aninstrumentthatpresentsprocessmeasurementsinadigital(numeric)displayformat.Typicalexamplesaremechanicalrecorderswithdigitaldisplays,digitalindicators,controllerswithdigitaldisplays,etc.Inthecaseofarecorderwithdigitaltemperaturedisplayandarecordertrace(line)therecord(recordertrace)isanalogwhilethedisplayisdigital.Arecordertraceonapaperchartisananalogrecord.2.2.16ELECTRONICRECORD:Anycombinationoftext,graphics,data,audio,pictorial,orotherinformationrepresentationindigitalformthatiscreated,modified,maintained,archived,retrieved,ordistributedbyacomputersystem.2.2.17ELAPSEDUSAGETIME:Numberofcalendardaysfromthefirstuseofasensor,(regardlessofthenumberofcyclesofuse).2.2.18EXPENDABLETHERMOCOUPLES:Thermocouplesmadeoffabricorplasticcoveredwire.Thewireisprovidedincoilsoronspools.Insulationusuallyconsistsofglassbraid,orceramicfiberclothoneachconductorplusglassbraidoverall.2.2.19FAILUREOFSURVEYTHERMOCOUPLE:Obviouslyincorrectorerraticactivityofasurveythermocoupleindicatedbyextremehighreadings,extremelowreadings,and/orerraticchangesinreadingsnotreflectedbyothersensors.2.2.20FIELDTESTINSTRUMENT:Aninstrumentthatisportable,thatmeetstherequirementsofTable3,hascalibrationtraceabletosecondaryequipmentorbetterandisusedtoconducton-sitetestsofthermalprocessingequipment.SAEAMS2750EPage5of432.2.21FLUIDIZEDBEDFURNACE:Afurnacethatcontainsamediumthatbecomessuspendedorfluidizedduetoatmospheregasorproductsofcombustionpassingupwardthroughthemedium.Productisnormallyimmersedinthefluidizedmedium.2.2.22FURNACE:Equipmentusedforthethermalprocessingofmaterialsandparts.Thetermfurnaceincludesovens.2.2.23GROUNDEDJUNCTION:Asheathedthermocouplehavingthehotjunction(measurementjunction)endfusedorweldedtotheendclosureoftheprotectivesheath.2.2.24HEATSINK:Amassofmaterialequivalenttotheheattransfercharacteristicsofthethinnestsectionofthepartbeingheat-treated.HeatsinksmaybeusedduringTUS(3.5.10.1)andduringproduction(3.3.5).2.2.25INTERVAL:Thecalendartimebetween2testsorcalibrations.Examplesinclude:weekorweeklyrequirestheduedateisthesamedayinthefollowingweek–aspanof7calendardays;monthormonthlytoindicatethenexttestoccursonthesamenumericaldayinthefollowingmonth.Ifthemonthlytestisperformedonthe31stdayofamonthfollowedbyamonthwith30days,theduedateisthelastdayofthefollowingmonth(similarfortestsonJanuary29-31–theduedateisthelastdayofthefollowingmonth.Samedefinitionsapplytothebi-weekly,quarterly,semiannualandannualintervals.2.2.26LABORATORYFURNACE:Afurnaceusedonlyfordeterminingresponsetoheattreatmentasrequiredbymaterialspecifications.2.2.27LOADSENSORS:Sensorsthatareattachedtoorincontactwithproductionmaterial,arepresentationofproductionmaterial,orareburiedintheloadofproductionmaterialandwhichsupplytemperaturedataoftheproductionmaterialtoprocessinstrumentation.2.2.28MAXIMUMPERMITTEDERROR:Atolerancebandforthethermalelectricresponseexpressedindegreesorpercentages.Maximumpermittederrorprovidesatolerancewithinwhichvarioustypesofthermocouplesmustconformtostandardthermocouplereferencetables.2.2.29MATERIALPRODUCER:Themanufacturerthatproducesaproductinaccordancewithamaterialspecificationthatmayrequirebyreferenceconformancetoaheattreatspecification.Casting,extrusionandforgingmanufacturersandtheirapprovedvendorsareconsideredmaterialproducers.Warehouses,