简明Python教程(重新排版打印版)

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H. ??: :shiiuen 1 ? 3\WKRQ 1. ?? ·········································· 2 1.1 ····················3 1.2 ·······································3 1.2.1 ···········································3 1.2.2 ····························4 1.3 Python ·························4 1.4 ···········································5 2. ·································· 5 2.1 ····························6 2.2 ······················································6 2.3 ···············································6 2.4 ···················································7 2.5 ····································7 2.6 ···········································8 2.7 ···················································8 2.8 ??????? ································9 2.9 ?? ················································· 11 3. ···················· 11 3.1 ?? ················································· 11 3.2 ??? ············································· 11 3.3 ·································· 13 3.3.1 ·································· 14 3.3.2 ·································· 14 3.4 ············································· 14 4. ···································· 15 4.1 ?? ················································· 15 4.2 if ·············································· 15 4.2.1 ?? if ······························· 15 4.2.2 ······························ 16 4.3 while ········································ 17 4.3.1 ?? while ························· 17 4.3.2 ······························ 18 4.4 for ············································ 18 4.4.1 ?? for ····························· 18 4.4.2 ······························ 19 4.5 break ········································ 19 4.5.1 ?? break ························· 19 4.5.2 ····························· 20 4.6 continue ··································· 20 4.6.1 ?? continue ···················· 20 4.6.2 ····························· 21 5. ······································· 21 5.1 ?? ················································ 21 5.1.1 ································· 21 5.1.2 ····························· 22 5.2 ········································· 22 5.2.1 ·························· 22 5.2.2 ····························· 23 5.3 ········································· 23 5.3.1 ·························· 23 5.3.2 ····························· 23 5.3.3 ?? global ························ 24 5.4 ····································· 24 5.4.1 ······················ 25 5.4.2 ····························· 25 5.5 ········································· 25 5.5.1 ·························· 26 5.5.2 ····························· 26 5.6 return ······································· 26 5.6.1 ·········· 26 5.6.2 ····························· 27 5.7 DocStrings ······································· 27 5.7.1 ?? DocStrings ························ 27 5.7.2 ····························· 28 6. ······································· 28 6.1 ?? ················································ 28 6.1.1 ?? sys ···························· 29 6.2 .pyc ······················· 30 6.3 from..import ····························· 30 6.4 __name__ ····························· 30 6.4.1 __name__ ·············· 30 6.5 ·························· 31 6.5.1 ·················· 31 6.5.2 from..import ····························· 32 6.6 dir() ·········································· 32 6.6.1 ?? dir ····························· 32 Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 2 7. ································ 34 7.1 ?? ················································· 34 7.2 ················································· 34 7.2.1 ··············· 34 7.2.2 ·································· 34 7.3 ················································· 36 7.3.1 ·································· 36 7.3.2 ······················ 37 7.4 ················································· 38 7.4.1 ·································· 38 7.5 ················································· 40 7.5.1 ·································· 40 7.6 ················································· 42 7.6.1 ······························ 42 7.7 ·························· 43 7.7.1 ·························· 43 8. ?? Python ····················· 44 8.1 ? 