英语从句学习

Scanning of the paper structure 定语从句 考什么：which引导的非限制性定语从句，一级考点 历年真 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 统计01年26、27，03P54 55,03P56翻译7,04P65 50,04P65 60。 基 础 扫 描 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引起的，在句子中充当定语成分，来修饰名词、代词或句子。定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词称为先行词。 概念与例句 The new points which the president stressed in his report are very important indeed. (定语从句、关系代词、先行词) That is the reason why I am not in favor of revising the plan. (定语从句、关系代副词、先行词) 所有从句都是由连接词引出来的，定语从句的连接词被叫做关系代词、关系副词。具体而言，有以下几种情况 关系代词 先行词 关系代词所作成分 例句 that 人或物 主、宾、表 1 which 物或整句话 主、宾（动词宾语、介词宾语） 2 who 人 主 3 whom 人 宾 4 whose 人或物 定语（相当于先行词的所有格） 5 as 人或物或整句话 主语、宾语 6 例句：1 One should not plant a garden that is too large for him to care for.(06阅读1) 2 .Because of their frequent wars, many of their inventions were no more than improvements in the design of Greek weapons with which they were familiar.(06阅读2) 3 There are a lot of women who will do the job as well as men.(06阅读2) Anyone who brought his sleeping bag and cooking equipment along could stay there for a very small quantity of money.(03月度2，P48). 4 He saw the manager talking with somebody whom he didn’t know. 5 Many people whose possessions were destroyed in natural disasters eventually considered their loss as a blessing.(06CET-6,12) 6 As is often the case, the more you use your brain, the more active it will become.(03翻译section B 4,P57) 关系代词使用的几种特别规定： That 1)先行词是不定代词，常见有all, much, any, something, anything等； 2）先行词被all, any, every, some,(a)few,(a)little修 3）先行词被最高级、序数词、the only/next/same/very修饰时； 4）先行词既包括人，又包括物时。 5)只用which:介词后、引导非限制性定语从句只能用which。介词+which既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，也取决于先行词的习惯搭配。 It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar. This is the computer on which he spent all his savings. 6)关系代词省略情况：that、which引导定语从句作宾语可以省略。但以下情况不可省略： 第一，引导非限制性定语从句中，即使作宾语which也不能省略。 第二，关系代词紧跟介词后，作介词宾语，此时一不可用that，只可用which或whom 引导定语从句，并且不可省略；但当介词谓语定语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that,也可以省略。 This is one of the things with which we have to put up. This is one of the things （that/which ）we have to put up with. 关系副词 与先行词关系 在从句中所作成分 when 先行词是表示时间的名词，相当于介词+which. 状语 where 先行词是表示地点的名词，相当于介词+which 状语 why 先行词是表示理由的名词（reason），相当于for+which. 状语 二 练习反馈 1 Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities?(06CET4阅读) 2. Culture shock is an occupational disease for people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad(04转本P61阅读4) 3 For primitive men, activity during the day meant hunting and attacking , in which he soon saw as red, the color of blood and fire.(05转本P70阅读1) 4 The curriculum consisted mainly of the classical languages, and the purpose of this kind of school was the preparation of boys for college, where most of them would be fitted for the ministry.(07转本真题P97) 1 We grow all our own fruit and vegetables, that saves money, of course. 2 New York is famous for its skyscrapers, the highest of them has more than 100 storey. 3 My boss even thought that beer was the best drink which he had ever drunk. 4 I am pleased with what you have given me and all what you have told me . 5 One of the most beautiful natural wonders in the United States is the Grand Canyon, where located in northwestern Arizona. 6 The first place where the students visited in the motor factory was the tool room. 7 Do you think the reason why he gave is believable? 07真题： P100，48 P98，21 难句挑战 1 This new dictionary contains 16,ooo new words and expressions,_________ reflect recent research in science and technology. A many of them B many of which C many of that D many of those 2 I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the best place ________. A where I’d like to visit B in which I’d like to visit C I most want to visit D that I want to visit it most 3 The days _______ you could travel without a passport are a thing of the past. A in which B on which C of which D at which 4 Sports, _________ most young people like very much, may make you very strong. A that B / C which D and 5 In the Europe , as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another. 