16.长句翻译

nullnull第十六章 Translation of Long Sentences 长句的翻译退出null课堂互动1．用顺译法翻译下列句子 课堂互动2. 用逆译法翻译下列句子 课堂互动3. 用分译法翻译下列句子 课堂互动4．用变序译法翻译下列句子第十六章重点 16.1 英语长句的特点 16.2 英语长句的翻译方法 16.3 长句翻译赏析 第十六章综合练习及参考答案 16.1.1 结构错综复杂 16.1.2 并列复合穿插 16.1.3 语序变化难辨 16.1.4 同位插入省略混杂16.2. 1 顺译法 16.2. 2 逆译法 16.2. 3 分译法 16.2. 4 变序译法 第十六章 长句翻译 --end退出null 英语长句一般都是形体长、词数多、结构复杂的句子。主要因修饰成分多、并列成分多或结构层次多而形成。其中既有并列句，又有复合句，也有简单句。当然，长句中并列句和复合句比例最大，简单句相对要少一些。有时一个英语长句就是一个结构较长、意义完整的段落。第十六章 长句翻译 Translation of Long Sentencesnull 英语长句多用于书面语体，如政论、科技语体。这是由于科技英语主要描写的是科学技术和自然现象，注重的是事实和逻辑推导，所给出的定义、定律、定理或描述的概念，或叙述的生产工艺过程，都必须严谨、精确，周密、细致地描述事理间的复杂关系。null在这些长句中，常常是一个主句带有若干个从句，从句中又夹着短语，短语又帮衬着从句，从句套从句，短语接短语，一步接一步、一环扣一环，互相交叉、互相依附、相互制约、相互解释、相互说明、互相渗透，使句子显得十分冗长。像这种英语长句，翻译时，可考虑运用各种从句和短语的翻译方法，采用层次翻译法，首先对原文进行意义分析、切块拆分，按照汉语习惯做文字增删、结构调整，根据逻辑关系重组语言，合理转换语码。null 英语长句句子结构错综复杂，盘根错节，脉络难找。简单句、并列句、复合句综横交错，从句套从句，短语套短语，真是词中有词、词中有句、句中有词、句中有句。 16.1.1 结构错综复杂 16. 1 英语长句的特点 (Features of Long Sentences) null例1：It was originally surmised that different bodies fell to the ground at rates proportional to their respective weights, but, towards the end sixteenth century, Galileo contended that the rate of fall was the same for all bodies—provided gravity were the only force acting—and he attributed the slower rate of fall observed on the case of a light body to the resistance of the air, which exerted a relatively greater effect on a light body than on a heavy body of the same size and shape. It was… but, Galileo contended… and he attributed…the air that that…was… which…greater… (主语从句) （宾语从句） （定语从句） provided…（虚拟条件状语从句）  【译文】原先人们曾猜测，不同的物体落到地面上的速度是与各自的重量成正比的。但是到了十六世纪末，伽利略坚决主张，若重力是唯一的作用力，则所有物体的降落速度都是相同的，他还认为，人们观察到的轻物体降落速度较慢是由于空气的阻力引起的，因为空气阻力对轻物体的影响要比对同样大小同样形状的重物体的影响大得多。null例2：He returned with his citation for gallantry from the hand of General Lee to a ruined plantation, where for a year now his daughter had subsisted partially on the meager bounty of the man to whom fifteen years ago he had granted permission to live in that tumbledown fishing camp whose very existence he had at the time forgotten.【译文】他带着李将军颁发给他的英勇奖状回到已经毁坏了的种植园。在这里他女儿一年来部分地靠沃许（Wash）的一点点施舍过活。沃许就是15年前经他允许住进他过去钓鱼时住过的破败的小屋的那个人，此时他连这间破屋的存在都已忘却了。 He returned … … to a ruined plantation where (非限定性定语从句) to whom（限定性定语从句）whose（限定性定语从句）null例3：Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue polities, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. 【译文】正像达尔文发现有机界的规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来被繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等活动；所以，直接的物质生活资料的生产和一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展程度，便构成为基础，人们的国家制度，法律的概念，艺术以至宗教概念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不像过去那样做得正好相反。null Marx discovered the law of development of human history just asthe simple fact(方式状语从句)production that （同位语从句）degree in the light of which （定语从句） before （时间状语从句） upon which （定语从句）as（定语从句））instead of vice versa （插入成分作状语） that （同位语从句）【解析】这是一个多达126个单词的主从复合句。主句是“Marx discovered the law of development of human history”。主句前有一个由“just as”引导的方式状语从句，主句后有一个名词短语“the simple fact”作“the law of development of human history”的同位语。“the simple fact”后跟有一个过去分词短语“hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology”作原因状语。名词短语“the simple fact”同时连接两个分别由“that”引导的并列同位语从句（1）“that mankind must drink, have shelter and clothing”和（2）“that… form the foundation”。在第一个同位语从句中有一个由“before”引导的时间状语从句“before it can pur­sue polities, science, art, religion, etc”；在第二个同位语从句中有两个由“upon which”和“in the light of which”引导的定语从句修饰the foundation。 在第二个定语从句之后又跟有一个介词短语“instead of vice versa”作状语,这个状语之后又接一个由“as”引导的定语从句。翻译时，总体上还是用顺译法，后部分根据汉语习惯和表达需要，打破原文的框架结构，用变序译法，重新组织语言方可获得理想译文。 null 并列成分穿插纵横, 连环套接，难解难分。有并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列定语、并列状语等。有时状语连状语、定语连定语，并列迭出，中间又穿插各种短语：介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、形容词短语等。有的用来补充说明，有的用来丰富内容，有的用来壮声增色，渲染气氛。 16.1.2 并列复合穿插null例1： What do we mean when we say that water is a liquid, air is a gas, and salt is a solid? What do we mean when we say… （时间状语从句） that water … (that) air … (that) solid … （宾语从句） （宾语从句） （宾语从句）   【译文】我们说水是液体，空气是气体，盐是固体，我们指的是什么意思呢？ null例2：And he knew how ashamed he would have been if his girl friend had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born. He knew how （宾语从句） If his girl friend had known （条件状语从句） his mother the kind of place the kind of people in which （定语从句） among the（定语从句）） 【译文】他生活在这类人中间，出生在这样的地方，又有这样的母亲，这一切要是让女朋友知道了的话，他明白会有多么丢人。null【解析】这是一个主从复合句，一个主句带有四个从句。主句“he knew”带了一个由“how”所引导的宾语从句，这个宾语从句有套接一个由“if”引导的条件状语从句，条件状语从句同时带有三个并列宾语“his mother, the kind of place和the kind of people”,第二和第三个宾语又分别连接上了由“in which和among whom”引导的定语从句。汉语表达习惯上总是把条件放在前，事实或结果置于后。所以，翻译时可按逆译法从后往前翻译，正好是符合汉语习惯的译文。 null Though our knowledge be limited to our ideas, and cannot exceed them either in extent or perfection; and though these be very narrow bounds in respect of the extent of all Beings, and far short of what we may justly imagine to be in some even created understandings not tied down to the dull and narrow information that is to be received from some few and not very acute ways of perception, such as are our senses; yet it would be well with us if our knowledge were but as large as our ideas, and there were not many doubts and inquiries concerning the ideas we have, whereof we are not, nor I believe ever shall be in this world, resolved. (John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding) 例3:【译文】“虽然，我们的知识局限于我们的观念，而且在范围和完善程度上都不能超越；我们的观念同宇宙万物的存在相比十分狭隘，而且远不如我们所能合理想象的其他生灵的理智范围之广，这种理智并不像我们为数有限灵敏不足的感官所接受的信息那样枯燥有限。尽管如此，我们还是希望我们的知识和我们的观念一样广泛，但愿对我们现有的观念也不必有那么多的疑问和探索；何况我们从未对此有所肯定，而且我相信大概永远也不会完全肯定。