新能源概论全册配套最完整精品课件

新能源概论全册配套最完整精品课件IntroductiontoNewandRenewableEnergyChapter1Overviewofnewenergydevelopment1.1Objectivesandoutlineofthecourse1.2Somebasicconcepts1.3Statusofenergyandrenewableenergydevelopment1.4Newenergytechnologyperspectives1.1ObjectivesandOutlineofthecourse§1Overviewofnewenergydevelopment§2WindEnergyWindEnergyResources；WindEnergyUtilization；WindPowerGeneration§3SolarEnergyBasicConcepts；SolarThermalApplications;SolarPhotovoltaic；OtherSolarEnergyApplications1Objectivesofthecourse2Outlineofthecourse§4Bio-EnergyBasicConcepts;BiomassBurning;BiomassGasification,Biomasspowergeneration§5HydrogenEnergyBasicConcepts;HydrogenProduction;HydrogenStorage;HydrogenUtilization§6OtherNewEnergyTechnologyGeothermalEnergy;OceanEnergy;SmartGrid,EnergyStorage;DistributedEnergySystemsTextbookandReferences1)UNIDO(UnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganisation)TrainingPackage,“Renewableenergytechnologies”2)SustainableEnergy,MITOpenCourseWare,http://ocw.mit.edu/3)WangGehua，AiDesheng，IntroductiontoNewEnergy，ChemicalIndustryPress，2006.(inChinese)闭卷Scope:lectures+textbookExamWhatdoesEPRIstandfor?Whataretheseventechnologytargets?Whenthespeakersays‘thereisnosilverbullet’,whatdoeshemean?QuestionsaboutthespeechListeningtoaspeech1.2SomebasicconceptsEnergyEnergyisthecapacityofaphysicalsystemtoperformwork.Energyexistsinseveralformssuchasheat,mechanicalenergy,light,potentialenergy,electricalenergy,etc.NewEnergyWhataretheconventionalenergysources?Incontrasttoconventionalenergy,theword“new”in«newenergy»mayrefertowhat?RenewableEnergyNon-RenewableEnergyPrimaryEnergyConventionalEnergy??????NewEnergy??????SecondaryEnergy???EnergyClassificationRenewableEnergyNon-RenewableEnergyPrimaryEnergyConventionalEnergyHydroPower(Large),WindPower(Windmill),SolarEnergy(NaturalDrying),Bio-Energy(FuelWood)Coal,Oil,NaturalGasNuclearEnergyNewEnergyHydropower(Small),WindPower(WindTurbine),Geothermal,SolarEnergy(PV,CSP),Bio-Energy(Biofuel)???SecondaryEnergyElectricPower,Gasoline,DieselOil,Vapor,HotWater,HydrogenEnergyClassificationGasTurbinesEnergyStorageDistributedEnergyTechnologiesSolarPVWindPowerEnergyunitsandconversionJoule:Theamountofenergyrequiredtoraisea1-kgbook10cmagainsttheforceofgravityCalorie:TheamountofheatnecessarytoraisethetemperatureofonegramofwaterbyonedegreeCelsius1cal=4.184JEnergyunitsandconversionStandardcoal(toncoalequivalent,tce),Standardoil(tonoilequivalent,toe)     Thequalityofenergyismeasuredbyitsheatvalue.Inordertomakestatisticalanalysis,thequantityofenergyisoftenconvertedintoastandardfuel,i.e.standardcoal(toncoalequivalent,tce)orstandardoil(tonoilequivalent,toe).1kgoe=10000kcal=41.9MJ1kgce=7000kcal=29.3MJEnergySourcesandconversionprocessesEnergySystem资源开采及开发加工与/或转换一次能源资源运输集中转换(如发电)运输或传输与储存终端用户的利用使用设施煤油核能天然气水力海洋能生物质能太阳能风能工艺热动力照明供暖运输化工原料电能地热排灌制冷炊事TheGlobalEnergyFlowchartDominatedbyfossilfuelsinallsectorsThefuturelow-carbonenergysystemEnergyefficiencyreferstotheratioofeconomicorphysicaloutputstoenergyinputs.EnergyConservationhasbeenacost-effectivestrategyfortheeconomicgrowthwithoutnecessarilyincreasingenergyconsumption.EnergyEfficiencyandEnergyConservationEnergyIntensityforGDPisameasureofenergyefficiencyforanation’seconomy.ItiscalculatedasunitsofconsumedenergyforproducingperunitofGDP.Measuringenergyefficiency-EnergyIntensity　