找主干 第二章 名词性从句 考什么：that、what引导的名词性从句，一级考点。 所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分：主语、同位语、表语、宾语。做什么成分，这个名词性从句就是相应的主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句、宾语从句。 1 04P63,30 主语从句，直接考； 2 04P63，24 同位语从句， 直接考；06P81阅读1：One cannot escape the fact that gardening requires hard work and time.间接考。 3 06P81阅读1翻译：Vegetable gardens agree that many home-grown vegetables are superior to those purchased from markets.宾语从句直接考。 07P94阅读3：A recent study by the Pew Inernet and American Life Project showed that for a lot of people,electronic interaction through the computer has replaced this person to person interaction.间接考。 4 表语从句：The question remains whether they will be able to help us. China is no longer what she used to be. 一 主语从句：在句子中担当主语的是一个句子，这个句子就叫做主语从句。 How this happened is still a question. It is clear that he has gone. 所有从句都是由连接词引出来的，主语从句的连接词有以下几种情况： 连词 that whether(that 在从句中没有任何意义，不作任何成分，但不可省略) 连接代词 What, whatever, who, whoever 连接副词 When, where, how,why 注意考点：1 In the new country, that women go out to work and add to the family income is a new pattern of family life. 2 What refrigeration did promote was marketing—marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.(P81,test3). 直接作为单向选择题出现的名词性从句考点有两处：第一，主语从句；第二，同位语从句。而主语从句直接考点最重要的就是关于that/what区分问题。同位语连接词that不作任何成分，没有任何意义，但在引导主语从句时不可省略。 注意：名词性从句中的that与定语从句中的that有着明显的差别：作不作成分，有没有指代。 主语从句直接考题：07P99，37；04P63,30 主语从句，直接考； 二 同位语从句 读例子说问题：同位语、同位语从句、同位语连接词。 1. The idea that we can invite him tomorrow is quite good. 2 The rumor that there’ll be earthquake soon spread all over the area. 3 The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. 4 After a couple of rounds, the only, last and serious question remains whether our team can win the majority of the people. 转本考点： 1 后面常接同位语从句的抽象名词 Belief, certainty, concept, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea, news, order, promise, proof, question ,rumor, thought等。 2 分隔情况 有时，由that引导的同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而被谓语动词等隔开。 Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. 3 注意区分that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别 The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good. The suggestion that she has given at the meeting is good. That 在第一个句子中引导的是同位语从句，没有意义，不作成分，但不可省略。 真题： 07P99，31；04P63，24 So far there is no proof ______ people from other planers do exist. A.​ which B how C. what D. that 难题挑战： 1 The argument made by some scientist ________ global warming is just a natural phenomenon has been challenged by new evidence. A which B that C of that D about which 2 Because the drug has been studied in humans for only a few years, nobody knows ______ its long-term effects might be. A any of which B that C about which D what 3 The value of having frequent sun baths lies in _______ they can do to our health. A that B how C what D the fact that 4 __________ the science of medicine is one of the most useful science is widely accepted. A That B Whether C What D Which 5 Schools, libraries and community centers are the only places ______ people have access to all kinds of information. A that B where C which D as 三 表语从句 如主句主语为reason ，只能用that引导 标语 宣传标语下载抗洪救灾标语防溺水标语工程质量标语开学标语 从句，不可用because。 The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. 第三章 非谓语动词 考什么？1不定式的省略to情况，不定式的被动式、完成式；2 涉及到固定搭配需要使用的动名词形式；3 过去分词与现在分词作状语时候的比较选择；4 独立主格结构。 非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语成分的动词形式。基本形式有四种： 不定式、 动名词、分词和独立主格结构。 部分直接考题： 1 03P52 ,31(不定式)，04P64，39。 2 02P41，38（过去分词）；02P42，50（过去分词） 3 02P42，54（动名词） 4 01P30, 51（独立主格结构） 部分见接考题： 1 不定式：06P81阅读1，第三段：Freezers make it possible to keep some of the vegetables to be enjoyed at a later date. 第四段：One should not plant a garden that is too large for him to care for. 2 动名词与现在分词： Having vegetables in the backyard makes home gardening appealing to many people. 一 不定式考点 不定式构成to+do(动词原形)。 1 不定式的时态与语态 时态 语态 主动 被动 一般式 To do: where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with.