——即便如此，我们的感官知识也不过如此而已。” null such as are our sense; yet it would be well with us … （并列句） if Though though (名词性从句)what…（that）we have resolved（定语从句）Whereof (插入语)thatand（if）（定语从句）让步状语从句（虚拟条件状语从句）并列让步状语从句（并列虚拟条件状语从句） 这一例句充分体现了英语长句的语言特点，是一个多元并列复合句。句子中间是个分号“；”，表明整个句子是由两个大的并列复合句组成，其主句是“such as are our senses”，之前是两个由“and”并列连接的两个“though”让步状语从句.第二个让步状语从句又带有一个由“what”引导的名词性从句, “what”作“imagine to be”的表语。“that”引导的定语从句修饰“information”.后部分并列两个虚拟条件状语从句，“we have resolved”作“the ideas”的定语从句,在这个定语从句中插入了“whereof we are not, nor I believe ever shall be in this world”。译文语序略作调整，把“such as are our senses”译到了最后。【解析】null 句子打破了习惯的框架结构，为了强调，有些句子成分倒装置前，语序发生了变化。一般主者放前，次者置后，前增后加，上添下补。虽然结构变形，可能变得臃肿，但表达丰富，生动有力，引人注意。 16.1.3 语序变化难辨null【译文】20世纪末和21世纪大部分时间内的重大问题有：中苏分裂状况要持续多久，新的美中关系有多大程度的永久性，中国人为发挥他们巨大的经济潜力在务实主义的道路上要走多远，中国领导人对世界的观点如何，以及他们在世界事务中将起什么作用。 【解析】这是一个“主-系-表”倒装的复合句。“Among the great questions of the last decades of the twentieth century and most of the twenty-first”是表语，倒装居于句首，主语是五个名词性从句，分别由三个“how”和两个“what”所引导。在名词性从句中“how”和“what”所强调的句子成分又放在了主语之前。例1：Among the great questions of the last decades of the twentieth century and most of the twenty-first will be how long the Sino-Soviet split lasts, how permanent the new U.S.-China relationship will be, how far along the paths of pragmatism the Chinese will go in order to develop their immense economic potential, what sort of world view the Chinese leaders will hold and what sort of world role they will play. null例2：However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general. 【译文】任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现，即使它们实际应用甚至还无法预见，都使马克思感到由衷地喜悦。但是当有了立即会对工业、对一般历史发展产生革命影响的发现的时候，他的喜悦就完全不同了。 null【解析】这是一个带有若干个状语从句的英语复合句，主句是“he experienced quite another kind of joy”。其前有三个从句，一个是由“however”引导的让步状语从句，这个从句又接一个由“with which”引导的方式状语从句，方式状语从句又接一个由“whose”引导的限定性定语从句；其后又接一个由“when”引导的时间状语从句。 he experienced … another kind of joy… whose（宾语从句）with which（方式状语从句）when(时间状语从句)however (让步状语从句)null例3：A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth, but the majority are so large that hundred of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare; here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths. A few stars are known but the majority are so large here and there we… which are（定语从句）(并列)that （结果状语从句）【译文】我们所知道的比地球大不了多少的星球虽然也有几个，但绝大多数的星球是如此之大，一个星球竟能容纳成千上万个地球还绰绰有余；我们到处都能碰见大得足以容纳千千万万个地球的巨星。 【解析】这是一个并列主从复合句，但语序略有不同。“A few stars ”既是第一个主句的主语，同时又是由“which”引导的限定性定语从句的主语，把谓语动词“are known”放在了先行词和定语从句中间，这叫做分离定语从句。第二个主句“the majority are”包含一个“so…that”引导的程度结果状语从句。“here and there we …”为并列句。null 无论是简单句、并列句还是复合句，句中附加上同位语、插入语、省略句、或独立成分等后，句子显得冗长，难以捉摸。翻译时要根据语法关系、逻辑关系、主次关系，层层剥离，分门别类，采用下文讲的变序译法，打破原文的结构，按照汉语的逻辑思维习惯，重新调整原句的语序，先译重点，后加说明。 16.1.4 同位插入省略混杂nullthe Soviet Union(同位语) 【译文】作为俄罗斯第一位民选总统，作为宣布世界上最大的国家——苏联——解体的一代巨人，叱咤俄罗斯政坛八年的叶利钦于20世纪最后一天黯然辞职。 【解析】主句是“The first elected Russian President … resigned on December 31, 1999 after eight years in power”，“the man who …”是“The first elected Russian President”的同位语从句, 这个同位语从句又带有一个由“what”引导的宾语从句，其从句中的表语“the world’s largest nation”又带有一个同位语“the Soviet Union”，“extinct”是形容词作“the Soviet Union”的补足语。“BorisYeltsin”和“the man”都是“The first elected Russian President”的同位语。例1：The first elected Russian President, the man who declared what once was the world’s largest nation, the Soviet Union, extinct, BorisYeltsin resigned on December 31, 1999 after eight years in power.The first elected Russian President …resigned …the man who (同位语从句)what（宾语从句）the world’s largest nation null例2：As I stood with the Guard of Honour, the spectacle of these simple people—workers, peasants, their wives and their children—paying homage to their lifelong friend and comrade, and the haunting, plaintive music sweeping through the hall, brought to my mind thoughts which cannot be expressed in any words. these simple people paying…which cannot …(并列定语)（定语从句）the haunting, plaintive music sweeping…the spectacle of … brought to my mind thoughts 【译文】当我与守灵人站在一起时，朴实的人民——工人、农民以及他们的妻子儿女们，向他们的毕生的朋友和同志表达最诚挚的敬意，萦绕心头的哀乐响彻大厅，这情感使我脑海里产生了一种用语言无法表达的感情。As I stood with (时间状语从句) worker…(同位语)null例3：A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that（同位语从句）who (定语从句)who (定语从句)【译文】在美国有一种根深蒂固的观点，就是只有那些抚养得起子女的人，才应鼓励其生育。 【解析】主句是“A notion has taken hold in…”。“that”引导的从句是“the effect”的同位语。在同位语从句中，第一个“who”引导从句，作“people”的定语，第二个“who”引导从句，作“those”的定语。null例4：Many a woman, some of the Highest in the Land, have had a Trouble in their times; and why should you Trumpet yours when others don’t Trumpet theirs? (Thomas Hardy: Tess of the D’Urbervilles)Many a woman … trouble; and why should …yours（并列句）when（状语从句）some of the Highest in the Land (插入语)【译文】遇到负心汉的妇女甚多，其中且有本地最富贵之人家，她们不曾张扬，你何以张扬？ 【解析】 “Many a woman have had a trouble in their times; and why should you Trumpet yours when others don’t Trumpet theirs”是并列句，后跟一个由“when”引导的状语从句。“some of the Highest in the Land”是插入成分, 意为“some women of the Highest in the Land have had a Trouble in their times as well”。null例1：…and the rest of the morning was easily whiled away, in lounging round the kitchen garden, examining the bloom upon the walls, and listening to the gardener’s lamentations upon blights, in dawdling through the greenhouse, where the loss of her favourite plants, unwarily exposed, and nipped by the lingering frost, raised the laughter of Charlotte, and in visiting her poultry-yard, where in the disappointed hopes of her dairy-maid, by hens forsaking their nests, or being stolen by a fox, or in the rapid decease of a promising young brood, she found fresh sources of merriment. (J. Austen: Sense and Sensibility)【译文】……大家来到菜园，一面观赏墙上的花朵，一面听着园丁抱怨种种病虫害。接着走进温室，因为霜冻结束得晚，再加上管理不慎，夏洛特最喜爱的几种花草被冻死了，逗得她哈哈大笑。最后来到家禽饲养场，听饲养员沮丧地说起老母鸡不是弃巢而去，就是被狐狸叼走，一窝小鸡本来很有希望，不想纷纷死去，于是夏洛特又发现了新的笑料。就这样，上午余下的时间很快便消磨过去了。 补充例句 1：英语长句的特点 null the rest of the morning was easily whiled away..in lounging round the kitchen garden 主句 in dawdling through the greenhousewhere（定语从句） in visiting her poultry-yard where（定语从句she found …【解析】 这是一个较为复杂的主从复合句，其中有三个从句。主句“the rest of the morning was easily whiled away”位于句首，后面并列了三个由“in”引起的状语，其中后两个里各含有一个由“where”引导的定语从句，第一个定语从句限定“the greenhouse”，第二个从句限定“poultry-yard”，其后面的介词短语“in the disappointed hopes of… ”作状语。翻译时，将两个引导词“where”略去不译，把主句放在最后，其余基本上按时空顺序译出，这样译文读起来和原文一样流畅通顺。 补充例句 1 【分析】 null 例2：I believe that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations—so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning—when I say that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, so that we can escape from frustration and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement.【译文】这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地估计我们过去事物的大好时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的大好时机。这样， 我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时，我相信——今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信——我是代表联合国每一位真诚而严肃的代表讲话的。 补充例句 2：英语长句的特点 null【解析】这是一个多重复合句，由八个小句组成了三大部分。第一部分由主句“I believe…”和宾语从句“that I speak for…”组成；第二部分是一个插入语“so I am…”；其余为第三部分。由“when”引导的状语从句修饰主句“I believe”，“the anniversary”有两个谓语：“must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past”和“must be matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future”，“so that…”是结果状语从句。 补充例句 2 【解析】null 我们知道，英语中的重点内容总是在前，而汉语中的重点内容却在后。“西方人喜欢抽象，我们中国人喜欢具体，长于综合”（王力）。英国散文作家江纳生 • 斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）曾说过这样一句 名言 关于文明礼仪的名言关于文明的名言关于礼貌的名言名言下载创新有关的古诗文名言 ：“Proper words in proper places make the true definition of a style.” （合适的词放在合适的地方，就是好文章。 ） 16. 2 英语长句的翻译方法 (Methods of Translating Long Sentences) null 长句翻译，首先应从分析理解下手，找出主句、从句、修饰成分，搞清各部分之间的语法关系，辨明相互间的逻辑关系，分清上下层次，理顺前后顺序和联系。在掌握中心内容的基础上，找出关键部分，按先易后难的原则，把易于识别、判断的部分先予以解决，然后解决一时拿不准的部分，这些部分如同数学中的未知数X、Y、Z，可以通过已知条件和逻辑判断来解决。最后根据汉语的语言特点、习惯和表达方式；根据意义和表达的需要，按照逻辑关系，如条件、因果、时间先后顺序来翻译，同时可在形式方面作些适当的调整变通。null 长句翻译最常用的方法还是顺译法。顺译即顺着原文词序或句序翻译，当然不是逐字翻译，也不排斥个别词或词组的倒置。顺译首先仍要抓中心、找关键。如果是简单句，就要抓出中心词、中心意义。主语是什么？谓语是什么？如果是复合句，就要抓引导各种从句的关键连词，搞清从句的性质，分清句子结构和叙述层次，理清头绪和主次，注意语气衔接，按照句子顺序从前往后翻译。 16. 2. 1 顺译法（Translation in Original Order）nullThe testing, the launching and the recovery are indications … 主语 谓语【译文】原子弹、氢弹、导弹试验成功，人造地球卫星的发射成功和准确回收，集中标志着我国科学技术达到的新水平。 【解析】这是一个简单句，句中共有五个并列连词“and”，其中四个在主语里,第一个连接着“bombs”的两个定语“atomic”和“hydrogen”；第二个连接着介词“of”的两个并列宾语“bombs”和“guided missiles”; 第三、四个连接着句中三个并列的主语“testing, launching”和“accurate recovery”; 第五个连词接着介词“in”的两个并列宾语“science”和“technology”。