distributors,orsimilarorganizationsarenotconsideredmaterialproducers.2.2.30MEASURINGJUNCTION:Thatareaofathermocouplejoinedtogethertocompleteameasurementcircuit,whichisusedtomeasureanunknowntemperature.Alsocalledthehotjunction.2.2.31MONITORINGINSTRUMENT:Aninstrumentconnectedtoacontrolling,monitoring,loadorrecordingsensorthatindicatesprocessequipmenttemperature.Examplesareanindicatingdevice,chartrecorder,electronicdatarecorderoradataacquisitionsystem.2.2.32MONITORINGSENSOR:Asensorconnectedtothemonitoringinstrument.2.2.33NOBLEMETALTHERMOCOUPLE:Thermocouplewhosethermoelementsarecomposedprimarilyofnoblemetals(e.g.,platinum/platinum-rhodium)andtheiralloys.ExamplesofnoblemetalthermocouplesincludetypesR,SandB.2.2.34NONEXPENDABLETHERMOCOUPLES:Thermocouplesthatarenotcoveredwithfabricorplasticinsulations.Onetypeconsistsofceramicinsulatorsoverbarethermocouplewire,sometimesinsertedinatubeforstabilityandprotection.Asecondtypeconsistsofacombinationofthermocouplewires,mineralinsulation,andaprotectingmetalsheathcompactedintoasmalldiameter.Thethermocouplethusconstructedisprotected,flexibleand,withinthetemperaturelimitsofthesheathmaterial,maybeusedmanytimeswithoutinsulationbreakdown.Thistypeofthermocouple,conformingtoASTME608,isavailableundermanytradenames.2.2.35OVER-TEMPERATUREINSTRUMENTATION:Aseparatesensorandinstrumentcombinationinstalledinthefurnace,whichisusedtomonitoranyover-temperatureoccurrenceandgenerateanalarmand/orcutbackorshutdownheatinput.Thepurposeforthiscontrolistoprotectmaterialand/or--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---thefurnacefromoverheating.SAEAMS2750EPage6of432.2.36PARTSHEATTREATMENT:Heattreatmentbyasourceotherthantherawmaterialproducer.Productistestedtotherequirementsoftheheattreatprocessingspecificationortoselectedrequirementsofotherspecifications.2.2.37PREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEPROGRAMorPMPROGRAM:Aprogramforevaluating,takingcorrectiveactionasrequired,anddocumentingtheconditionofitemsthathavepotentialtoadverselyaffectfurnacetemperatureuniformity.FrequencyofPMchecksisestablishedbasedonexperiencetoensurethatnomajorproblemsoccurbetweenPM’s.2.2.38PRIMARYTESTSENSOR:Sensorwithcalibrationdirectlytraceabletoareferencestandard.Normallyusedtocalibratesecondarytestsensors.2.2.39PROCESSCHARTRECORDER:SeeRecordingInstrumentdefinition.2.2.40PRIMARYTESTINSTRUMENT:AninstrumentthatiscalibrateddirectlyagainstinstrumentscalibratedbyNISTorequivalentnationalstandard.Normallyusedtocalibratesecondaryinstrumentation.2.2.41QUALIFIEDOPERATINGTEMPERATURERANGE:Thetemperaturerangeofthermalprocessingequipmentwheretemperatureuniformityhasbeentestedandfoundtobewithinrequiredtolerancesasspecifiedin3.3.2.2.42QUALIFIEDWORKZONE:Thedefinedportionofafurnacevolumewheretemperaturevariationconformstotherequireduniformitytolerance.