表示不定式动作与谓语动词动作同时或在其后发生。 To be done 完成式 To have done: Mrs. Brown is supposed to have left for Italy last week.表示1：不定式动作、状态发生于谓语之前。2表示将来某一时刻之前不定式表示的动作、状态完成We’re leaving at six in the morning , and hope to have done most of the journey by lunch time. To have been done 进行式 To be doing 完成进行式 To have been doing: He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.不定式动作在谓语动作之前发生，但仍在持续进行。 注意to have done的特殊考点： (1) should like/would like/love +to have done,表示过去未实现的动作； I’d like to have gone with you on your hike last weekend, but I was too busy. (2) 在wish, intend, mean, expect, pretend, plan, think等表示“打算”“ 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ”等含义的过去时动词后面,接to have done也表示动作没有实现。 I intended to have limited my research to waste water treatment, but I was asked to deal with other problems too. 2 n+to do+介词 I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at. 3 do but/except 结构中，but 前面有do的某种形式，but/except后接不带to的不定式。另外cannot help but也接不带to的不定式，属于特例。 4 had better, would rather/sooner…than…, rather…than, might as well之后必须接动词原形。 二 动名词考点 1 时态和语态 时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 Doing: I approved of his taking part in the project. Being done: After being interviewed for the job, you will be required to take a language test. 完成式 Having done: The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager. Having been done: She resents having been criticized by her boss yesterday. 2 转本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, imagine, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest, quit, enjoy, finish.(如考到后两词，那属于弱智题，这类弱智题曾在03p5345、46、51出现过)。 3 转本英语可能会出现的后接动名词的词组有：be(get)used to ; be accustomed to, be devoted to, be busy, cannot help, confess to, give up, have trouble(in), have difficulty(in ), it is no use/good, look forward to, object to, lead to, stick to, get down to, see to等。 Used to do VS be used to doing Be accustomed to, be used to, devote to, dedicate to, look forward to, lead to, contribute to, object to, stick to, get down to, see to.这里的to 都是介词，后面只能接动名词。 4 在need, want, require, deserve等动词以及形容词worth后，动名词主动形式表示被动意义。 Your hair wants cutting. 三 分词考点（本部分结合教材P28） 分词是非谓语动词部分最为重要的一个部分，分词包括present participle, past participle。分词也具有时态和语态的变化。 1 现在分词与过去分词的区别点： 语态 时态 现在分词 主动 进行（一些特例情况下并不必然表示进行）如：promising young man 过去分词 被动 完成 还要注意原则上语态服从时态，如retired general。 Seeing from the hill, you can see the whole city. Seeing from the hill, the city is beautiful. Heated to 100, water will boil. Heating to 100, water will boil 2有些过去分词已经转化为形容词，没有被动的概念和已经完成的概念，如a practiced man技术娴熟的人，well-behaved young man懂礼貌的年轻人，the cultivated people 有修养的人。尤其在做阅读理解时候注意及时能从相应的动词意义转变过来。同样道理，有些动词的现在分词也已转化为固定的形容词，主要是由表示人的情绪的动词变化而来，意思为“令人…”如：amusing, astonishing, boring, inspiring, promising, puzzling。这就要注意过去分词、现在分词转化来的形容词词义的差别： Boring, bored; interesting, interested; satisfying, satisfied; tiring, tired等。 3 现在分词的完成式、被动式 第一，表示一般性动作，不表明动作的先后或与谓语动作同时发生，用现在分词一般式。 第二， 现在分词所表示的动作先于句子谓语发生，要用完成式。（not）having done. 第三，现在分词的逻辑主语是现在分词动作的对象，要用被动式。（not）being done,(not)having been done. 例句研究： 1 Over fishing, coupled with destructive fishing practices, is killing off the fish and ruining their environment.(CET03\1听力)。顺便注意这里的主谓一致is. 过去分词转化的形容词短语作状语 2 They stated their considered judgement, painstaking arrived at after thorough inquiry and deliberation.(CET4,03,9) 过去分词做定语的典型例子。 四 独立主格结构 我们在前面讲到过去分词和现在分词短语作状语时候，它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和现在分词短语带有自己的主语，这个主语叫做逻辑主语，该逻辑主语一般由名词或代词充当，放在过去分词或现在分词短语之前，我们把这一结构称为独立主格结构。 独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。 She walked along the path, her daughter following close behind. All the work done, you can have a rest. Weather permitting, we’ll go to the Summer Palace. (一)独立主格结构特点： 1 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 2 名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语等是主谓关系 The day being fine, we decided to go swimming. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 3 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 They’ll send you the book for $10, postage included. （二）with/without 的复合结构作独立主语 一个独立主格结构前面可以加上with/without ，作伴随状语或定语。