翻译时，可把第一、二、三、五连词可省略不译，然后按顺译法则可获得满意译文，例1：The successful testing of atomic and hydrogen bombs and guided missile and the launching and accurate recovery of man-made earth satellites are important indications of our new level in science and technology.null例2：It was argued that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother, the growing embryo becomes fixated on the sound of the heart beat; if this is so, then the rediscovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been thrust into a strange and frighteningly new world outside. It was … the growing … the beat ; the rediscovery … on the infant （并列句） if（条件状语从句） as （时间状语从句） 【译文】有人提出，胎儿在母体内生长时就记住了母体的心跳声；如果是这样的话，那么婴儿出生后重新发现这一熟悉的心跳声会对它起到一种镇静的作用，尤其是当它刚刚来到外面这一陌生而令人惊恐的新世界时。 null【解析】这是一个由主句“the growing embryo becomes fixated (imprinted) on the sound of the heart beat”和另一个主句“the rediscovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a calming effect on the infant”组成的并列复合句。第二个并列句前面又有一个“if”所引导的条件状句从句，句后面又有一个“as”引导的时间状语从句.翻译时仍从前往后按顺译法译。 null例3：Although, in the last century, it was accepted that the body has been programmed to last for seventy years, until the 1960s it was all too obvious that very few bodies ever did, and for a man to enjoy good health in old age was exceptional.【译文】虽然在上个世纪，人们普遍认为人能活到70岁，但是事实很清楚，20世纪60年代以前，很少有人能活到这个年龄。至于老年时享有一个健康的体魄， 那更是罕见的了。Although （让步状语从句）that very few bodies ever did for a man to enjoy health … was exceptional（并列句）until … it was all too obvious null例4：Countless factory meetings were held in every corner of the Soviet Union, which passed resolutions expressing the workers’ sorrow, but also pledging their determination to defend the Russian Revolution and carry on the struggle for Socialism, so that the ideals for which Lenin had given his life could be brought to fruition and the Red Banner of Socialism go on from triumph to triumph. Countless meetings were held in …Union so that …(定语从句)（并列目的状语从句）for which Lenin giventhe Red Banner of…go…. the ideals… could be…but also pledging (定语从句)which passed resolutions …expressing（并列）【译文】在苏联，举国上下，无数工厂召开了会议，工人们通过决议，表达了对列宁的哀悼。并且在决议中发誓要保卫俄国革命，为建设社会主义而奋斗，以列宁为之贡献自己生命的理想得以实现，以使社会主义旗帜从胜利走向胜利。null例1：I am in the midst of a series of chemotherapy treatments and tests which cannot be interrupted for some weeks, after which there might be results and a break when a transfer could be feasible. 【译文】我正在接受一系列化疗和检查，几周内不能中断。此后也许就会有结果，并会暂停一个时期，那时转移也许有可能了。 补充例句：顺译法 null例 2：In this chapter, we shall take a closer look at the structure of a few particularly interesting atoms and molecules in order to see how they are fitted to the use man makes of them. we shall take a closer look … in order to（目的状语） how（宾语从句） 〔译文〕在本章中，我们将更仔细地研究一下几个特别有趣的原子和分子的结构。看看怎样使它们便于为人类利用。man makes（宾语从句）【解析】句中 “how they...makes of them” 是一个名词性从句，作动词不定式“to see”的宾语，从句里又有一个省略了关系代词“which”的定语从句。这一从句如改写为独立的句子就为“man makes use of them ( a few particularly interesting atoms and molecules)”，把“use”提到主句中，作省略了的关系代词“which”的先行词。 补充例句：顺译法 null例3： In the factory of the future, designers will not need production engineers to tell them whether a new product will work and how much it will cost. designers will not need production engineers to tell them in…（介词短语作状语） whether（宾语从句）