2022年大学英语四级考试试卷第一套真题预测

12月大学英语四级考试真题预测PartIWriting(30minutes)EducationPaysDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteALetterApplyingforaBankLoan.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese。　　1.你旳基本状况　　yourbasicinformation1　　2.你申请贷款旳因素、数额及用途　　youreasonfortheloan,theamountandpurpose　　3.你如何保证专款专用以及你旳还款打算PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)TheMagician　　TherevolutionthatSteveJobsledisonlyjustbeginning　　Whenitcametoputtingonashow,nobodyelseinthecomputerindustry,oranyotherindustryforthatmatter,couldmatchSteveJobs.Hisproductlaunches,atwhichhewouldstandaloneonablackstageandproduceasifbymagican“incredible”newelectronicgadget(小器具)infrontofanamazedcrowd,weretheperformancesofamastershowman.Allcomputersdoisfetchandworkwithnumbers,heonceexplained,butdoitfastenoughand“theresultsappeartobemagic”.MrJobs,whodiedrecentlyaged56,spenthislifepackagingthatmagicintoelegantlydesigned,easy-to-useproducts.　　Thereactiontohisdeath,withpeopleleavingcandlesandflowersoutsideApplestoresandpoliticianssingingpraisesontheinternet,isproofthatMrJobshadbecomesomethingmuchmoresignificantthanjustaclevermoney-maker.Hestoodoutinthreeways-asatechnologist,asacorporate(公司旳)leaderandassomebodywhowasabletomakepeoplelovewhathadpreviouslybeenimpersonal,functionalgadgets.Strangely,itisthislastqualitythatmayhavethedeepesteffectonthewaypeoplelive.Theeraofpersonaltechnologyisinmanywaysjustbeginning.　　Asatechnologist,MrJobswasdifferentbecausehewasnotanengineer-andthatwashisgreatstrength.Insteadhewaskeenlyinterestedinproductdesignandaesthetics(美学),andinmakingadvancedtechnologysimpletouse.Herepeatedlytookanexistingbuthalf-formedidea-themouse-drivencomputer,thedigitalmusicplayer,thesmartphone,thetabletcomputer(平板电脑)-andshowedtherestoftheindustryhowtodoitproperly.Rivalfirmscompetedwitheachothertofollowwhereheled.Intheprocesshebroughtaboutgreatchangesincomputing,music,telecomsandthenewsbusinessthatwerepainfulforexistingfirmsbutwelcomedbymillionsofconsumers.　　Withinthewiderbusinessworld,amanwholikedtoseehimselfasahippy(嬉皮士),permanentlyinrevoltagainstbigcompanies,endedupbeinghailedbymanyofthosecorporategiantsasoneofthegreatestchiefexecutivesofhistime.Thatwaspartlyduetohistalents:showmanship,strategicvision,anastonishingattentiontodetailandadictatorialmanagementstylewhichmanybossesmusthaveenvied.Butmostofallitwastheextraordinarytrajectory(轨迹)ofhislife.Hisfallfromgraceinthe1980s,followedbyhisreturntoApplein1996afteraperiodinthewilderness,isaninspirationtoanybusinesspersonwhosecareerhastakenaturnfortheworse.ThewayinwhichMrJobsrevivedthefailingcompanyhehadco-foundedandturneditintotheworld’sbiggesttechfirm(biggereventhanBillGates’sMicrosoft,thecompanythathadoutsmartedApplesodramaticallyinthe1980s),soundslikesomethingfromaHollywoodmovie.　　ButwhatwasperhapsmostastonishingaboutMrJobswastheabsoluteloyaltyhemanagedtoinspireincustomers.ManyAppleusersfeelthemselvestobepartofacommunity,withMrJobsasitsleader.Andtherewasindeedapersonallink.Apple’sproductsweredesignedtoaccordwiththeboss’stastesandtomeethisextremelyhighstandards.EveryiPhoneorMacBookhashisfingerprintsalloverit.Hisgreatachievementwastocombineanemotionalsparkwithcomputertechnology,andmaketheresultingproductfeelpersonal.AndthatiswhatputMrJobsontherightsideofhistory,astechnologicalinnovation(创新)hasmovedintoconsumerelectronicsoverthepastdecade.　　Asourspecialreportinthisissue(printedbeforeMrJobs’sdeath)explains,innovationusedtospilloverfrommilitaryandcorporatelaboratoriestotheconsumermarket,butlatelythisprocesshasgoneintoreverse.Manypeople’shomesnowhavemorepowerful,andmoreflexible,devicesthantheirofficesdo;consumergadgetsandonlineservicesaresmarterandeasiertousethanmostcompanies’systems.Familiarconsumerproductsarebeingadoptedbybusinesses,governmentandthearmedforces.Companiesareemployingin-houseversionsofFacebookandcreatingtheirown“appstores”todeliversoftwaretoemployees.Doctorsusetabletcomputersfortheirworkinhospitals.Meanwhile,thenumberofconsumershungryforsuchgadgetscontinuestoswell.Apple’sproductsarenowbeingsnappedupinDelhiandDalianjustasinDublinandDallas.　　MrJobshadareputationasacontrolfreak(怪人),andhiscriticscomplainedthattheproductsandsystemshedesignedwereclosedandinflexible,inthenameofgreatereaseofuse.Yethealsoempoweredmillionsofpeoplebygivingthemaccesstocutting-edgetechnology.Hisinsistenceonputtingusersfirst,andfocusingoneleganceandsimplicity,hasbecomedeep-rootedinhisowncompany,andisspreadingtorivalfirmstoo.ItisnolongerjustatApplethatdesignersask:“WhatwouldSteveJobsdo?”　　ThegapbetweenAppleandothertechfirmsisnowlikelytonarrow.Thisweek’sannouncementofanewiPhonebyamanagementteamledbyTimCook,whoreplacedMrJobsaschiefexecutiveinAugust,wasgenerallyregardedascompetentbutuninspiring.WithoutMrJobstoshowerhisstardustontheevent,itfeltlikejustanotherproductlaunchfromjustanothertechnologyfirm.AttherecentunveilingofatabletcomputerbyJeffBezosofAmazon,whosecompanyisdoingthebestjoboffollowingApple’sleadincombininghardware,software,contentandservicesinaneasy-to-usebundle,therewereseveralattacksatApple.ButbydoinghisbesttoimitateMrJobs,MrBezosalsoflattered(抬举)him.WithMrJobsgone,Appleisjustoneofmanytechnologyfirmstryingtoarousehisuncontrollablespiritinnewproducts.　　MrJobswassaidbyanengineerintheearlyyearsofAppletoemita“realitydistortion(扭曲)field”,suchwerehispowersofpersuasion.Butintheendhecreatedarealityofhisown,channelingthemagicofcomputingintoproductsthatreshapedentireindustries.Themanwhosaidinhisyouththathewantedto“putadingintheuniverse”didjustthat.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。　　1.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatnobodycouldmatchSteveJobsin.　　A)intelligenceC)magicpower　　B)showmanshipD)persuasionskills　　2.WhatdidSteveJobsdothatmostdeeplyaffectedpeople’swayoflife?　　A)Heinventedlotsoffunctionalgadgets.　　B)Hekeptimprovingcomputertechnology.　　C)Hestartedtheeraofpersonaltechnology.　　D)Heestablishedanewstyleofleadership.　　3.WheredidMrJobs’sgreatstrengthlie?　　A)Hisprofoundinsightaboutconsumers’needsingeneral.　　B)Hiskeeninterestindesigningelegantanduser-friendlygadgets.　　C)Hisfirmdeterminationtowininthecompetitionagainsthisrivals.　　D)Hisrichknowledgeasacomputerscientistandelectronicengineer.　　4.ManycorporategiantssawSteveJobsas.　　A)oneofthegreatestchiefexecutivesofhistime　　B)adictatorinthecontemporarybusinessworld　　C)anunbeatablerivalinthecomputerindustry　　D)themostadmirablehippyintoday’sworld　　5.Forthosewhohavesufferedfailuresinbusiness,SteveJobs’slifeexperienceservesas.　　A)asymbolC)anideal　　B)astandardD)aninspiration　　6.WhatwasthemostastonishingpartofMrJobs’ssuccess?　　A)Heturnedafailingcompanyintoaprofitablebusiness.　　B)Hesetuppersonallinkswithmanyofhiscustomers.　　C)HecommandedabsoluteloyaltyfromAppleusers.　　D)HelefthisfingerprintsalloverAppleproducts.　　7.Whatismentionedinthisissue’sspecialreportaboutinnovationnowadays?　　A)Itbenefitsciviliansmorethanthemilitary.　　B)Newproductsarefirstusedinthemilitary.　　C)Manynewideasfirstappearontheinternet.　　D)Itoriginatesintheconsumermarket.　　8.Inspiteoftheuser-friendlinessofAppleproducts,criticscomplainedthattheywere.　　9.Amazon,byhavinghardware,software,contentandservicesinaneasy-to-usebundle,didthebestjobinfollowingApple’slead.　　10.Bychannellingthemagicofcomputingintoproducts,SteveJobshadsucceededin.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)　　SectionA　　Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormore　　11.A)Heneedsanotherweekforthepainting.　　B)Thepaintingwascompletedjustintime.　　C)Thebuildingwon’topenuntilnextweek.　　D)Hisartisticworkhasbeenwellreceived.　　12.A)Gocamping.B)Decoratehishouse.　　C)Rentatent.D)Organizeaparty.　　13.A)ShetalkedwithMr.Wrightonthephone.　　B)SheisabouttocallMr.Wright’ssecretary.　　C)ShewillseeMr.Wrightatlunchtime.　　D)ShefailedtoreachMr.Wright.　　14.A)Heisactuallyveryhardworking.　　B)Hehasdifficultyfinishinghisproject.　　C)Heneedstospendmoretimeinthelab.　　D)Heseldomtellsthetruthabouthimself.　　15.A)Rulesrestrictingsmoking.　　B)Waystoquitsmoking.　　C)Smokers’healthproblems.　　D)Hazardsofpassivesmoking.　　16.A)Heisoutoftownallmorning.　　B)Heistiedupinfamilymatters.　　C)Hehasbeenwritingareport.　　D)Hehasgotmeetingstoattend.　　17.A)Heisnoteasy-going.　　B)Heisthespeakers’boss.　　C)Heisnotathomethisweekend.　　D)Heseldominvitespeopletohishome.　　18.A)Takeabreak.　　B)Refuelhiscar.　　C)Asktheway.　　D)Haveacupofcoffee.　　Questions19to21arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　19.A)Theyareasgoodashistoricalfilms.　　B)Theygiveyoungstersathrill.　　C)Theyhavegreatlyimproved.　　D)Theyarebetterthancomicsonfilm.　　20.A)Theeffectswereverygood.　　B)Theactingwasjustso-so.　　C)Theplotwastoocomplicated.　　D)Thecharacterswerelifelike.　　21.A)Theytriumphedultimatelyoverevilinthebattle.　　B)TheyplayedthesameroleinWaroftheWorlds.　　C)Theyarepopularfiguresamongyoungpeople.　　D)Theyaretwoleadingcharactersinthefilm.　　Questions22to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.　　22.A)ItisscheduledonThursdaynight.　　B)Itissupposedtolastnineweeks.　　C)Ittakesplaceonceaweek.　　D)Itusuallystartsatsix.　　23.A)Tomakegooduseofhersparetimeintheevening.　　B)Tomeettherequirementsofherin-servicetraining.　　C)Toimproveherdrivingskillsasquicklyaspossible.　　D)Togetsomebasicknowledgeaboutcarmaintenance.　　24.A)Participateingroupdiscussions.　　B)Taketurnstomakepresentations.　　C)Listentotheteacher’sexplanation.　　D)Answertheteacher’squestions.　　25.A)Mostofthemarefemale.　　B)Somehaveapart-timejob.　　C)Theyplantobuyanewcar.　　D)Afewofthemareoldchaps.　　SectionB　　PassageOne　　Questions26to29arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　26.A)Sheisnotgoodatmakingfriends.　　B)Sheisnotwelloff.　　C)Sheenjoyscompany.　　D)Shelikestogotoconcertsalone.　　27.A)Theirsimilarsocialstatus.　　B)Theirinterdependence.　　C)Theircommoninterest.　　D)Theiridenticalcharacter.　　28.A)InvitePattoaliveconcert.　　B)BuysomegiftsforPat’skids.　　C)HelptakecareofPat’skids.　　D)PayforPat’sseasontickets.　　29.A)Itcandevelopbetweenpeoplewithabigdifferenceinincome.　　B)Itcanbemaintainedamongpeopleofdifferentagegroups.　　C)Itcannotlastlongwithoutsimilarfamilybackground.　　D)Itcannotbesustainedwhenfriendsmovefarapart.　　PassageTwo　　Questions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　30.A)Priorityofstudents’academicachievements.　　