2023年英语专八听力minilecture原文解析

今年的讲座名为“ParalinguisticFeaturesofLanguages”，主题是辅助语言学，对于英语专业的学生来说，这个话题或许没有专门学过，但并不陌生。讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强，思绪很清楚，所以在听音频做笔记的时候，要特别注意总起性质的句子。一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 介绍，假如下文划提成若干个小类别，会概括性地提到这些类别，然后在后文进行具体的例证、再分类。第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思绪非常重要，听漏掉一两点也没关系，下文必然会重新提到。本次真题的听力原文如下，注意文章中标粗的部分，是记笔记的重点部分：ParalinguisticfeaturesoflanguagesGoodmorning,everyone.Todaywe'llcontinueourdiscussionondescribinglanguage.Lastweekweexaminedsuchfeaturesoflanguageasgrammar,vocabulary,thesoundsoflanguage,etc.Inthislecture,we'lllookatanotherimportantaspectoflanguage.Perhapssomeofyoumaywonderwhatisthisimportantaspectoflanguage.Letmetellyou.Itreferstofeaturesofcommunicationthattakesplacewithouttheuseofgrammarandvocabulary.Theyarecalled‘paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguage'.Thesefeaturesfallintotwobroadcategories:thosethatinvolvevoiceandthosethatinvolvethebody.Now,thefirstcategory,iswhatwecallvocalparalinguisticfeatures.Vocalfeaturesareactuallytonesofvoice.Whiletheyare,perhaps,notcentraltomeaningincommunicationinthesamewayasgrammarorvocabulary,theymay,nevertheless,conveyattitudeorintentioninsomeway.Letmegiveyousomeexamples.Thefirstiswhispering,whichindicatestheneedsforsecrecy.Thesecondisbreathiness.Thisistoshowdeepemotion.Thethirdishuskiness,whichistoshowunimportants.Thefourthisnasality.Thisistoindicateanxiety.Thelastisextralip-rounding,whichexpressesgreaterintimacy,expeciallywithbabies,forexample.Sowecanseethatthereareanumberofwaysofalteringourtoneofvoice.Andwhenwedothisconsciously,wedoittocreatedifferenteffectsincommunication.Now,let'scometothesecondcategory,physicalparalinguisticfeatures,whichinvolvesthebody.Inadditiontoconveymeaningswithtoneofvoice,wecanalsoexpressourintentionsthroughthewaysinwhichweuseourbodies.Youmayask:whataretheways,then?Letmesightsomebriefexamples.Theexpressiononourface,thegestureswemakeandevenproximityorwaywesit,aresomeofthewayswesendpowerfulmessages.Abouthowwefeel,orwhatwemean.Letmeexplainsomeoftheseinmoredetail.First,facialexpression.Facialexpressionisapowerfulconveyerofmeaning.Weallknowsmilingisanalmostuniversalsignalofpleasureorwelcome.Butthereareotherfacialexpressionsthatmaynotbesocommon.Forinstance,raisingeye-brows-suggestthatyouaresurprisedorinterestedinsomething.Otherfacialactions,suchasbitingyourlip,whichindicatesthatyouaredeepinthinking,orareuncertainaboutsomething;compressingthelips,whichshowthatyouaremakingdecisions;andavisibleclenchingoftheteeth,toshowthatyouareangry,areallpowerfulconveyersofmeaning,too.Thesecondinthiscategoryisgesture.Yousee,weusegesturetoindicateawiderangeofmeanings.ThoughIhavetoemphasizethattheactualgesturesweusemaybespecifictoparticularcultures.Thatistosaydifferentcultureshavetheirownfavoritegesturesinconveyingmeaning.Here,afewexamplesmayshowyouhowpowerfulgesturescanbe.InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof‘Idon'tcare',or‘Idon'tknow'.Crossingyourarmsmayindicaterelaxation.Butitcanalsopowerfullyshowyouarebored.Wavingcanmeanwelcomeandfarewell.Whilescratchingyourheadmayindicatethatyouareataloss.Inothercultures,placingyourhanduponyourheartistoindicatethatyouaretellingthetruth.Pointingyourfingeratyournosemeansit'sasecret.That'swhywesaythatgesturesareculturebound