我们可以把它理解为with的独立主格结构。 1 The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 2 The children looked at us, with their eyes opening wide. 3 With night coming on, they went home. 4 The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard. 三 练习反馈 1 _________, there was nothing for it but to swim across. A The bridge having been destroyed B The bridge was destroyed C The bridge to be destroyed D The bridge has been destroyed 2 With more and more students_______ colleges, higher education seems to have become a primary concern in recent years. A attend B is attending C attending D are attending 第四讲 虚拟语气 虚拟语气考什么？ 考的是谓语动词形式。所有的虚拟语气考点都在谓语动词形式上。 一 If条件从句虚拟语气情况 时间 If从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 过去 Had done Would/should/could/might +have done 现在 Did/were Would/should/could/might +do 将来 Did/were to/should do Would/should/could/might +do 错综时间虚拟语气： If he had prepared very carefully yesterday, he could perform well now. 连词if 省略形成倒装。 If条件句中的连词if 可以省略，但该句就要使用倒装语序，即将were,had,should等置于主语前，形成倒装。 Had you informed her earlier, she wouldn’t have assigned the contract. Were she living happily, I would be very astonished. 二 用于某些动词的宾语从句中；以及由这些动词变来的分词、名词后的主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。其形式是（should）+动词原形。 表示愿望 Desire, prefer 表示建议 Advise, move, propose, suggest, recommend, 表示要求、请求 Insist, maintain, oblige, request, require, urge 表示决定 Decide, determine, resolve 其他 Arrange, deserve, intend, motion, promise . 1 宾语从句 He insisted that she be in the office at six. The doctor suggested that she (should)take a trip. 2 it is +过去分词的主语从句 It is required that the machine be tested. 3 表语从句、同位语从句 His suggestion is that we go out on a picnic. His suggestion that we go out on a picnic next Sunday is wonderful. 三 用于it is+ 某些形容词+主语从句 It is essential/urgent/necessary/important/advisable/natural/desired/vital/crutial/strange+that的从句中，谓语形式为（should）+原形动词。 It is necessary that the machine (should)be oiled every day. 四 用于it is （high/about）time+从句中 It is high time we went back to college. 五 用于would /had rather , would sooner 引起的从句中，其谓语从此用过去时，表示现在或将来；用had+done，表示过去的情况。 I would rather you didn’t tell him anything about it. 六 lest 引导的状语从句用虚拟语气。虚拟语气用于lest 或in case 引起的状语从句，其谓语动词形式为should +原形动词，should 一般不可省。 He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain. 七 without, but for, but that等引出的短语，表示含蓄的条件（就把它当作是一个条件句），其后结果句用虚拟语气。 练习反馈 1 It is required that anyone who has earned more than3,000 yuan each month_______ pay income taxes. A have to B has to C. will be given D is given 2 It is essential that every child ______ the same educational opportunities. A have B has C will be D is given 3 It’s high time you________. A start to work B would start to work C started to work D has started to work 4 I’d rather you_____ make any comment on the issue for the time being. A don’t B wouldn’t C didn’t D sholdn’t 5 ___________for your laziness, you could finished the assignment by now. A Had it not been B It were not C Weren’t it D Had it not been 第五讲 倒装与强调 一 倒装 1 当句首为here, there, up, down, away, now等副词，谓语动词为be, go, come等时，主谓要完全倒装，但主语若是人称代词，则主谓不用倒装。 Now comes your turn. Here he comes. 2 否定词或带有否定意义的短语位于句首时，要倒装，如hardly, never, rarely, seldom, not only…but also, at no time, no sooner…than，hardly…when等。 Little did he realize that he had made a serious mistake in the experiment. No sooner had he come into the room than the telephone rang. 3 only+状语位于句首时，要倒装。 Only in this way can we solve the problem. 4 在so/such…that结构中，so/such位于句首时，要倒装。 So clear was the statement that it couldn’t be misunderstood. 5 as 引导的让步状语从句可用倒装表示强调。 Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work. Child as he is, he can speak English fluently. 二 强调 强调句的基本句型：it is/was +被强调的句子成分+that/who(注意强调人的时候，可以用who)+句子的其他成分。被强调的成分可以是除了谓语之外的任何成分。 It was Doctor Smith that(who)gave us a lecture last week. It was last summer that my daughter learned to swim. It was in my bag that I found the book. 注意主谓一致：it is I that am to present the programme.