TotalCoalCrudeOilFuelOilElectricity　tce/104yuant/104yuankWh/yuan20051.231.180.160.020.1420061.201.170.160.020.1420071.161.130.150.020.14EnergyIntensitybyGDPinChinaEmissionIntensityAnemissionintensityistheaverageemissionfromperunitofenergyconsumed,ortheratioofemissionstoGDP.Emissionintensitiesmaybeusedtocomparetheenvironmentalimpactofdifferentfuelsoractivities.Alsousetermsofemissionfactorandcarbonintensity.EmissionIntensitybyGDPItimpliesthedependencyofeconomicdevelopmentonenergysupplyEnergyandEconomy--ElasticityofEnergyConsumption　20002001200220032004200520062007GDPGrowthRate(%)8.438.309.0810.0310.0910.4011.6011.90EnergyConsumptionGrowthRate(%)3.533.356.0015.2816.1410.609.607.84ElasticityofEnergyConsumption0.420.410.661.531.591.020.830.66ElasticityofEnergyConsumptioninChinaBPSTATISTICALREVIEWOFWORLDENERGY20141.3StatusofenergyandrenewableenergydevelopmentTopfivecountriesofrenewableRenewableenergyShareofGlobalfinalenergyConsumption,2012StatusofRenewableTechnologies,CharacteristicsandCostsStatusofRenewableTechnologies,CharacteristicsandCostsStatusofRenewableTechnologies,CharacteristicsandCosts1.4NewenergytechnologyperspectivesSupplySideDemandSide•Fossil-fuelpowergenerationCCS•Nuclearpowerplants•Onshoreandoffshorewind•BiomassIGCC&co-combustion•Photovoltaicsystems•Concentratingsolarpower•Coal:integrated-gasificationcombinedcycle(IGCC)•Coal:ultra-supercritical•2ndgenerationbiofuels（non-food）•Energyefficiencyinbuildingsandappliances•Heatpumps•Solarspaceandwaterheating•Energyefficiencyintransport•Electricandplug-invehicles•Fuelcellvehicles•IndustryCCS•IndustrialmotorsystemsKeyTechnologyoptionsforalowcarboneconomyIEAEnergyTechnologyPerspective,ETPIEAETP:LowcarbonPowerGenerationMix--ChinaQuestions:Explaintheindicatorofenergyefficiency-EnergyIntensity.WheredoesChinarankintheworldtotalrenewablecapacityby2013?AndintheWindpowercapacity?THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTIONChapter2WindEnergyMainContents2.1WindEnergyHistory2.2WindEnergyBasics2.3WindPowerTechnology2.4WindEnergyBenefitsandChallenges2.1WindEnergyHistoryEarlyDaysCretan(克里特岛)windmill(1464,mechanicalwaterpumping)Dutchwindmill(1500,mechanicalwaterpumping,grainmilling)U.S.farmwindmill(1854,mechanicalwaterpumping)Smallwindelectricturbines(1890s–Denmark,U.S.,etc.)Experimentswithturbinesof~100kWinU.K.,Italy,Germany(1920sand1930s)EarlyWindFarmEraFirstWindFarm–CrotchedMountain,NewHampshireUSA,December1980(equipmentfailures,windspeedoverestimated)CaliforniaWindFarms–December1981WindTurbines:PowerforaHouseorCitySavoniusWindTurbineDutchWindmillAmericanMulti-bladeWindmillDarrieusWindTurbineThree-BladeHAWT（Horizontal-axiswindturbines）198519952000200320062007WindTurbinespecifications:ElectricalPower:1.5-5.0MWTurbineWeight:150-500tonsTowerHeight:65-100metersBladeLength:34-60metersBladeWeight:6-23tons~$1.40/Watt$0.03-0.06/kWh(CostofEnergy)2.2WindEnergyBasicsPowerLawAvlVABCFLFDFiρ:AirDensityA:SheetAreav:AirVelocityWhere:P:theoreticalwindpowerinWatts:airdensityinkg/m3(e.g.1.225atsealevel)R:bladelengthinmetersv:inflowwindspeedinm/sP=1/2πR2v3Theoreticalformula:Sincepower(andenergy)varyasthecubeofthevelocity,doublingthewindspeedwillgive8xthepowerandenergy.Findingagoodsiteandmaximizingthewindspeedisacriticalpartofmakingwindpowereconomical.Themaximumpowerextractablefromthewindislimitedto59%ofthetheoreticalpower(BetzTheorem).TheactualpowerobtainedfromawindmachineisaproductoftheactualefficiencytimestheBetzlimit(0.59)timesthetheoreticalpower.Pactual=Effactualx0.59xPtheoreticalWhereEffactualisaproductoftherotorefficiencytimesthegearingefficiencytimesthegeneratorefficiency.WindEnergyDensityWindenergydensityisamajorindicatortomeasurethepotentialofwindenergy.Theformulaofwindenergydensityis:W＝（1/2）*ρV3    W:WindEnergyDensityρ:AirDensityV:WindSpeedThepowervarieswithsweptarea.Theareaisπ*radius2orπ*diameter2/4,doublingthelengthoftherotorwillgive4timesthepowerandtheenergy.ImpactofRotorSizeFrictionattheEarth’ssurfaceslowsthewind,sowindspeedsgenerallyincreasewithheightabovetheground.ImpactofHeightSitingWindTurbinesWindresourceisfarmoresite-specificthansolarBeforeinvestinginlargeturbines,50mortallermeteorological(MET)towersareerectedtodeterminesite’sresourceMETstudiesoften1yearorlonger2.3WindPowerTechnologyWindEnergyWindTurbineSailingPumpPowerGenerationAidtoNavigationWaterAirDCACPowerGridElectrolysisHydrogenMakingPumpedStorageIrrigationCompressedAirPowerGeneration1)WindEnergyUtilizationThereareover8,000componentsinaturbine,including:Arotor,orblades,whichconvertthewind'senergyintorotationalenergyAnacellecontainingagearboxandageneratorAtower,tosupporttherotorandnacelle;andelectronicequipmentsuchascontrols,electricalcables,groundsupportequipment,andinterconnectionequipment.2)WindTurbineComponents•Windblowsovertheangledbladesandresultsinaturningforce.•Theforcewillturntheshaft,gearboxandgenerator,whichareallconnected.•Thegearboxincreasestherotationalspeed,enablingthegeneratortoproduceelectricity.InsideaNacelle轴舱方向舵扭转风速计风向标GeneratingUnitPermanentmagnetsorauto-excitationtypewindpowergeneratingunitforsmall-sizedwindturbines；Asynchronous（异步）orsynchronous（同步）generatorforlarge-sizedwindturbines,mainlyasynchronoustype.GearboxAgearresponsiblefortransmittingmechnicalpowerfromlow-speedinputintohigh-speedoutput,inordertogetinpacewithgeneratoroperation.ControlSystem,Mainfunctions:①Generatingunitautomaticallystartupinpre-establishedspeed（normally3-4m/s）