B)Equaleducationopportunitiestoallchildren.　　C)Socialequalitybetweenteachersandstudents.　　D)Respectforstudents’individuality.　　31.A)Efficient.　　B)Complicated.　　C)Lengthy.　　D)Democratic.　　32.A)Tohelpthemacquirehands-onexperience.　　B)Totrytocutdownitsoperationalexpenses.　　C)Toprovidepart-timejobsforneedystudents.　　D)Toenablethemtolearntotakeresponsibility.　　PassageThree　　Questions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.　　33.A)Thebestwaytoworkthroughafingermaze.　　B)Individualsdoingbetterinfrontofanaudience.　　C)Researchershavingcontributedgreatlytopsychology.　　D)Improvementsontheclassificationofhumanbehavior.　　34.A)Whenyoufeelencouragedbytheaudience.　　B)Whenyoutrytofigureoutaconfusinggame.　　C)Whenyoualreadyknowhowtodosomething.　　D)Whenyoucompletewithotherpeopleinagroup.　　35.A)Practicingconstantly.　　B)Workingbyoneself.　　C)Learningbydoing.　　D)Usingprovenmethods.　　SectionC　　Americanstodayhavedifferenteatinghabitsthantheyhadinthepast.Thereisawide(36)______offoodavailable.Theyhaveabroader(37)______ofnutrition(营养),sotheybuymorefreshfruitand(38)_______thaneverbefore.Atthesametime,Americans(39)______increasingquantitiesofsweetsandsodas.　　Statisticsshowthatthewaypeoplelive(40)______thewaytheyeat.Americanlifestyleshavechanged.Therearenowgrowingnumbersofpeoplewholivealone,(41)______parentsandchildren,anddouble-incomefamilies.Thesechanginglifestylesare(42)______fortheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhomust(43)______mealsorsometimessimplygowithoutthem.ManyAmericanshavelesstimethaneverbeforetospendpreparingfood.(44)______________　　_______________________________________.Moreover,Americanseatoutnearlyfourtimesaweekonaverage.　　Itiseasytostudytheamountsandkindsoffoodthatpeopleconsume.(45)_____________　　________________________________________________________.Thisinformationnotonlytellsuswhatpeopleareeating,butalsotellsusaboutthechangesinattitudesandtastes.(46)_____________________________________________________________.Instead,chicken,turkeyandfishhavebecomemorepopular.Salesofthesefoodshavegreatlyincreasedinrecentyears.PartIVReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(25minutes)SectionA　　Frenchfries,washeddownwithapintofsoda,areafavoritepartoffast-foodlunchesanddinnersformillionsofAmericanyoungsters.But47acuefromhealthexperts,agroupof19restaurantcompaniesarepledgingtooffermore-healthfulmenuoptionsforchildrenatatimewhen48isgrowingovertheroleoffastfoodinchildhoodobesity(肥胖症).　　BurgerKing,thenation’ssecond-largestfastfoodchain,forinstance,will49automaticallyincludingFrenchfriesandsodainitskids’mealsstartingthismonth,althoughtheywillstillbe50.Instead,thecompanysaidTuesday,itsemployeeswillaskparentswhetherthey51suchoptionsasmilkorslicedapplesbeforeassemblingthemeals.“We’reaskingthecustomersto52whattheywant,”saidCraigPrusher,thechain’svicepresidentofgovernmentrelations.Otherparticipatingchains,witha53ofmenuoptions,includingDenny’s,Chili’s,Friendly’sandChevy’s.　　AspartoftheKidsLiveWellcampaign-expectedtobeannounced54Wednesday—participatingrestaurantsmustpromisetoofferatleastonechildren’smealthathasfewerthan600calories(卡路里),nosoftdrinksandatleasttwo55fromthefollowingfoodgroups:fruits,vegetables,wholegrains,leanproteinsorlow-fatdairy.Amongotherrequirements,theymustofferasidedishthatmeetssimilar56,withfewerthan200caloriesandlessthan35%ofitscaloriesfromsugar.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。