--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---2.2.43QUALITYORGANIZATIONAPPROVAL:Documentedprocessforreviewandacceptance/rejectionofareportortestwhichalsodefinesanydelegationofthisapproval.2.2.44QUENCHSYSTEM:Asystemthatfacilitatesrapidcooling,usuallyaccomplishedusingoil,water,water/polymermixtures,orgaseousmediums.Quenchantsareusuallydeliveredbyimmersion,spray,orfog.2.2.45RAWMATERIALHEATTREATMENT(e.g.,sheet,plate,bar,extrusions,forgings,castings):Heattreatmentperformedbyorfortherawmaterialproducerandproductistestedasrequiredbyamaterialspecification.2.2.46RAWMATERIALFURNACES:Equipmentusedbyorforamaterialproducer(oranapprovedsupplierofamaterialproducer)inaccordancewithamaterialspecificationwhichmayrequirebyreferenceconformancetoaheattreatspecification.2.2.47RECORDINGINSTRUMENT:Aninstrumentconnectedtoacontrolling,monitoring,loadorrecordingsensorthatindicatesprocessequipmenttemperaturedataandgeneratesapermanentprocessrecord.Examplesareachartrecorder,electronicdatarecorderoradataacquisitionsystem.2.2.48RECORDINGSENSOR:Asensorthatisconnectedtoarecordinginstrument.2.2.49RECURRENTTEMPERATUREPATTERN:Cyclingoffurnacetemperatureduetotemperaturecontrol.2.2.50REFERENCESTANDARD(NOBLEMETAL):AstandardthathasbeencalibratedasrequiredinTable1toarelevantNationalStandard.2.2.51RESIDENTSATSENSOR:Atestsensorthatremainsresidentinthetestlocationbetweensystemaccuracytests.2.2.52RETORTFURNACE:Afurnacethatcontainsaretortormufflewhichnormallycontainsaprotectiveatmosphereandtheproductbeingheattreated.Thefurnacenormallysurroundstheretort.2.2.53RTD:ResistanceTemperatureDevice.2.2.54SALTBATHFURNACE:Afurnacecontainingmoltensaltthatisheatedtothedesiredheattreattemperature.Productisnormallyimmersedinthemoltensalt.2.2.55SECONDARYTESTINSTRUMENT:Aninstrumentwithcalibrationdirectlytraceabletoaprimarystandardorreferencestandardandwhichisoperatedinacontrolledtestenvironment.SAEAMS2750EPage7of432.2.56SECONDARYTESTSENSOR:Sensorwithcalibrationdirectlytraceabletoaprimarytestsensor.Normallyusedtocalibratetestsensors.2.2.57SEMI-CONTINUOUSFURNACE:Afurnacewhereproductisconveyedatregulartimeintervalsfromthechargeareatothedischargearea.2.2.58SENSITIVITY:Thetemperaturechangeintheinputthatisrequiredtoactivateachange,eitherupscaleordownscaleontheinstrumentation.Itisnormallyone-halfthenumericalvalueofthedeadband,suchas:asensitivityof1°F(0.6°C)isequivalenttoadeadbandof2°F(1.1°C).2.2.59SENSOR:Inthecontextofthisdocument,adevicedesignedtodetectormeasuretemperature(e.g.,thermocouple,RTD,etc.).Asusedinthisspecification,thistermisidenticalwith“TemperatureSensor.”2.2.60SHEATHED-THERMOCOUPLEASSEMBLY(MIMS):Thecut-to-lengthfinishedassemblyconsistingofthermoelementshavingoneendjoinedinameasuringjunction,containedwithinandelectricallyisolatedfrom,aprotectivesheathclosedatthemeasuringend.Theprotectivesheathhasamoisturesealatthereferencejunctionendofthesheath.Theassemblymayincludeathermocoupleconnectorbutdoesnotincludeareferencejunctionorextensionleadsmechanicallyjoinedtothethermoelements.2.2.61STABILIZATION(alsoreferredtoasequalization,equilibrium,steadystateorsoakedcondition):FurnacestabilizationoccurswhenallcontrolthermocouplesarewithintheallowableTUStolerancespanandcontrollersarecyclingand/ormaintainingthedesiredtemperatureineachzone.Allsurveythermocouplesmustbewithinthe--`,,````,`,`,```,`,,``,,,`,,,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---desiredtemperaturerangeandmustnotbechangingsuchthattheymaydriftaboveorbelowthemaximumorminimumtemperature.Forunloadedfurnaces:ifthetemperaturereadingsofanyTUSsensorexhibitanupwardordownwardtrendthatisnotconvergingtowardthesetpointthetestperiodshallbeextendedasnecessaryuntilthetrendisnolongerevident.Forloadedfurnaces: