欧洲文化入门练习及参考复习资料

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyelementandelement.Greco-RomanJudeo-ChristianTheHomer'sepicsconsistedof.IliadandOdysseyisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”.Euripidesiscalled“FatherofHistory”.Herodotusisthegreatesthistorianthateverlived.ThucydidesThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto.27B.C.“Icame,Isaw,Iconqueredi.safamo”ussayingby.JuliusCaesarTherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyis.citizen-assembly.判断题Euclidsays“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworldArchimedeS'.(x)Herodotus'hsstoricalwritingisonthewarbetweenAnthensandSparta.(XGreeksandPersians名词解释：PaxRomana答：IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana“Democracy'icnieanntGreecethew答：1)Democracymeans“exerciseofpowerbythewholepeople',butinGreecebypeople'theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.Women,children,foreignersandslaveswereexcludedfromDemocracy.论述题：HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop?Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcentury.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.Theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAlexander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?答：TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhereRediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.SpiritofinnovationTheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.SupremeAchievementTheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.LastingeffectCountlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer'sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes'cosmedies,Plato'sDialogues,ect.Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics:Byron'sIslesofGreece,Shelley'HsellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats'sOdeonaGrecianUrn.C.Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoycemodernistmasterpieceUlysses.WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture?答：1)similarities:Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeitiestobereadilyidentified,andtheirmythstobefused.Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.differences:A.TheRomansbuiltupavastempire;theGreeksdidn'te,xceptforthebriefmomentofAlexander'sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.B.TheRomanswereconfidentintheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground?答：1)ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods:Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadbeenarepublic;fromtheyear27B.C.,OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsclimax,markedbylandarea'sextension:EncirclingtheMediterranean.Strongmilitarypower:thefamousRomanlegions.IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana.AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWestIn476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.第二章填空题：isbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.ChristianityTheHebrewshistorywasrecordedinoftheBible.theOldTestamentTheNewTestamentisabout.thedoctrineofJesusChristThestoryaboutGod'sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownas.Noah'sArk.TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedin.MatthewThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinnedinthecrosstodeathwasknownas.TheLastSupper.ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledby.JohnWycliff.名词解释:TheOldTestamentTheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testamentm”eans“agreementt”he,agreementbetweenGodandMan.PentateuchTheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis,Exodus,Leviticus,Numbers,Deuteronomy.GenesisGenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.ExodusExodusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod'sLaw.JoshuthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.TheBookofDanielTheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.论述简答题：WhatarethebeliefsofChristianity?答：Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible?答：1)TheoldestextantGreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.ThemostancientextantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeincommonpeople'slanItguabgeec.ametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.AfterJohnWycliff'sversion,appearedWilliamTynvdearlseion.Itwa'sbsasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.TheGreatBibleorderedbyHenryVfflin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale'swork.ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”or“KingJames”firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames.Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?答：1)ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.Miltion'sParadiseLost,Bunyan'sPilgrim'sProgress,Byron'sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway'sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck'EasstofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.第三章填空题：InaGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.476After1054,thechurchwasdividedintoand.theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch.istheonewhotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.St.JeromeintroducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.BotharethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish.ChaucerandTheCanterburyTalespavedthewayforthedevelopmentofwhatisthepresent-dayEuropeanculture.theMiddelAges名词解释theMiddleagesInEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific,fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.FeudalismFeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agTheManorThecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords.Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.CarolingianRenaissanceCarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne'snameinLatin,Carolus.ThemostinterestingfacetofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacleofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilatetherichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.GothicTheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand,insomeareas,intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.TheGothicwasanoutgrowthoftheRomanesque.论述简答题：WhyisthemiddleagesiscalledAgeofFaith？答：1)DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.TheChristianchurchcontinuedtogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.IntheLatemiddleages,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople'slives.Thatiswhythemiddleagesisalsocalledthe“AgeofWhatisthegreatsignificanceoftheCrusades?答：1)ThecrusadesbroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope.DuringthewarswhilemanyofthefeudallordswenttofightinPalestine,kingsathomefoundopportunitiestostrengthenthemselves.Thusamongotherthings,Crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism,which,inturnledtotheriseofthemonarchies.Besides,throughtheircontactwiththemoreculturedByzantinesandMoslems,thewesternEuropeanschangedmanyoftheiroldideas.Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals.TheCrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople'lesarinitnegreasntdininvention.Bythe13thcentury,universitieshadspreadalloverEurope.SuchknowledgeasArabicnumerals,algebra,andArabmedicinewereintroducedtotheWest.Astradeincreased,villageandtownsbegantogrowintocities.AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropepavedthewayofthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernments.HowdidlearningandsciencedevelopintheMiddleAges?答：1)CharlemagneandCarolingianRenaissance:Hewascrowned“EmperoroftheRomabnysthe”popein800.CarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne'nsameinLatin,Carolus.ThemostinterestingfacetofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacleofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilatetherichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.2)AlfredtheGreatandWessexCentreofLearning:A.HepromotedtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.B.HealsoinspiredthecompilationoftheAnglo-SaxonChronicles.St.ThomasAquinasandScholasticism:RogerBaconandExperimentalScience:A.RogerBacon,amonk,wasoneoftheearliestadvocatesofscientificresearch.B.Hecalledforcarefulobservationandexperimentation.HismainworkwastheOpusmaius.Howdidliteraturedevelopinthemiddleages?答：1)TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteenrninacvularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.2)DanteAlighieriandTheDivineComedy:A.Hismasterpiece,TheDivineComedy,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.B.ThepoemexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowedthespiritofRenaissance.DantewrotehismasterpieceinItalianratherthaninLatin.GeofferyChaucerandTheCanterburyTales:A.TheCanterburyTaleswerehismostpopularwork.B.MostofthetalesarewritteninversewhichreflectsChaucer'sinnovationbyintroducinativealliterativeversetheFrenchandItalianstyles.Chauceristhustobe,regardedasthefirstshortstorytellerandthefirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature.ChaucerandtheCanterburyTaleswererepresentativeoftheMiddleages.WhatisthedifferencebetweenthevernacularlanguageusedintheNationalepicsandthevernacularlanguageusedbyMarktwain?答：1)TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguathgaetsis,thelanguages—ofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.2)ThevernacularlanguageusedbyMarktwainreferstobothlocalandcolloqlanguageusedintheMississippiarea,withastrongcharacteristicofthatregion.Marktwainusedvernacularlanguagenotonlyindialogue,butalsoinnarration.HisrepresentativeworksLifeontheMississippi.WhatwerethepowerandinfluenceoftheRomanCatholicchurchintheMedievaltimes?WithahighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganizationfromprieststoPope,theRomanCatholicChurchseemedtobetheonlyunityacrossthewesternEuropeoftheMedievaltimes.ItdevelopedacivilizationbasedonChristianityandhelpedtopreserveandpassontheheritageoftheclassicalculturesbytheofficiallanguageofLatin.withthePopeasthesupremeheadofalltheChristianChurchesofthewesternEurope,theCatholic(meaninguniversal)churchreceivedheavytaxesfromlaypeopleandvarioussupportsfromnoblesandkings.Churchcouldremoveanyopponentspoliticalrightsorevenemperors,withthepowerfulsymboloftheInquisition,theChurchcourttopunishheresy.3)TheMedievalChurchwasthecenteroftheEuropeans'dailylifeandalmosteveryonebecameamemberoftheChurch.PeopleturnedtotheChurchforcomfortandspiritualguidance;theChurchalsowasthecenterofholycommunion,recreation,tradeandcommunalactivity.Clergythenwastheonlyliterateclass,sokingsandnoblesusedthemtoimplementimportantseculargovernmentalduties..ForTheChurchtooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningthroughoutthe“AgeofFaithexample,RomanesqueandGothicartswerepredominantlyreligious;inlearning,itinfluencedgreatlythewesternthinkingwiththemonks'workoncopyingandtranslatingancientbooks,theChurchFathersil'osopphhy,Monasticism,ScholasticismandExperimentalscience.originallyforregainingtheholycityofJerusalem,theChurchlaunched200-yearCrusades,whichhelpedtobreaddownfeudalismandenhancedtheculturalcontactbetweentheWestandtheEast.