A)     adapt               I)preferB)     available          J)recommendingC)     begin               K)speciesD)     concern           L)specifyE)     criteria              M)stopF)      items               N)takingG)     nationwide        O)varietyH)     possible　　SectionB　　PassageOne　　Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Asyouareprobablyaware,thelatestjobmarketsnewsisn’tgood:Unemploymentisstillmorethan9percent,andnewjobgrowthhasfallenclosetozero.That’sbadfortheeconomy,ofcourse.Anditmaybeespeciallydiscouragingifyouhappentobelookingforajoborhopingtochangecareersrightnow.Butitactuallyshouldn’tmattertoyounearlyasmuchasyouthink.　　That’sbecausejobgrowthnumbersdon’tmattertojobhuntersasmuchasjobturnover(人员更替)data.Afterall,existingjobsopenupeverydayduetopromotions,resignations,terminations(解雇),andretirements.(Yes,peopleareretiringeveninthiseconomy.)Inbothgoodtimesandbad,turnovercreatesmoreopeningsthaneconomicgrowthdoes.EveninJuneof,whentheeconomywasstillmovingahead,jobgrowthwasonly132,000,whileturnoverwas4.7million!　　Andasitturnsout,eventoday—withjobgrowthnearzero—over4millionjobhuntersarebeinghiredeverymonth.　　Idon’tmeantoimplythatoveralljobgrowthdoesn’thaveanimpactonone’sabilitytolandajob.It’struethatiftotalemploymentwerehigher,itwouldmeanmorejobsforallofustochoosefrom(andcompetefor).Andit’struethattherearecurrentlymorepeopleapplyingforeachavailablejobopening,regardlessofwhetherit’sanewoneornot.　　Butwhatoftendistinguishesthosewholandjobsfromthosewhodon’tistheirabilitytostaymotivated.They’rewillingtodothehardworkofidentifyingtheirvaluableskills;becreativeaboutwhereandhowtolook;learnhowtopresentthemselvestopotentialemployers;andkeepgoing,evenafterrepeatedrejections.TheBureauofLaborStatisticsdatashowsthat2.7millionpeoplewhowantedandwereavailableforworkhadn’tlookedwithinthelastfourweeksandwerenolongerevenclassifiedasunemployed.　　Sodon’tlettheheadlinesfoolyouintogivingup.FourmillionpeoplegethiredeverymonthintheU.S.Youcanbeoneofthem.　　57.Theauthortendstobelievethathighunemploymentrate______.　　A)deprivesmanypeopleofjobopportunities　　B)preventsmanypeoplefromchangingcareers　　C)shouldnotstoppeoplefromlookingforajob　　D)doesnotmeantheU.S.economyisworsening　　58.Wheredomostjobopeningscomefrom?　　A)Jobgrowth.C)Improvedeconomy.　　B)Jobturnover.D)Businessexpansion.　　59.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutoveralljobgrowth?　　A)Itdoesn’thavemucheffectonindividualjobseekers.　　B)Itincreasespeople’sconfidenceintheeconomy.　　C)Itgivesarayofhopetotheunemployed.　　D)Itdoesn’tmeangreaterjobsecurityfortheemployed.　　60.Whatisthekeytolandingajobaccordingtotheauthor?　　A)Education.C)Persistence.　　B)Intelligence.D)Experience.　　61.WhatdowelearnfromthepassageabouttheunemploymentfiguresintheU.S.?　　A)Theyclearlyindicatehowhealthytheeconomyis.　　B)Theyprovidethepublicwiththelatestinformation.　　C)Theywarnofthestructuralproblemsintheeconomy.　　D)Theyexcludethosewhohavestoppedlookingforajob.　　PassageTwo　　Questions62to66arebasedonthefollowingpassage.　　Ourriskofcancerrisesdramaticallyasweage.Soitmakessensethattheelderlyshouldberoutinelyscreenedfornewtumors—ordoesn’tit?　　Whilesuchvigilant(警惕旳)trackingofcancerisagoodthingingeneral,researchersareincreasinglyquestioningwhetherallofthistestingisnecessaryfortheelderly.Withthepercentageofpeopleoverage65expectedtonearlydoubleby2050,it’simportanttoweighthehealthbenefitsofscreeningagainsttherisksandcostsofroutinetesting.　　