OrganizationalBehavior17thChapter7

,~OrganizationalBehavior,17e(Robbins)Chapter7MotivationConcepts1)________isdefinedastheprocessesthataccountforanindividual'sintensity,direction,andpersistenceofefforttowardattainingagoal.A)LeadershipB)ManagementC)LearningD)EmotionallaborE)MotivationAnswer:EExplanation:E)Motivationisdefinedastheprocessesthataccountforanindividual'sintensity,direction,andpersistenceofefforttowardattainingagoal.LO:7.1:Describethethreekeyelementsofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept2)The________dimensionofmotivationmeasureshowlongapersoncanmaintaineffort.A)directionB)persistenceC)intensityD)knowledgeE)experienceAnswer:BExplanation:B)Motivationhasapersistencedimension.Thismeasureshowlongapersoncanmaintaineffort.Motivatedindividualsstaywithatasklongenoughtoachievetheirgoal.LO:7.1:Describethethreekeyelementsofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept3)The________elementofmotivationdescribeshowhardapersontries.A)intelligenceB)experienceC)directionD)intensityE)persistenceAnswer:DExplanation:D)Intensitydescribeshowhardapersontries.Thisistheelementmostofusfocusonwhenwetalkaboutmotivation.LO:7.1:Describethethreekeyelementsofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept4)Motivationisdefinedastheprocessesthataccountforanindividual'sintensity,direction,andpersistenceofefforttowardattainingagoal.Answer:TRUEExplanation:Motivationisdefinedastheprocessesthataccountforanindividual'sintensity,direction,andpersistenceofefforttowardattainingagoal.LO:7.1:Describethethreekeyelementsofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept5)Organizationsinfluencetheiremployeestovolunteer.Answer:TRUEExplanation:ResearchsuggeststhathalftheorganizationsinCanadaactivelyencourageemployeevolunteering.Asaresult,fullyone-quarterofallthevolunteerworkinthecountryisdonebyemployeevolunteers.Thestudyfoundthattheavailabilityoforganizationalsupport—useofworktime,paidtimetovolunteer,facilityspace,organizationalresources—wascriticaltoemployeeCSRmotivation.LO:7.1:Describethethreekeyelementsofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept6)Describethethreekeyelementsinthedefinitionofmotivation.Answer:Motivationisdefinedastheprocessesthataccountforanindividual'sintensity,direction,andpersistenceofefforttowardattainingagoal.Thethreekeyelementsinourdefinitionareintensity,direction,andpersistence.Intensitydescribeshowhardapersontries.Thisistheelementmostofusfocusonwhenwetalkaboutmotivation.However,highintensityisunlikelytoleadtofavorablejobperformanceoutcomesunlesstheeffortischanneledinadirectionthatbenefitstheorganization.Therefore,weconsiderthequalityofeffortaswellasitsintensity.Effortdirectedtoward,andconsistentwith,theorganization'sgoalsisthekindofeffortweshouldbeseeking.Finally,motivationhasapersistencedimension.Thismeasureshowlongapersoncanmaintaineffort.Motivatedindividualsstaywithatasklongenoughtoachievetheirgoal.LO:7.1:Describethethreekeyelementsofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept7)WhichlevelofMaslow'shierarchyofneedsdealswithsatisfyingone'shunger,thirst,andotherbodilyneeds?A)safetyB)physiologicalC)socialD)esteemE)psychologicalAnswer:BExplanation:B)Maslowhypothesizedthatwithineveryhumanbeingthereexistsahierarchyoffiveneeds.Thelowest,mostbasicneedsarephysiological.Theyincludehunger,thirst,shelter,sex,andotherbodilyneeds.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:ConceptThechurchyougotoeverySundayismadeupofpeoplewhohaveverydifferentlifestylesandareatdifferentstagesintheirlife.Joannaisa23-year-oldsingleparentwhoworksforminimumwageandshiftsfrommoteltomotelforaccommodation.Josephineisasingle,45-year-oldwomanwhoearnsadecentsalaryandhasfewinterestsandfriendsoutsideheroffice.Jonathanis60yearsold,extremelywealthy,hasalovingfamily,andenjoyshiswork.YouhavedecidedtoapplyMaslow'shierarchyofneedstodeterminewhatmotivateseachoftheseindividuals.8)WhichofthefollowingneedswouldmostlikelymotivateJoanna?A)socialB)esteemC)physiologicalD)self-actualizationE)safetyAnswer:CExplanation:C)Joannafirstneedstosatisfyherbasicphysiologicalneeds,whichincludehunger,thirst,shelter,sex,andotherbodilyneeds.