第四章填空题：Renaissancestartedinandwiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.FlorenceandVenice.InRenaissanceliteratureofItaly,wastherepresentativepoet.PetrarchAttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertionof.thegreatnessofman.Theideaofthegreatnessofmanisreflectedinliterature.ShakespeareThenationalreligionestablishedafterreformationinEnglandwascalled.ThechurchofEnglandorTheAnglicanChurch.ItwasunderthereignofthatreformationwassuccessfulinEngland.HenryW.MontaignewasaFrenchhumanistknownforhis.“Essais”(Essays).TherepresentativenovelistofRenaissanceinSpainwaswithhisfamouswork,whichmarkedEuropeancultureentryintoanewstage.CervantesDonQuixoteTheVenusofUrbinoisworks.TitiantranslatedthewholeBiblewiththevernacularlanguage.MartinLuther名词解释:RenaissanceGenerallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.Theword“Renaissancem”eansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.ReformationTheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberghis95thesis.ThismovementwhichsweptoverthewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.ThereformistsengagedthemselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.Counter-ReformationBylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle.Theymusteredtheirforces,thededicatedCatholicgroups,toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements,tobringbackitsvitality.ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.论述简答题：WhataretheGeographicalDiscoveriesintheRenaissance?答：TheRenaissancewasthegoldenageofgeographicaldiscoveries:bytheyearof1600thesurfaceoftheknownearthwasdoubled.Columbus:ColumbusdiscoveredthelandofAmerica.OnhisfourthvoyageheexploredthecoastofCentralAmerica.Dias:DiaswasaPortuguesenavigatorwhodiscoveredtheCapeofGoodHopein1487.DaGama:GamawasaPortuguesenavigator,whodiscoveredtheroutetoIndiaroundtheCapeofGoodHopebetweentheyearsof1497and1498.Amerig：AmerigowastheItaliannavigatoronwhosehonourAmericawasnamed.HisdiscoveredandexploredthemouthoftheAmazonandacceptedSouthAmericaasanewcontinent.Whatpositiveinfluencedoesthereformationexertonworldculture?答:1)TheRomanCatholicChurchwasnevertheinternationalcourttowhichallrulersandstatesweretobemorallyresponsiblefor.Economically,peasantsalloverEuropehadnoneedtopayagoodamountoftheirgainstothePope.Ineducationalandculturalmatters,themonopolyofthechurchwasbroken.Inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallengetheabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewaytothenationallanguagesasaresultofvarioustranslationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.Inspirit,absoluteobediencebecameout-modedandthespiritofquest,debate,wasusheredinbythereformists.WhatcontributiondidtheRenaissancemaketotheworldculture?答:1、TheRenaissaneecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleunderthemedievalChurch'sdispensation.2、TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.第五章填空题：Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsin.the17thcenturyformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton'sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation.Kepler'sLaws“Knowledgeispower.B”y.FrancisBaconSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.By.FrancisBaconLeviathaniswrittenby.TomasHobbesTheEnglishRevolutionisalsocalled.BourgeoisieRevolution.In,theBillofRightswasenactedbytheEnglishParliament.1689TherearetwoleadersintheEnglishRevolution.wasthemanofactionandthemanofthought.Cromwell,Milton.ThebestrepresentativeofFrenchneoclassicismis.MoRee名词解释：thelawsofgravitation:thesun,themoon,theearth,theplanets,andalltheotherbodiesintheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce,whichiscallgravitation.ClassicismClassicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.ButFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival.Itintendedtoproducealiterature,Frenchtothecore,whichwasworthyofGreekandclassicalideals.ThisneoclassicismreacheditsclimaxinFranceinthe17thcentury.BaroqueArtBaroqueArt,flourishedfirstinItaly,andthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,FranceinsouthEuropeandtoFlanderandtheNetherlandsintheNorth.Itwascharacterizedbydramaticintensityandsentimentalappealwithalotofemphasisonlightandcolour.论述简答Whydowesaythe17thcenturyisatransitionalperiodfrommiddleagestothemoderntimes?答：1)Thisadvancebeganinscience,inastronomy,physicsandpuremathematics,owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes.Theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen'splaceintheuniverse.Thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtothepoliticalstrugglewagedbythenewlyemergedclass,thebourgeoisie,andotherchasses.Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.WhatarethemeritssharedbytheGreatScientistsof17thcentu？ry答：Duringthe17thcentury,themodernScientificmethodbegantotakeshape.Itemphasizedobservationandexperimentationbeforeformulatingafinalexplanationorgeneralization.Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newtonandotherscientistsoftheti