Inmanycases,screeningcanleadtosurgeriestoremovecancer,whilethecancersthemselvesmaybeslow-growingandmaynotposeserioushealthproblemsinpatients’remainingyears.Butthemessagethateveryonemustscreenforcancerhasbecomesodeep-rootedthatwhenhealthcareexpertsrecommendedthatwomenunder50andover74stopscreeningforbreastcancer,itcausedariotousreactionamongdoctors,patientsandadvocacygroups.　　It’shardtouprootdeeplyheldbeliefsaboutcancerscreeningwithscientificdata.Certainly,therearepeopleoverage75whohavehadcancersdetectedbyroutinescreening,andgainedseveralextrayearsoflifebecauseoftreatment.Andclearly,peopleoverage75whohaveotherriskfactorsforcancer,suchasafamilyhistoryorpriorpersonalexperiencewiththedisease,shouldcontinuetogetscreenedregularly.Butfortheremainder,theriskofcancer,whileincreasedattheendoflife,mustbebalancedwithotherfactorslikeremaininglifeexpectancy(预期寿命).　　Arecentstudysuggeststhatdoctorsstarttomakemoreobjectivedecisionsaboutwhowilltrulybenefitfromscreening-especiallyconsideringtheexplosionoftheelderlythatwillsoonswellourpopulation.　　It’snotaneasycalculationtomake,butonethatmakessenseforallpatients.Dr.OtisBrawleysaid,“Manydoctorsareorderingscreeningtestspurelytocoverthemselves.Weneedtothinkabouttherationaluseofhealthcare.”　　Thatmeansmakingsomedifficultdecisionswithelderlypatients,andgoingagainstthemisguidedbeliefthatwhenitcomestohealthcare,moreisalwaysbetter.　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。　　62.Whydodoctorsrecommendroutinecancerscreeningforelderlypeople?　　A)Itisbelievedtocontributetolonglife.　　B)Itispartoftheirhealthcarepackage.　　C)Theelderlyaremoresensitiveabouttheirhealth.　　D)Theelderlyareingreaterdangeroftumorgrowth.　　63.Howdosomeresearchersnowlookatroutinecancerscreeningfortheelderly?　　A)Itaddstoomuchtotheirmedicalbills.　　B)Ithelpsincreasetheirlifeexpectancy.　　C)Theyaredoubtfulaboutitsnecessity.　　D)Theythinkitdoesmoreharmthangood.　　64.Whatistheconventionalviewaboutwomenscreeningforbreastcancer?　　A)Itappliestowomenover50.C)Itisoptionalforyoungwomen.　　B)Itisamustforadultwomen.D)Itdoesn’tapplytowomenover74.　　65.Whydomanydoctorsprescriberoutinescreeningforcancer?　　A)Theywanttoprotectthemselvesagainstmedicaldisputes.　　B)Theywanttotakeadvantageofthemedicalcaresystem.　　C)Theywantdataformedicalresearch.　　D)Theywanttheirpatientstosufferless.　　66.Whatdoestheauthorsayisthegeneralviewabouthealthcare?　　A)Themore,thebetter.C)Betterearlythanlate.　　B)Preventionisbetterthancure.D)Bettercare,longerlife.PartVCloze(15minutes)　　注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答　　Strongemotionalbondsbetweenmothersandinfantsincreasechildren’swillingnesstoexploretheworld—aneffectthathasbeenobserved67theanimalkingdom,inpeople,monkeysandevenspiders.Themoresecureweareinour68toMom,themorelikelywearetotrynewthingsandtakerisks.Nowresearchersarediscoveringthatthiseffectcontinuesintoadulthood.A69reminderofMom’stouchorthesoundofhervoiceonthephoneis70tochangepeople’smindsandmoods,71theirdecisionmakinginmeasurableways.　　Inastudy72onlineinAprilinPsychologicalScience,undergraduatebusinessstudentshadtochoosebetweensafebetsandriskygambles—abondwithaguaranteed4percentyearly73orariskierstockoption,forexample.Inhalfthecases,theexperimenterspattedthestudents74onthebackoftheshoulderforaboutonesecond75providingverbal(口头旳)instructionsaboutthestudy.Bothmaleandfemalestudentswhoweretouchedbyafem