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application9)WhichofthefollowingneedswouldmostlikelymotivateJosephine?A)socialB)esteemC)physiologicalD)self-actualizationE)safetyAnswer:AExplanation:A)AccordingtoMaslow,becauseJosephineissingleandhaslittlesocialinteraction,shewouldstrivetosatisfyhersocialneeds,whichincludeaffection,belongingness,acceptance,andfriendship.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application10)WhichofthefollowingneedswouldmostmotivateJonathan?A)socialB)esteemC)physiologicalD)self-actualizationE)safetyAnswer:DExplanation:D)AccordingtoMaslow,becauseJonathanhassatisfiedallthepreviousneedsinMaslow'shierarchy,hewouldbeseekingself-actualization.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application11)AccordingtoMaslow'shierarchyofneeds,whichofthefollowingisalower-orderneed?A)socialB)safetyC)esteemD)self-actualizationE)recognitionAnswer:BExplanation:B)Maslowseparatedthefiveneedsintohigherandlowerorders.Physiologicalandsafetyneedswerelower-orderneeds,andsocial,esteem,andself-actualizationwerehigher-orderneeds.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept12)IfweconsiderMaslow'shierarchyofneedsinthecontextofJapan,Greece,andMexico,whereuncertainty-avoidancecharacteristicsarestrong,then________needswouldbeontopofthehierarchy.A)self-actualizationB)securityC)socialD)esteemE)growthAnswer:BExplanation:B)IfweconsiderMaslow'sneedshierarchyinthecontextofJapan,Greece,andMexico,whereuncertainty-avoidancecharacteristicsarestrong,securityneedswouldbeontopofthehierarchy.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:DiverseandmulticulturalworkenvironmentsDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept13)WhichofthefollowingneedsinMaslow'shierarchyreferstothedrivetobecomewhatoneiscapableofbecoming?A)socialB)self-actualizationC)physiologicalD)esteemE)safetyAnswer:BExplanation:B)Self-actualizationreferstothedrivetobecomewhatwearecapableofbecoming.Itincludesgrowth,achievingourpotential,andself-fulfillment.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept14)WhyisMaslow'stheorycriticized?A)Theconceptofself-actualizationwasunfounded.B)Thereislittleevidencethatneedsarestructuredoroperateinthewayitdescribes.C)Theesteemneedisamorepowerfulmotivatorthanself-actualization.D)Itsterminologytendstoalienatethosetowhomitisapplied.E)Itdoesnotadequatelydescribehowanorganizationcansatisfyhigher-orderneeds.Answer:BExplanation:B)ResearchdoesnotvalidateMaslow'stheory.Maslowprovidednoempiricalsubstantiation,andseveralstudiesthatsoughttovalidateitfoundnosupportforit.ThereislittleevidencethatneedstructuresareorganizedasMaslowproposed,thatunsatisfiedneedsmotivate,orthatasatisfiedneedactivatesmovementtoanewneedlevel.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept15)AccordingtoDouglasMcGregor'sTheoryY,amanagerassumesthatemployees________.A)needtobedirectedB)prefertobecontrolledC)learntoacceptresponsibilityD)needtobemicromanagedE)attempttoavoidworkAnswer:CExplanation:C)AccordingtoTheoryY,managersassumeemployeescanviewworkasbeingasnaturalasrestorplay,andthereforetheaveragepersoncanlearntoaccept,andevenseek,responsibility.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept16)IfAlbertaiscategorizedasaTheoryXmanager,whichofthefollowingbehaviorsisshemostlikelytoexhibit?A)Shewillempowerhersubordinates.B)Shewilltrustheremployeestousetheirdiscretioninmostmatters.C)Shewillstrictlycontrolallthedetailsofanyprojectsheismanaging.D)Shewilldelegateauthorityextensivelytojuniormanagers.E)Shewillletheremployeeschoosetheirowngoals.Answer:CExplanation:C)AccordingtoTheoryX,managersbelieveemployeesinherentlydislikeworkandmustthereforebedirectedorevencoercedintoperformingit.PerTheoryX,amanagerwouldnottrustemployeesandwouldfeelinclinedtocontrolallaspectsoftheirwork.