.Thethirdisproximity,postureandechoing.Proximityreferstothephysicaldistancebetweenspeakers.Thiscanindicateanumberofthingsandcanalsobeusedtoconsciouslysendmessagesaboutintent.Closeness,forexample,indicatesintimacyorthreattomanyspeakers.Butdistancemayshowformality,orlackofinterest.Onceagain,I'dliketosay,proximityisalsobothamatterofpersonalstyle,andisoftenculturebound.So,whatmayseemnormaltoaspeakerfromoneculturemayappearunnecessarilycloseordistanttoaspeakerfromanother.Andstandingclosetosomeonemaybequiteappropriateinsomesituationssuchasaninformalparty,butcompletelyoutofplaceinothersituations,suchasameetingwithasuperior.Next,posture.Posturemeansthewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody,especiallytheback,shouldersandhead,whenstanding,walkingorsitting.Afewexamples.Hunchedshouldersandahangingheadgiveapowerfulindicationofwhetherthepersonishappyornot.Aloweredheadwhenspeakingtoasuperior,withorwithouteyecontactcanconveytheappropriaterelationshipinsomecultures.Ontheotherhand,directleveleyecontact,changesthenatureofinteraction,andcanbeenseenaseitheropenorchallenging.Last,echoing.Now,whatisechoing?Letmestartwithanexample.Someofyoumayhavenoticedthisphenomenoninyourexperience.Whentwopeoplearekeentoagreeeachother,theywouldlikely,thoughunconsciouslyadoptthesameposture,asifanimitationofeachother.Theysitorstandinthesamemanor.Whenusedinthisway,echoingappearstocomplementtheverbalcommunication.Ofcourse,whensuchimitationiscarriedoutconsciously,itoftenindicatesthatsomeoneismarkingatanotherspeaker.Ok,intoday'slecture,welookedatsomeparalinguisticfeatures,suchastoneofvoice,gestureandposture.Thesefeatures,togetherwithlinguisticfeaturesoflanguage,likegrammar,orvocabulary,areallpartofthewaywecommunicatewitheachotherinfacetofaceencounters.Inournextlecture,we'llwatchsomevideomaterial,andseehowpeopleactuallyuseparalinguisticmeansincommunicationtoexpresstheirintentionordesireormood.整理一下，整篇文章的要点非常清楚：I.VocalParalinguisticFeatures  1.whispering-theneedsforsecrecy  2.breathiness-deepemotion  3.huskiness-unimportants  4.nasality-anxiety  5.extralip-rounding-greaterintimacyII.physicalparalinguisticfeatures  1.facialexpression-powerfulconveyerofmeaning.    --e.g.1smiling:pleasureorwelcome    --e.g.2raisingeye-brows:surprisedorinterestedinsomething    --e.g.3bitingyourlip:deepinthinking/uncertainaboutsomething    --e.g.4compressingthelips:makingdecisions    --e.g.5clenchingoftheteeth:angry  2.gesture-culturebound    --e.g.1shruggingshoulders:'Idon'tcare',or'Idon'tknow'    --e.g.2crossingyourarms:relaxation/bored    --e.g.3waving:welcomeandfarewell    --e.g.4scratchingyourhead:ataloss    --e.g.5placingyourhanduponyourheart:tellingthetruth    --e.g.6pointingyourfingeratyournose:it'sasecret  3.proximity,postureandechoing    1).proximity:personalstyle&culturebound      --e.g.1closeness:intimacy,threat        --e.g.2distance:fomality,lackofinterest    2).posture:thewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody      --e.g.1Hunchedshouldersandahanginghead:happyornot      --e.g.2Aloweredhead,eyecontact:theappropriaterelationship      --e.g.3directleveleyecontact:openorchallenging    3).echoing:tocomplementtheverbalcommunication运用各种自己熟悉的笔记符号，将上述列 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 中的内容快速记下来，只可以更少，不能更多。很多学生在考场上抱着贪多的心理，事无巨细均想记录，反而在不断笔中错过了该要记住的要点。