unit8

nullUnit 8Unit 8Part A Text (Perfume) Part B Grammar (状语从句） Part C Supplementary ReadingPart A Text (Perfume) Part A Text (Perfume) I. Background Information 1. Perfume Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, animals, objects, and living spaces a pleasant scent.The odoriferous compounds that make up a perfume can be manufactured synthetically or extracted from plant or animal sources. Perfumes have been known to exist in some of the earliest human civilizations either through ancient texts or from archaeological digs. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or coumarin, which allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics alone.null2. American Marriage Custom It all begins with engagement. Traditionally, a young man asks the father of his sweetheart for permission to marry her. If the father agrees, the man later proposes to her. Often he tries to surprise her by popping the question in a romantic way. Sometimes the couple just decides together that the time is right to get married. The man usually gives his fiancée a diamond ring as a symbol of their engagement. They may be engaged for weeks, months or even years. As the big day approaches, bridal showers and bachelor’s parties provide many useful gifts. Today many couples also receive counseling during engagement, which prepares them for the challenges of married life. At last it’s time for the wedding. Although most weddings follow long-held traditions, there is still room for American individualism. For example, the usual place for a wedding is in a church, but some people get married outdoors in a scenic spot. A few even have the ceremony while sky-diving or riding on horseback! The couple may invite hundreds of people or just a few close friends. But some things rarely change. The bride usually wears a beautiful, long white wedding dress. She traditionally wears“something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue.”The groom wears a formal suit or tuxedo. Several close friends participate in the ceremony as attendants, including the best man and the maid of honor.nullAs the ceremony begins, the groom and his attendants stand with the minister, facing the audience. Music signals the entrance of the bride’s attendants, followed by the beautiful bride. Nervously, the young couple repeats their vows. Traditionally, they promise to love each other “for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health. ” But sometimes the couple has composed their own vows. They give each other a gold ring to symbolize their marriage commitment. Finally the minister announces the big moment: “I now pronounce you man and wife. You may kiss your bride!” At the wedding reception, the bride and groom greet their guests. Then they cut the wedding cake and feed each other a bite. Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats. Later the bride throws her bouquet of flowers to a group of single girls. Tradition says that the one who catches the bouquet will be the next to marry. During the reception, playful friends “decorate” the couple’s car with tissue paper, tin cans and a “Just Married” sign. When the reception is over, the newlyweds run to their “decorated” car and speed off. Many couples take a honeymoon, one-or two-week vacation trip, to celebrate their new marriage.II. Language PointsII. Language Points1. anonymous A. adj. (1) with name unknown 无名的，不具名的 (2) done or made by sb. whose name is not known or stated 匿名的 eg. An anonymous author wrote this book. 这本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 出自无名氏之手。 The man was arrested after an anonymous tip-off. 有人匿名举报后，那个人被抓了起来。 B. anonym n.匿名者 (1) an anonymous person or publication 无名氏；作者不明的出版物 (2) a pseudonym 假名，笔名null2. But that was impossible, because there in the front row, slumped in his seat, was a little boy named Teddy Stoddard. slump vi (1) (of price, trade, business activity) fall suddenly or greatly 暴跌 eg. What caused the price of irons to slump? (2) fall or flop heavily or suddenly 沉重或突然地落下，坐下或倒下 eg. He is very tired, so he slumped into a chair. 他累得直接倒在椅子上了 n. [c] (1) period when business is bad. sales are few etc.; depressed 萧条期 eg. Economists are forecasting a slump. 经济学家们预言将发生经济衰退。 (2) period when a person, a team, etc. has little success, poor results, etc. (个人，球队等的)低潮状态 eg. She is in a slump in her career. 她处在事业的低谷。null 2. And Teddy could be unpleasant. It got to the point where Mrs. Thompson would actually take delight marking his papers with a broad red pen, making bold X's and then putting a big "F" at the top of his papers. “making bold X‘s and then putting a big ‘F’”： “X”dere means the shape of “X”, which shows that something is wrong and “F” means that the work is valued as “failed”. take delight doing sth. : enjoy doing sth. 高兴做某事 take delight in : find pleasure in sth. or doing sth. 以…为乐，喜欢 delight in : take great pleasure in 爱不释手 delight with: be very pleased about sth. / sb.对…喜悦null3. However, when she reviewed his file, she was in for a surprise. be in for a surprise: be very much surprised 大吃一惊 be surprised at: give a feeling of surprise to sth. 对…惊讶 surprise by: give a surprise of sth. unexpected by doing sth. 以…使惊奇 surprise into: force sb. into action or doing sth., by surprising eg. The police surprised the thief into confessing. 警方出其不意地使小偷招认了。 surprise out of: force sb. to say sth. by surprising 出其不意地使……说出某事 eg. The court surprised a confession out of the defendout. 法庭冷不防地使被告招了供。 take by surprise: (1) attack, capture etc. sb. / sth. unexpectedly or without warning 出其不意、毫不预示地攻击，捕获 (2) happen unexpectedly so as to shock sb. slightly eg. The policemen took the burglar by surprise as he opened the window. null4. He does his work neatly and has good manners...he is a joy to be around," a joy to be around: a person who makes people around him happy 让周围的人开心的人 full of the joys of spring: very happy get I have no joy: get, obtain no success or satisfaction pride and joy : object of sb’s. pride to sb’s joy : as a cause of joy to sb. 使某人高兴的是 with joy: because of pleasurenull5. His second grade teacher wrote, “Teddy is an excellent student, well liked by his classmates, but he is troubled because his mother has a terminal illness and life at home must be a struggle.” terminal adj. (1) of or at the end or limit of sth. 