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application17)The________theoryisalsocalledmotivation-hygienetheory.A)hierarchyofneedsB)goal-settingC)self-determinationD)cognitiveevaluationE)two-factorAnswer:EExplanation:E)PsychologistFrederickHerzbergproposedthetwo-factortheory—alsocalledmotivation-hygienetheory.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept18)Whichofthefollowingtheoriesproposestheideaofadualcontinuum?A)Maslow'shierarchyofneedstheoryB)self-determinationtheoryC)two-factortheoryD)cognitiveevaluationtheoryE)McClelland'stheoryofneedsAnswer:CExplanation:C)FrederickHerzbergpostulatedthetwo-factortheoryandproposedadualcontinuum:Theoppositeof"satisfaction"is"nosatisfaction,"andtheoppositeof"dissatisfaction"is"nodissatisfaction."LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept19)Accordingtothetwo-factortheory,________.A)thereexistsahierarchyofneedswithineveryhumanbeing,andaseachneedissatisfied,thenextonebecomesdominantB)mostemployeesinherentlydislikeworkandmustthereforebedirectedorevencoercedintoperformingitC)employeesviewworkasbeingasnaturalasrestorplay,andthereforelearntoaccept,andevenseek,responsibilityD)theaspectsthatleadtojobsatisfactionareseparateanddistinctfromthosethatleadtojobdissatisfactionE)achievement,power,andaffiliationarethreeimportantneedsthathelpexplainmotivationAnswer:DExplanation:D)Thetwo-factortheoryproposesthatthefactorsthatleadtojobsatisfactionareseparateanddistinctfromthosethatleadtojobdissatisfaction.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept20)WhichofthefollowingisamotivationalfactoraccordingtoHerzberg'stwo-factortheory?A)qualityofsupervisionB)recognitionC)payD)relationshipswithothersE)companypoliciesAnswer:BExplanation:B)Herzbergcharacterizedconditionssuchasqualityofsupervision,pay,companypolicies,physicalworkingconditions,relationshipswithothers,andjobsecurityashygienefactors.Whenthey'readequate,peoplewillnotbedissatisfied;neitherwilltheybesatisfied.Ifwewanttomotivatepeopleontheirjobs,Herzbergsuggestedemphasizingfactorsassociatedwiththeworkitselforwithoutcomesdirectlyderivedfromit,suchaspromotionalopportunities,personalgrowthopportunities,recognition,responsibility,andachievement.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept21)Accordingtothetwo-factortheoryproposedbyHerzberg,whichofthefollowingisconsideredahygienefactor?A)promotionalopportunitiesB)qualityofsupervisionC)achievementD)recognitionE)responsibilityAnswer:BExplanation:B)Accordingtothetwo-factortheory,conditionssuchasqualityofsupervision,pay,companypolicies,physicalworkingconditions,relationshipswithothers,andjobsecurityareconsideredhygienefactorsorextrinsicfactors.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept22)AccordingtoHerzberg,when________areadequate,peoplewon'tbedissatisfied,buttheywillalsonotbesatisfied.A)achievementneedsB)affiliationneedsC)motivationalfactorsD)powerneedsE)hygienefactorsAnswer:EExplanation:E)Herzbergsuggestedthattheoppositeof"satisfaction"is"nosatisfaction,"andtheoppositeof"dissatisfaction"is"nodissatisfaction."Removingdissatisfyingcharacteristicsfromajobdoesnotnecessarilymakethejobsatisfying.Whenhygienefactorsareadequate,peoplewillnotbedissatisfied;neitherwilltheybesatisfied.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept23)McClelland'stheoryisbasedonwhichofthefollowingneeds?A)stability,growth,andsecurityB)achievement,power,andaffiliationC)self-actualization,stability,andsafetyD)hygiene,control,andsecurityE)control,status,andself-actualizationAnswer:BExplanation:B)McClelland'stheoryofneedsstatesthattheneedforachievement(nAch),theneedforpower(nPow),andtheneedforaffiliation(nAff)helpexplainmotivation.