语言学试题

语言学 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 语言学试题 （90分钟） I. 选择题 1. ____ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics. [B] A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. John Lyon 2. Of the three cavities, ____ is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds. [C] A. nasal cavity B. pharynx cavity C. oral cavity D. chest 3. All syllables contain a(n) ____. [A] A. nucleus B. coda C. onset D. consonant 4. ____ is one of the supersegmental features. [D] A. Stop B. Voicing C. Deletion D. Tone 5. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English? [A] A. dental stop B. bilabial stop C. alveolar stop D. velar stop 6. “Radar” is a/an ____. [A] A. acronym B. blending C. coinage D. clipping 7. Compound words consist of ____ morphemes. A. bound B. free C. both bound and free D. inflectional 8. ____ refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each other at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent. [B] A. Syntagmatic relation B. Paradigmatic relation C. Co-occurrence relation D. Friendly relation 9. The sense relationship between “John plays the violin” and “John plays a musical instrument” is____. [C] A. hyponymy B. antonymy C. entailment D. synonymy 10. The way we speak to close friends is not the same as the way we speak to strangers,, for the conversation between close friends is ____ one. [B] A. a formal B. an informal C. a neutral D. a stiff 11. A grammatical study that only concerns the present-day English is a ____. [B] A. diachronic B. synchronic C. modern D. contemporary 12. Compound words are formed by combining two ____. [A] A. free morphemes B. bound morphemes C. prefixes D. suffixes 13. Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is ____ Analysis. [D] A. Internal Component B. Innate Capacity C. Internal Constituent D. Immediate Constituent 14. a ) The weather has been rather cold. b) It was quite warm. In the above sentences, we have a ____ relation between “cold” and “warm”. A. syntagmatic B. combinational C. chain D. paradigmatic 15. Linguistics can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of ____. [D] A. a language B. languages C. langue D. language 16. Traditional grammar is based on ____ and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits. [A] A. Latin B. English C. German D. Spanish 17. Stylistics is the study of how ____ effects can be related to linguistic features. A. literal B. literary C. social D. philosophical 18. ____ is primarily concerned with the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience. A. Discourse analysis B. Cognitive linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Computational linguistics 19. ____ relations are relations of substitution, that is, linguistic forms (e.g. letters, words and phrases) can be substituted for each other in the same position in a word or sentence. [A] A. Paradigmatic B. Syntagmatic C. Synchronic D. Diachronic 20. Early last century, the famous linguist F. de Saussure made an important distinction between ____. [C] A. functionalism and formalism B. competence and performance C. langue and parole D. descriptive and prescriptive grammars II. 填空题 （从后面的方框中选出适合每个空格的选项） 【1. A 2. B 3. C 4. J 5. I 6. H 7. G 8. F 9. E 10. D】 1.​ ____ is a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. –s, -es, and –en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme. 2.​ ____　is a phonetic form in which a phoneme is realized. 3.​ ____ is the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning between lexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead, and good/bad. 4.​ ____ refers to the study of language and linguistics in relation to practical issues, e.g. speech therapy, language teaching, testing, and translation. 5.​ ____ refers to the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it related to in reality, e.g. the word “dog” does not look like nor sounds like a dog. 6.​ ____ are those features of human language, like arbitrariness and duality, which are thought to distinguish it from other kinds of animal communication. 7.​ ____ refers to the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one (the second) is inferred from the truth of the other, e.g. Corday assassinated Marat and Marat is dead; if the first is true, the second must be true. 8.​ ____ is the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification, e.g. in The rains came, rain is inflected for plurality and came for past tense. 9.​ ____ is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves a grammatical function. 10.​ ____ is the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language. A. Allomorph B. Allophone C. Antonymy D. Phonology E. Morpheme F. Inflection G. Entailment H. Design features I. Arbitrariness J. Applied linguistics III. 