末端的，终点的，极限的 eg. The car has reached its terminal speed and can run faster no longer. (2) of or being an illness that will cause death. 末期的，晚期的 eg. He is in the terminal stage of cancer. terminal market 集散的中心市场 terminal velocity 终端速度 (指降落物体受空气等阻力影响，其速度不再加快) terminate vt. come, bring to an end, finish 结束；使终结 eg. The conference terminated yesterday. 会议昨天已经结束了。 You have no right to terminate the contract. 你无权终止合同。 terminally adv. 末端地，终点地，极限地 null6. By now, Mrs. Thompson realized the problem and she was ashamed of herself. She felt even worse when her students brought her Christmas presents, wrapped in beautiful ribbons and bright paper, except for Teddy's. be ashamed of: feel shame 感到羞愧 e.g. The child was ashamed of the affectionate fuss his mother was making of him in front of his schoolmates and didn't know where to turn his eyes. 那孩子见他妈妈当着同学们的面亲亲热热、婆婆妈妈的对待他，感到害臊，不知如何是好。  You should be ashamed of what you have done. 你应为自己所做的事感到羞愧。 be ashamed for 因 ... 而害臊 null7. Thompson took pains to open it in the middle of the other presents. take(go) pains to do sth. : make an effort to do sth. or to be careful in doing sth.费尽力气，小心地做某事 be at pains to do sth. : put a lot of effort into doing sth. 下苦功，花大力气 eg. She was at great pains to stress the advantages of the new system 她极力强调新 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的优点。 take (great) pains with / over sth. do sth. very carefully eg. Mary took great pains with her English lessons and got high marks. a pain in the neck: sb. who is always a nuisance 讨厌、可恶的人 for your pains : as payment, reward or thanks for sth. you have done 作为回报，作为答谢 in great pain: aching severely 很疼痛null8. But she stifled the children's laughter when she exclaimed how pretty the bracelet was, putting it on, and dabbing some of the perfume on her wrist. stifle v. (1) make breathing difficult or impossible (使)窒闷，窒息 e.g. The gas stifled them. 煤气使他们室息 (2) vt. suppress 镇压，遇制 e.g. The rebellion was stifled. exclaime: v. utter aloud; often with surprise, horror, or joy呼喊，大叫 e.g. The children exclaimed with excitement. 孩子们兴奋地大叫。 The newspapers exclaimed against the government's action. 报纸指责政府的行动。null9. On that very day, she quit teaching reading, and writing, and arithmetic. Instead, she began to teach children. “Instead, she began to teach children.”: here “teach” means “to teach with love”. be in for a surprise: be very much surprised 大吃一惊 be surprised at: give a feeling of surprise to sth. 对…惊讶 surprise by: give a surprise of sth. unexpected by doing sth. 以…使惊奇 surprise into: force sb. into action or doing sth., by surprising eg. The police surprised the thief into confessing. 警方出其不意地使小偷招认了。 surprise out of: force sb. to say sth. by surprising 出其不意地使……说出某事 eg. The court surprised a confession out of the defendout. 法庭冷不防地使被告招了供。 take by surprise: (1) attack, capture etc. sb. / sth. unexpectedly or without warning 出其不意、毫不预示地攻击，捕获 (2) happen unexpectedly so as to shock sb. slightly null10. He then wrote that he had finished high school, third in his class, and she was still the best teacher he ever had in his whole life. third in his class: means he is the third best student in his class.null11. He assured Mrs. Thompson that she was still the best and favorite teacher he ever had in his whole life. assure vt. (1) try to cause sb. to believe or trust in sth.; make (sb. or oneself) sure or certain 使相信；使确信 (2) insure, especially against death 保险 assure of : make sb. certain about 对……放心 eg. He assured us of his ability to solve the problem. Will you be assured of a career and adequate salary it you go there? 你到那里去能保证有职业和足够的收入吗？ assured adj. confident 自信的，有把握的 eg. His promotion was assured. assuredly adv. certainly 肯定地null12. And guess what? She wore that bracelet, the one with several rhinestones missing. rhinestones: an imitation diamond made from rock crystal or glass or paste n.   莱茵石(一种透明无色的钻石仿制品) e.g. A small, glittering ornament, such as a rhinestone or a sequin, applied to fabric or a garment. 亮片一种用于织物或服装上的闪闪发光的小饰物，比如像水晶或金属闪光片 null13. And she made sure she was wearing the perfume that Teddy remembered his mother wearing on their last Christmas together. …perfume that Teddy remembered his mother wearing on their last Christmas together. : means that Teddy remenbered that his mother wore that sort of perfume when they celebrated their last Christmas. null14. They hugged each, and Dr. Stoddard whispered in Mrs. Thompson's ear, "Thank you Mrs. Thompson for believing in me. Thank you so much for making me feel important and showing me that I could make a difference. make a difference: have an important effect on sth. or a situation eg. It doesn’t make much difference to me what you do. 你做什么地我来说没有多大影响 make a difference between : treat differently 区别对待 eg. She makes a difference between her own children and her stepchildren . split the difference : compromise on the price; agree on an amount halfway between 折中成交，差额各让一半 eg. You say 15 pounds and I say 25 pounds, so let’s split the difference and call it 20 pounds. with a difference : special, unusual 特别的，与众不同的 eg. He lives in a farmhouse with a deference. Part B Grammare ( Adverbial Clauses状语从句） Part B Grammare ( Adverbial Clauses状语从句） 状语从句 （Adverbial Clause） 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开 . 状语从句的种类 时间状语从句; 地点状语从句; 原因状语从句; 条件状语从句；目的状语从句；让步状语从句； 比较状语从句；方式状语从句；结果状语从句 状语从句的时态特点 　　一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如： 　　 I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive） As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished） null状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如： 　　1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 　　2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语) 　　3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式) 　　4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词) 　　5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句） 　　状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。 　　状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词 　　和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下: 1． 时间状语从句 1． 时间状语从句 　概念：在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。(在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持一致。） 要点:时间状语从句， 由以下连词引导： 常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。 1.when在...的时候 　　Mozart started writing music when he was four years old. 　　(在)莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。 　null2.while在...期间 　　He visited a lot of places while he was traveling. 　　他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。 3.as在...的同时；一边...一边... 　　We always sing as we walk. 　　我们总是一边走一边唱。 4.after在...之后 　　He left the classroom after he had finished his homework . 　　他做完作业之后就离开教室。 5.before 在...之前ぃ 　　Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 　　布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。 6.as soon as 一。。。就。。。 　　We began to work as soon as we got there. 　　我们一到那就开始工作。 　　I will write to you as soon as I get home. 　　我一到家就给你写信。 null7.since 自。。。以来 到现在 　　表示自过去的一个起始时间点到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(从三年前至今)表示。 　　Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 　　自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。 8 till /until直到。。。都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。（强调将一般用until） 　　They walked till /until it was dark. 　　他们一直走到天黑。 　　Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back. 　　小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。 9. by the time 到。。。为止(所在句子的主句应用完成时) 　　By the time he gets there , his father has already gone. 　　他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。 　　By the time I got to school, the class had already began. 　　我到校时，已经开始上课了。 2.地点状语从句 2.地点状语从句 常用引导词：where 　　特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere 　　地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，例如： 　　句型1：Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。 　　【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： 　　Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 　　Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民就得解放。 　　句型2：Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句，+主句。 　　【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： 　　Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 3． 原因状语从句 3． 原因状语从句 常用引导词：because, since, as, for 　　特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. 　　 Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 　　既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 　　 As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 　　既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜. 　　.难点——because , since , as , for,辨析 　　1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 　　　Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 　　2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 　　He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 　　3) as和for的区别： 　　通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例： 　　As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句） =　I stay at home, for the weather is cold. 4． 目的状语从句 4． 目的状语从句 常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that 1.so that 以至, 以便 　　I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 　　我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我。 2.in order that=so that:为了 　　We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 　　不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 3.despite= in spite of 5． 结果状语从句 5． 结果状语从句 常用引导词：so … that, such … that, 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, 　1.so…that 如此…以至于 　　He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 　　他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 　　2. such…that 如此。。。以至 　　It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 　　天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句， 　　难点： 当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。 so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前加冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 6． 条件状语从句 6． 条件状语从句 常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that 　 I will go to the party unless he goes there too. 　　我会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我就去.) 　　You will be late unless you leave immediately. 　　如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.) 　　难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. 　　lHe will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow. 　　一般将来时， 一般现在时 　　lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week. 　　一般将来时, 一般现在时 7． 让步状语从句 7． 让步状语从句 常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever 　　Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 　　尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。 　　The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. 　　No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. although, though 辨析 ： 　although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though. 8． 比较状语从句 8． 比较状语从句 　　常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 　　特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B 　　She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 　　The house is three times as big as ours. 　　The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 　　Food to men is what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。 9． 方式状语从句 9． 方式状语从句 　　常用引导词：as, as if, how 　　特殊引导词：the way 　　方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。 　　1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如： 　　Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 　　正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 　　2） as if, as though 　　两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如： 　　They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 　　他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 　　It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 　　看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 　　说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： 　　He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 　　他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 状语从句的简化 状语从句的简化 状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如： 　　When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . 　　另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如： 　　The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 　　就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行"简化"。状语从句的"简化"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。 　　状语从句的"简化"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though,