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:ConceptYoumanageadepartmentoffiveemployees.YouhaveidentifiedthatJoehasahighneedforachievement,Maryhasahighneedforpower,andTimhasahighneedforaffiliation.Sarahscoredhighontheneedforpowerandlowontheneedforaffiliation.Dougscoredlowonbothneedforpowerandneedforaffiliation.24)Whichofthesefiveemployeesismostlikelytobesuitableforanewassignmentthatinvolvesahighdegreeofpersonalresponsibilityandfeedback?A)JoeB)MaryC)TimD)SarahE)DougAnswer:AExplanation:A)Needforachievement(nAch)isthedrivetoexcel,toachieveinrelationtoasetofstandards.AsJoehasahighneedforachievement,hewouldenjoyachallengingassignmentwithahighdegreeofpersonalresponsibilityandfeedback.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application25)Whichofthesefiveemployeesismostsuitableforhandlingyourresponsibilitieswhenyouareonavacation?A)JoeB)MaryC)TimD)SarahE)DougAnswer:DExplanation:D)Thebestmanagersarehighintheirneedforpowerandlowintheirneedforaffiliation.Sarahhasahighneedforpowerandalowneedforaffiliation.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application26)ErikawantstobecometheheadoftheHRdepartment.Althoughtherolecomeswithageneroussalaryhikeandwillputherinchargeofseveralsubordinates,sheismainlypursuingthispositionbecauseshebelievesshecandothejobbetterthananyoneelseandwantspeopletoknowthis.AccordingtoMcClelland'stheoryofneeds,whichofthefollowingneedsisErikaprimarilydrivenbyinthiscase?A)theneedforstabilityB)theneedforachievementC)theneedforsecurityD)theneedforaffiliationE)theneedforpowerAnswer:BExplanation:B)Needforachievement(nAch)isthedrivetoexcel,toachieveinrelationtoasetofstandards.Erikaisdemonstratingtheneedtoachieve.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application27)WhichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtoMcClelland'stheoryofneeds?A)Peoplewithahighachievementneedprefertasksthathaveahighlevelofrisk.B)Peoplewithahighachievementneedareinterestedinmotivatingotherstodowell.C)Peoplewithahighneedforpowerandaffiliationoftenmakegoodmanagersinlargefirms.D)Peoplewithahighachievementneedexperiencegreatsatisfactionfromsuccessthatcomesbyluck.E)Peoplewithahighneedforpowerandalowneedforaffiliationoftenmakethebestmanagers.Answer:EExplanation:E)Needsforaffiliationandpowertendtobecloselyrelatedtomanagerialsuccess.Thebestmanagersarehighintheirneedforpowerandlowintheirneedforaffiliation.Infact,ahighpowermotivemaybearequirementformanagerialeffectiveness.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept28)Whichoffollowingneeds,asdetailedbyMaslow'shierarchyofneeds,bestcorrespondstoMcClelland'sneedforaffiliation?A)safetyB)socialC)esteemD)self-actualizationE)physiologicalAnswer:BExplanation:B)TheneedforaffiliationishighlysimilartothesocialneedsinMaslow'stheory.AccordingtoMaslow,socialneedsincludetheneedforaffection,belongingness,acceptance,andfriendship.InMcClelland'stheory,theneedforaffiliationisthedesireforfriendlyandcloseinterpersonalrelationships.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.AACSB:AnalyticalthinkingDifficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Application29)AccordingtoMaslow,lower-orderneedsaresatisfiedinternallywhilehigher-orderneedsaresatisfiedexternally.Answer:FALSEExplanation:AccordingtoMaslow,lower-orderneedsaresatisfiedexternallywhilehigher-orderneedsaresatisfiedinternally.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept30)UnderTheoryY,managersbelievethatemployeesinherentlydislikeworkandmustthereforebedirectedorevencoercedintoperformingit.Answer:FALSEExplanation:UnderTheoryX,managersbelievethatemployeesinherentlydislikeworkandmustthereforebedirectedorevencoercedintoperformingit.Incontrast,underTheoryY,managersassumeemployeescanviewworkasbeingasnaturalasrestorplay,andthereforetheaveragepersoncanlearntoaccept,andevenseek,responsibility.