阅读理解 But of all comparisons that might be imagined, the most fruitful is the one that might be drawn between the functioning of language and a game of chess. In both instances we are confronted with a system of values and their observable modifications. A game of chess is like an artificial realization of what language offers in a natural form. Let us examine the matter more carefully. First, a state of the set of chessmen corresponds closely to a state of language. The respective value of the pieces depends on their position on the chessboard just as each linguistic term derives its value from its opposition to all the other terms. In the second place, the system is always momentary; it varies from one position to the next. It is also true that values depend above all else on an unchangeable conviction, the set of rules that exists before a game begins and persists after each move. Rules that are agreed upon once and for all exist in language too; they are the constant principles of semiology. Finally, to pass from one state of equilibrium to the next, or— according to our terminology — from one synchrony to the next, only one chesspiece has to be moved; there is no general rummage. Here we have the counterpart of the diachronic phenomenon with all its peculiarities. In fact: (a)​ In each play only one chesspiece is move; in the same way in language, change affect only isolated elements. (b)​ In spite of that, the move has a repercussion on the whole system; it is impossible for the player for foreseeing exactly the extent of the effect. Resulting changes of value will be, according to the circumstance, either nil, very serious, or of average importance. A certain move can revolutionise the whole game and even affect pieces that are not immediately involved. We have just seen that exactly the same holds for language. (c)​ In chess, each move is absolutely distinct from the preceding and the subsequent equilibrium. The change effected belongs to neither state: only states matter. In a game of chess any particular position has the unique characteristics of being freed from all antecedent positions; the route used to arrive there makes absolutely no difference; one who has followed the entire match has no advantage over the curious party who comes up at a critical moment to inspect the state of the game; to describe this arrangement, it is perfectly useless to recall what had just happened ten seconds previously. All this is equally applicable to language and sharpens the radical distinction between diachrony and synchrony. Speaking operates only on a language state, and the changes that intervene between states have no place in either state. ​— Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General Linguistics 1. The comparison is not made to illustrate ____. A. the relational nature of language B. diachronic changes of language C. the language user’s intention to bring about a change D. synchronic states of language 2. The value of the pieces is compared to ____. A. the meaning of words B. the use of words C. the derivation of words D. the position of words 3. The rules of the game are compared to ____. A. grammatical rules B. semantic rules C. phonological rules D. any language rules 4. The movement of a chesspiece is compared to ____. A. language change as a whole B. changes that affect certain language change C. a diachronic state before certain language change D. a diachronic state after certain language change 5. When a chesspiece is destroyed or lost during a game, any object can replace it to continue the game. The object that is to be used as the chesspiece may be compared to ____. A. a word B. the meaning and the form of a word C. the meaning of a word D. the form of a word IV. 判断以下言语的语言功能 [选择相应的符号填空] 1.​ “How do you do?” ____ 2.​ “Close your books and listen to me carefully.” ____ 3.​ “Road closed.”____ 4.​ “How old are you?”____ 5.​ “My God!”____ 6.​ “可口可乐，享受清新一刻。”____ 7.​ “I declare the meeting open,” the chairman announced, and then the meeting started. ____ A. performative function B. evocative function C. expressive function D. interrogative function E. informative function F. directive function G. phatic function V. 判断正误 （F=false; T=True） 1. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. [F] 2. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. [F] 3. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where customers can buy books. This indicated that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components. [F] 4. A sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing through the oral cavity is a vowel. [T] 5. Syntax is the term used to refer to the structure of sentences an to the study of sentence structure. [T] 6. Stress refers to the prominence given to certain sounds in speech. [T] 7. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning. [T] 8. Phonology is the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language. [T] 9. Langue is a term coined by Saussure for the actual behavior of individual language users, as distinct from the abstract language system or parole. [F] 10. Parole is a term coined by Saussure for the abstract linguistic system which is common social knowledge and which underlies individual uses of language, or langue. [F] 11. Inflection refers to the morphological process which adjusts words by grammatical modification, e.g. The rains came, rain is inflected for plurality and came for past tense. [T] 12. A free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as a word. [T] 13. We can define design features as those features of human language, like arbitrariness and communion, which are thought to distinguish it from other kinds of animal communication. [F] 14. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word, e.g. –ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter). [T] 15. An allophone is phonetic form in which a phoneme is realized. [T] 16. An allomorph is a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. –s,-es, and –en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme. [T] 17. Acronyms are words which are composed of the first of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Examples: NATO, radar and yuppy. [T] 18. Acoustic phonetics is a branch of phonetics, which deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. [T] 19. VI. 在空格处填上适当的词，每空一词。 1. ____ refers to the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like nor sounds like a dog. [Arbitrariness] 2. ____ refers to the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level. [Duality] 3. ____ or ____ refers to man’s linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language, including the sentences which were never heard before. [Productivity or creativity] 4. ____ or ____ refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive messages, and his roles as a speaker and hearer can be exchanged at ease. [Interchangeability or reciprocity] 5. ____ is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time. [Displacement] 6. ____ refers to the fact that man does not have total physical involvement in the act of communication. [Specialization] 7. Language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted through heredity. A human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire language, as is demonstrated by the studies of children brought up by animals without human contact. So language has the design feature of ____ ____. [cultural transmission] 8. There is no reason why Japanese should use “neko” to refer to the animal dog. This shows human language is ___. [arbitrary] 9. Sounds such as /d,g,f,o/ mean nothing separately; but when they are combined in certain ways, as in dog, fog and god, they take on meaning. This shows human language has the design feature of ___. [duality] 10. People can produce and understand infinitely large number of sentences which have never been heard or written before. This shows language is ____. [productive] 11. Language passes from generation to generation not through heredity, but through learning. This is referred to as human language’s design feature of ___ ___. [cultural transmission] 12. A ___ is a person who speaks more than one language. [polyglot or linguist] 13. ____ refers to the creation of a new word by removing an affix from an old word, e.g. donate from donation, or by removing what is mistakenly considered an affix, e.g. edit from editor. [Backformation] 14. ____ can be defined as the scientific or systematic study of language. It is a science in the sense that it scientifically studies the rules, systems and principles of human languages. [Linguistics] 15. ____ can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. [Language] 16. When two or more sounds occur in the same position without any apparent change of meaning, they are said to be in ____ ____. [free variation] 17. The most important ways of word formation are ____ and ____. [compounding, derivation] 18. ____ is the term used for the state of having an identical form but a different meaning, e.g. “book a light” and “buy a book”. [Homonymy] 19. ____ is the term used in semantic analysis to refer to words that are pronounced alike but have different meanings, as in two, to, and too. [Homophony] 20. A ____ ____ is a pair of words that differ by only a single sound in the same position, e.g. look/took, spill/still and keep/coop. [minimal pair] VII. 论述题 1.​ How does linguistics differ from traditional grammar? [Linguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways. First, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness. Linguists are interested in what is said, not what they think ought to be said. So they are often said to be descriptive, not prescriptive. A second important way in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar is that linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written. It is believed that speech came into being first for any human language and the writing system came along much later. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits. ] 2.​ Distinguish between syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. [Saussure has put forward the pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in s structure. Syntagmatic relations are actually positional relations, that is, the sequential arrangement of smaller linguistic forms into larger linguistic forms, e.g., the arrangement of words and phrases into sentences. In words and phrases do not occur in a recognizable order with respect to each other, a sentence will be ungrammatical. Whereas, paradigmatic relations are relations of substitution, that is, linguistic forms (e.g. letters, words and phrases) can be substituted for each other in the same position in a word or sentence.] VI. 以以下题目为标题，用英语写一篇150词左右的短文 Why is linguistics necessary for a student of language? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Why is linguistics necessary for a teacher of foreign languages? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________