；②Automaticallydetecttheoperatingparametersandconditionsofgeneratingunitsbysensor；③Whenwindspeedexcessesmaximumoperationalspeed（normally25m/s）,automaticallyshutdown;④Emergencyprotection.3）WindpowergenerationtypesSmallscalewindpowerTypicallyupto10kWpowerSuitableforhomes,farms,businessesGridconnectedornon-gridconnectedConfiguration:2or3bladesBlades:Fiber-reinforcedplasticsGenerator:Direct-drive,permanentmagnet3-phaseACBergeyEXCEL,10kWAIR-X300W503500WWhisperH40900WWhisperH801000WWhisper1753kWDesignedforlowmaintenanceInspectionandmaintenanceevery1-2yearsInspectmechanicalandelectricalconnections,checkforcorrosion,etc.Beyond10years:bladeorotherreplacementmaybeneededLifetimes:10to30yearsareexpectedwithproperinstallationandannualmaintenanceCasestudy:On-GridHomewithWindSystemCharlotte,VT,netmeteringforutilitybillreductionBergeyExcelwindturbine,10kW1.4kWPVarrayInstalledin1999Smallscaleon-gridwindsystemOff-GridWindPowerGenerationDirectCurrentSupply(DC)：Mainlyforhouseholdconsumption,suchaslighting,electricalappliances,etc.AlternatingCurrentSupply(AC)：Mainlyforcircumstanceswherenospecialrequirementsaredemandedforelectricityquality;Bymeansof“Alternating-Direct-Alternating”inverter,powerqualitycanbeimproved.On-GridWindPowerGenerationLoadMeterInverterACWindturbineWindturbinesareconnectedtothepowergrid.Alternatingcurrentcouldbedirectlytransmittedtothegrid,orbeconvertedthroughinverterandtransmittedtothegrid.Tehachapi,CA,netmeteringforutilitybillreductionBergeyExcelwindturbine,10kWTotalinstalledcostwas$34,122inOctober1999Estimatedpayback:6yearsR&MMechanicalSystemsBergeyWindpowerExcelwindturbine,10kW,23ftrotor,80fttower~15,000kWh/yeargeneration,utilitybillsavingsare~$1,300/yearMaintenanceandrepaircosts~$75/yearLargeWindSystemsRangeinsizefrom660kWto3.6MWRequireaveragewindspeedsof6m/sOnemegawattofwindgeneratesaboutasmuchelectricityas225to300householdsuseWindfarmsconsistofseveraltodozensoflargeturbinesincloseproximitythatconnecttothegridWindfarmsmayberunbyutilitiesorindependentpowerproducersthatselltothegridsystemWindfarmsaregenerallylocatedinareaswithveryfavorablewindspeedsWindfarmscanproduceelectricity<4Cents/kWhInmanycases,off-shorewindpowercanprovidesubstantialpower,althoughdevelopmentcostswillbehigher.Thesizeofwindturbinesforwindfarmshasincreaseddramaticallyinadecade,fromafewhundredkWtoseveralMW.GE3.6MWWindTurbine,installedin25MWoffshorewindfarminArklowIrelandGE3.6MWTurbinePowerCurveGiantMulti-megawattTurbines1979:40cents/kWhTurbinesizeincreasingTechnologyadvancingManufacturingtechniquesimprovedNSP107MWLakeBentonwindfarm4cents/kWh(unsubsidized)2004:3–4.5cents/kWh2000:4-6cents/kWhThecostofwindpowerInstalledWindProjectCostsOverTime0246810121990COE(¢/kWh[constant2000$])LowSpeedAreas199520002005201020152020HighSpeedAreasAveragePowerPriceHigher-qualitywindresources-Reducedturbulence-IncreasedwindspeedEconomiesofscaleProximitytoloads-ManydemandcentersarenearthecoastPotentialforreducinglanduseandaesthetic美学concernsWhymovetooffshoreFuturedevelopmentContinuematerialimprovementRefineStructuralandAerodynamicModelsContinuelabandfieldtestingofmaterialandfullstructuresAddsensorstothebladesfordamagedetectionandstructuralhealthmonitoringWindforecastingimprovementThirdnationalsurveyofonshorewindresources,China2.4WindEnergyBenefitsandChallengesSource:IEATechnologyisrelativelysimpleandrobustwithlifetimeofover15yearswithoutmajornewinvestmentNofuelrequiredLowenvironmentalimpactsAutomaticoperationwithlowmaintenancerequirementsSecurityofsupply-avoidsrelianceonimportedfuelsRapidtoinstallLandfriendly-agricultural/industrialactivitycancontinuearounditTheadvantagesofwindpowerSite-specifictechnologyVariablepowerproducedthereforestorage/back-uprequiredHighcapitalinvestmentcostsTransportproblemsforinstallationoflargesystemsinremoteareasSomeenvironmentalimpactsTheweaknessesofwindpowerRadio/TVInterferenceImpactonBirdsNoiseproducedbytherotorbladesVisualimpactsEnvironmentalimpactsAlthoughwindpowerplantshaverelativelylittleimpactsontheenvironmentcomparedtofossilfuelplants,thereissomeenvironmentalconcerns.Mostoftheproblemscanbesolvedorreducedthroughtechnologicaldevelopmentorbyproperlysitingwindplants.Impacts(Noise)Impacts(Visual)EffectsofWindPoweronConventionalPowerProductionCostsavings–replacingconventionalpowerproduction(variablecosts)–replacinginvestmentsinnewthermalpowerplants(fixedcosts)–avoidedemissioncostsAdditionalcosts–additionalback-uppower–runningtraditionalpowerunitsinpartialload,thusnotgeneratingelectricityasefficientlyasinfullload–wearingtraditionalpowerunitsoutsoonerbyoperatingthemnotthewaytheyweredesignedfor–additionalinvestmentsingridenforcementsTransmissionisalreadyalimitationonwinddevelopmentinsomeregionsPossibleimpactsofhigherpenetrationofvariablerenewablesonthepowersystemElectricitycannotbestoredonamassivescaleinaneconomicway.Thus,systemoperatorsmustbalancethepowersupplyanddemandatalltimesinordertomaintainsystemstabilityandpowerquality.Majormismatchesorinterruptionscouldleadtobreakdownofapowersystemandblackoutofanarea.TransmissionIntegrationIssuesConventionalpowergenerationprovidessteadyandpredictablepowertothegrids.Variablerenewablesrefertothoseenergysourcessuchaswindandsolar,forwhichpoweroutputisintermittentandcannotbeaccuratelyandcompletelypredicted.Measurestosmoothoutthevariabilityincludeenlargingthebalancingarea,loadshifting,buildinginmoreflexibilityinthegenerationportfolio,etc.Theimpactsofhigherintegrationofvariablerenewablesvaryaccordingtothetypeoftechnologyandthelevelofpenetration.BaseloadBaseloadMidMeritBaseloadPeakersBalanceofsupplyanddemandeverysecondStartupcostsTechnicalconstraintsAvailabilityWindIssuesfromPowerSystemOperator’sPerspectiveControllableNon-ControllableInabilitytodispatch:WeatherdeterminesoutputIntermittentandvariable:moredifficulttobalanceloadDifficulttoPredictUncertain:Mightnotbetherewhenyouneedit.Mighthavetoomuchofitwhenyoudon’t…WindIntegrationintopowersystemRequiresFlexiblePowerSystemRobustPowerSystemFastActingPlantStorageOptionsSomeKeyQuestionsonIntegrationIssuesWhatsystemoperationalimpactsandcostsareimposedbywindgenerationvariabilityanduncertainty?Whatarethebenefitsfromlongdistancetransmissionthatmovelargequantitiesofremotewindenergytourbanmarkets?Whatistheroleandvalueofwindforecasting?Howdoeswindcapacityvalueaffectsupplysecurity?Short-termsolutionsLimitingwindoutputtoschedulewhenneededforreliability.Improvingwindgenerationforecastaccuracy.Self-supplyofreservesbylargewindoperatorsLong-termsolutionsImprovingwindforecastingImprovingAutomaticGenerationControlNewTransmissionSchedulingPracticesandProcedurestoallowchangesingenerationschedulewithinanhour.WindoutputcontrolsCoordinatedplanningQuestions:Whatarethemainfactorsimpactingthepoweroutputofawindturbine?Whatisthecurrentmaximumcapacityofthewindturbine?Arethereanyenvironmentalimpactsofwindfarm?Whatarethey?THANKYOUFORYOURATTENTIONChapter3SolarEnergyMainContents3.1Historyofsolarenergyuse3.2Solarenergybasics3.3Photovoltaics(PV)3.4ConcentratingSolarPower(CSP)3.5Solarwaterheatingandotherapplications3.1HistoryofsolarenergyusePeoplehavebeenharnessingsolarenergyforalongtimeSolarcollectorforheatingwaterAhomeinCaliforniain1906Greeksusedpassivesolartoheatbuildings(400BC)Romansimprovedbyusingglasstotrapheatinthebuildingsandgreenhouses(100AD)1700:AntoineLaVoisierbuiltasolarheater1839:FrenchphysicistAntoine-CesarBecquerelobservedthatshininglightonanelectrodesubmergedinaconductivesolutionwouldcreateanelectriccurrent.1883:AmericanCharlesFrittsdescribedthefirstsolarcells,whichwasmadefromseleniumwafers（硒晶体）1900:Thephotoelectriceffectwasdiscovered.1916:Millikanprovidedexperimentalproofofthephotoelectriceffect1918:PolishscientistCzochralskidevelopedawaytoproducesingle-crystalsilicon.1941:AmericanRussellOhlinventedasiliconsolarcell1954:BellLabsresearchersPearson,Chapin,andFullerreportedtheirdiscoveryof4.5%efficientsiliconsolarcells1950’s:Solarcellsdevelopedforsatellites1960:HoffmanElectronicsachieved14%efficientPVcellsAfter1970:rapiddevelopmentofsolarPVandCSP太阳内部进行着氢聚变成氦的原子核反应，不停地释放出巨大的能量并向宇宙空间辐射。太阳内部的这种核聚变反应可以维持很长时间，相对于人类的生存时间而言，太阳能可以说是取之不尽用之不竭的。3.2Solarenergybasics太阳的基本结构　太阳是一个炽热气体构成的球体，主要由氢和氦组成，其中氢占78.7%，氦占19.8%。太阳常数Isc　太阳常数是当地球与太阳间的距离处于两者之间的平均距离，即1.495x108km时，大气层外侧，即大气上界垂直于太阳方向上单位面积每秒接受的太阳所有波段的辐射能之和，单位为W/m2。1957年，国际地球物理年决定采用1380W/m2。1976年，美国宇航局根据高空平台的观测结果,发布的太阳常数值为1353(±21)W/m2。1981年，世界气象组织(WMO)公布的太阳常数值是1368w/m2。太阳辐射能和到达地球的太阳能　太阳每秒钟释放出来的能量约为3.75×1026W，相当于每秒钟燃烧1.28亿吨 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 煤所放出的能量。太阳辐射到地球大气层的能量仅为其总辐射能量的22亿分之一，但已高达1.73x1014kW，即太阳每秒钟照射到地球上的能量就相当于500万吨煤，由于大气层吸收反射，太阳辐射到达地球陆地表面的能量，大约为1.7x1013kW,相当于目前全世界一年内能源总消耗量的3.5万倍。AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofSolarEnergyAdvantagesDisadvantagesCleanSustainableFreeExpansivePartTimeDependsonlocationEnvironmentalimpactofPVCellproductionSolarEnergyApplicationsPhotovoltaic:Generatingpowerbyusingsolarcellspackagedinphotovoltaicmodules,oftenconnectedassolarphotovoltaicarraystoconvertenergydirectlyfromsunintoelectricity.Solarthermalpower:toconverttheenergyfromthesunintothermalenergy,thengenerateelectricity.Solarwaterheating,spaceheatingandotherapplicationsSolarResourceinChina全国各地区年日照时数分布图太阳能资源丰富程度等级全国各地区太阳能资源丰富等级图3.3Photovoltaic（PV）太阳电池是一种利用太阳光直接发电的光电半导体薄片，太阳电池发电的原理是半导体的光电效应，将高纯度的半导体材料加入一些不纯物使其呈现不同的性质，如加入硼可形成P型半导体，硅晶体中就会存在着一个空穴，加入磷可形成N型半导体，PN两型半导体相结合形成PN结，当晶片受光后，PN结中电子从N型区往P型区移动，从而形成电流。1HowdoessolarPVwork?Crystallinesilicon(c-Si)modulesrepresent85-90%oftheglobalannualmarket,whichincludesinglecrystalline(sc-Si)andmulti-crystalline(mc-Si).Thinfilmscurrentlyaccountfor10%to15%ofmarket.Theyaresubdividedintoamorphous(a-Si)/micromorphsilicon(a-Si/μc-Si),非晶硅/微晶硅Cadmium-Telluride(CdTe),碲化镉Copper-Indium-Diselenide(CIS)/Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide(CIGS).铜铟硒/铜铟镓硒2PVTechnologyoverviewPVArrayComponentsMonoSiliconSolarModuleMultiSiliconModuleThinFilmSolarThinFilmPVModulesPVArrayFieldsDirectconversionofsunlightintoDCelectricityDCconvertedtoACbyinverter（逆变器）Solid-stateelectronics,no-movingpartsHighreliability,warrantiesof20yearsormore3PVSystemPhotovoltaicsSystem(gridconnected)PVSystem(Off-Grid)2kWaboveRoofRoofIntegratedRoofIntegratedPV–Standalone4PVCostSolarCellsNeedaccesstosunLowefficiencyNeedelectricitystoragesystemorbackupEnvironmentalcostsnotincludedinmarketpriceHighcosts(butshouldbecompetitivein5–15years)Highlanduse(solar-cellpowerplants)DCcurrentmustbeconvertedtoACReducesdependenceonfossilfuelsLowlanduse(ifonrooforbuiltintowallsorwindows)Last20–40yearsLowenvironmentalimpactNoCO2emissionsEasilyexpandedormovedQuickinstallationWorkoncloudydaysFairlyhighnetenergyyieldTrade-OffsDisadvantagesAdvantages深圳市园艺博览园兆瓦级并网光伏电站--综合展馆5国内实例北京奥运会中心区国家体育馆100kW并网光伏发电系统3.4ConcentratingSolarPower(CSP)Video:http://video.baomihua.com/44721876/24150162?ab011SolarThermalApplicationsLowtemperatureSwimmingpoolheatingHightemperatureIndustrialprocessheatingElectricitygenerationMediumtemperatureDomesticwaterandspaceheatingIndustrialprocessheatingHotels,etc太阳能热利用按温度区分：中低温主要包括：太阳能热水器，太阳能建筑，太阳能制冷供暖，太阳能海水淡化，太阳能工农业供热系统等；高温主要包括：太阳能热发电(CSP)，太阳能热化学制燃料，太阳能煤制油等。ThereareseveralkindsofConcentratingSolarPower(CSP):2CSPOptionsforLarge-ScalePowerParabolicTroughPowerTowerDish槽式系统旋转抛物面上的反射可将平行的入射光线聚焦在焦点上，使抛物面的轴线对准太阳，并把集热管放在焦点处，利用聚焦阳光所得的高温，即可进行太阳能集热和发电。ParabolicTrough太阳能热发电系统主要由集热系统、热传输与交换系统和发电系统组成由抛物线沿轴线旋转形成的面称为旋转抛物面，由抛物线向纵向延伸形成的面称为抛物柱面（槽式抛物面），在工业应用中称槽式聚光镜。在凹面覆上反光层就构成抛物面聚光器。根据光学原理，与抛物镜面轴线平行的光将会聚到焦点上，焦点在镜面的轴线上，把接收器安装在反射镜的焦点上，能接收到反射的光辐射。槽式太阳能聚光集热器主要由槽型抛物面反射镜、集热管、跟踪机构组成。反射镜一般由玻璃制造，背面镀银并涂保护层，也可用反光铝板制造反射镜，反射镜安装在支架上。槽型抛物面反射镜将入射太阳光聚焦到焦点的一条线上，在该条线上装有接收器的集热管。集热管内有吸热管，用来吸收太阳光，加热内部的传热液体，一般用不锈钢制作，外有黑色吸热涂层。为了减小热量散发，集热管外层装有玻璃套管