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept31)AccordingtoHerzberg,theoppositeof"satisfaction"is"dissatisfaction."Answer:FALSEExplanation:AccordingtoHerzberg,theoppositeof"satisfaction"is"nosatisfaction,"andtheoppositeof"dissatisfaction"is"nodissatisfaction."LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept32)McClelland'stheoryofneedsproposesthatthefactorsthatleadtojobsatisfactionareseparateanddistinctfromthosethatleadtojobdissatisfaction.Answer:FALSEExplanation:Thetwo-factortheoryproposesthatthefactorsthatleadtojobsatisfactionareseparateanddistinctfromthosethatleadtojobdissatisfaction.McClelland'stheoryofneedsproposesthatachievement,power,andaffiliationarethreeimportantneedsthathelpexplainmotivation.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept33)AccordingtoMcClelland'stheoryofneeds,whenjobshaveahighdegreeofpersonalresponsibilityandfeedbackandanintermediatedegreeofrisk,highachieversarestronglymotivated.Answer:TRUEExplanation:AccordingtoMcClelland'stheoryofneeds,whenjobshaveahighdegreeofpersonalresponsibilityandfeedbackandanintermediatedegreeofrisk,highachieversarestronglymotivated.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:EasyQuest.Category:Concept34)BrieflyexplainMaslow'shierarchyofneedstheory.Answer:Maslow'shierarchyofneedshypothesizedthatwithineveryhumanbeingthereexistsahierarchyoffiveneeds.a)Thephysiologicalneedsincludehunger,thirst,shelter,sex,andotherbodilyneeds.b)Safetyincludessecurityandprotectionfromphysicalandemotionalharm.c)Socialincludesaffection,belongingness,acceptance,andfriendship.d)Esteemincludesinternalfactorssuchasself-respect,autonomy,andachievementandexternalfactorssuchasstatus,recognition,andattention.e)Self-actualizationisthedrivetobecomewhatoneiscapableofbecominganditincludesgrowth,achievingone'spotential,andself-fulfillment.Aseachoftheseneedsbecomessubstantiallysatisfied,thenextneedbecomesdominant.So,accordingtoMaslow,ifyouwanttomotivatesomeone,youneedtounderstandwhatlevelofthehierarchythatpersoniscurrentlyonandfocusonsatisfyingthoseneedsatorabovethatlevel.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept35)CompareandcontrastaTheoryXmanagerandaTheoryYmanager.Answer:UnderTheoryX,managersbelieveemployeesinherentlydislikeworkandmustthereforebedirectedorevencoercedintoperformingit.UnderTheoryY,incontrast,managersassumeemployeescanviewworkasbeingasnaturalasrestorplay,andthereforetheaveragepersoncanlearntoaccept,andevenseek,responsibility.TheoryYassumesthathigher-orderneedsdominateindividuals.McGregorhimselfbelievedthatTheoryYassumptionsweremorevalidthanTheoryX.Therefore,heproposedsuchideasasparticipativedecisionmaking,responsibleandchallengingjobs,andgoodgrouprelationstomaximizeanemployee'sjobmotivation.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept36)ExplainhowamanagermotivatesemployeeswithreferencetoHerzberg'stwo-factortheory.Answer:AccordingtoHerzberg,thefactorsthatleadtojobsatisfactionareseparateanddistinctfromthosethatleadtojobdissatisfaction.Therefore,managerswhoseektoeliminatefactorsthatcancreatejobdissatisfactionmaybringaboutpeace,butnotnecessarilymotivation.Theywillbeplacating,ratherthanmotivating,theirworkers.Asaresult,Herzbergcharacterizedconditionssuchasqualityofsupervision,pay,companypolicies,physicalworkingconditions,relationshipswithothers,andjobsecurityashygienefactors.Whenthey'readequate,peoplewillnotbedissatisfied;neitherwilltheybesatisfied.Ifwewanttomotivatepeopleontheirjobs,Herzbergsuggestedemphasizingfactorsassociatedwiththeworkitselforwithoutcomesdirectlyderivedfromit,suchaspromotionalopportunities,personalgrowthopportunities,recognition,responsibility,andachievement.Thesearethecharacteristicspeoplefindintrinsicallyrewarding.LO:7.2:Comparetheearlytheoriesofmotivation.Difficulty:ModerateQuest.Category:Concept37)Explain,intermsofMcClelland'stheoryofneeds,therelationshipbetweentheneedforachievementandjobperformance.Answer:First,whenjobshaveahighdegreeofpersonalresponsibilityandfeedbackandanintermediatedegreeofrisk,highachieversarestronglymoti