乬 ················································· 44 8.2 ········································· 45 8.2.1 ····································· 45 8.2.2 ····································· 47 8.2.3 ····································· 49 8.2.4 ····································· 50 8.2.5 ······························ 52 8.3 ·································· 53 9. ···················· 53 9.1 ?? ················································· 53 9.2 self ··················································· 54 9.3 ? ···················································· 54 9.3.1 ······························ 54 9.4 ····································· 55 9.4.1 ······················ 55 9.5 __init__ ···································· 55 9.5.1 ?? __init__ ····················· 55 9.6 ······························ 56 9.6.1 ··············· 57 9.7 ················································· 59 9.7.1 ································· 60 10. / ······························· 62 10.1 ················································ 62 10.1.1 ································· 62 10.2 ············································· 63 10.2.1 ·························· 63 11. ······································· 64 11.1 ?? ················································ 65 11.2 try..except ········································ 65 11.2.1 ································· 65 11.3 ········································· 66 11.3.1 ·························· 66 11.4 try..finally ········································ 68 11.4.1 ?? finally ······························· 68 12. Python ························· 69 12.1 ?? ················································ 69 12.2 sys ············································ 69 12.2.1 ····························· 69 12.2.2 sys ························· 71 12.3 os ············································· 71 13. Python ················· 72 13.1 ····································· 72 13.2 ········································· 72 13.3 ········································· 73 13.3.1 ·························· 73 13.4 ·············· 73 13.5 lambda ····································· 74 13.5.1 ····························· 74 13.6 exec eval ······························· 75 13.7 assert ········································ 75 13.8 repr ·········································· 75 14. ················ 75 14.1 ········································· 76 14.1.1 GUI ·························· 77 1. ? ? Python ā Hello World ā Python Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 3 Python 1.1 ? shell python print 'Hello World' Enter Hello World ? Windows PA TH IDLE IDLE -> ->Python 2.3->IDLE(Python GUI) ? Linux IDLE ? >>> Python ? 1.1 Python KHOORZRUOG !!!Python Python print Hello World Python Linux/BSD shell Ctrl-d Windows Ctrl-z Enter ? 1.2 Hello World ā Hello World ā Hello World ā?? Hello World Simon Cozens[1] ā helloworld.py ? ? 1.2 SULQW+HOOR:RUOG shell ? Linux DOS python helloworld.py ? IDLE Edit->Run Script Ctrl-F5 1.2.1 +HOOR:RUOG Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 4 Python Python ?? print ? Print p P ? 1.2.2 ?? # Python ??? #! Linux/Unix python helloworld.py ??? Python ā Hello World ā? print ?ā Hello World ā 1.3 Python Linux/Unix ?? Windows chmod ?? +HOOR:RUOG chmod ./ helloworld ? ./helloworld ? ??? PA TH PATH PA TH Q Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 5 +HOOR:RUOG echo PATH $ shell /home/swaroop/bin PA TH swaroop ? ? ? ? ? ? ? г ? ? ? ? ? ? PATH ? Ё ü ü ? ? ? ? ? ? PATH=$PATH:/home/swaroop/mydir /home/swaroop/mydir PA TH cd Linux DOS 1.4 ? Python help help(str) str str T Python help() help print PYTHONDOCS Linux/Unix env 3\WKRQ2FW print Python print Fedora Core 3 Linux 2. Hello World Python Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 6 2.1 5 ? 1.23 ? 9.25e-3 'This is a string' ? "It's a string!" 2 2.2 Python 4 z 2 zz 3.23 52.3E-4 E 10 52.3E-4 ?? 52.3 * 10-4 ? z (-5+4j) (2.3-4.6j) 2.3 Python Python z ' ? 'Quote me on this' z " ? "What's your name?" ? z ''' """ ? z ? Н? ' ? What's your name? 'What's your name?' Python? Н? \' 'What\'s your name?' ?"What's your name?" Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 7 ㄝ ?? "This is the first sentence. This is the second sentence." z r R r"Newlines are indicated by \n" ? z Unicode UnicodeUnicode Python Unicode u U ? u"This is a Unicode string." ? Unicode zz Python 'What\'s' 'your name?' "What's your name?" ? U?? 2.4 ? 2.5 z t _ ??? Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 8 z t _ ? 0-9 z myname myName n N ? z i ? __my_name ? name_23 a1b2_c3 ? z 2things ? this is spaced out my-name ? 2.62.7 ??? Python ?? ā ā? 3\WKRQ 3\WKRQ 3\WKRQ 3\WKRQ ,'/( ? 2.1 L L L Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 9 = 5 i ???? i 5 print ? i i 1 i 6 ? s ? &&???? 2.8 ? ?????? ?? ?? Python ?? Python ??? ?? ? ? print 'Hello World' Python ; ???/ L Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 10 L L SULQWLL SULQWL? Python ? 7KLVFRQWLQXHVWKHVWULQJ L Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 11 2.9 ? ?Python ? ? ? 乏 L Python 3.3.1 ?? 2 + 3 3.2 ??? Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 12 2 + 3 Python !!!!!! !!! ? 3.1 ??? [ ? [ ?? \ ? !!_Aa a [ \??????? 7UXH )DOVH )DOVH?? 7UXH? ? 7UXH? ! [ \ ! 7UXH????? )DOVH? [ \ 7UXH? Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 13 ! [ \ 7UXH? [ \ [ 7UXH?[ \ [ 7UXH? 7UXH? QRW [ ? 7UXH?? )DOVH?[ ? )DOVH?? 7UXH? )DOVH? DQG [ ? )DOVH? [ )DOVH?? )DOVH????3\WKRQ ???? \????????? )DOVH??[ )DOVH???? RU [ 7UXH?? 7UXH? 7UXH? 3.3 ? 2 + 3 * 4Python ?? Python Python 2 + (3 * 4) 2 + 3 * 4 2 + (3 + 4) ?? ? 3.2 Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 14 + - 3.3.1 ? (2 + 3) * 4 3.3.2 2 + 3 + 4 (2 + 3) + 4 a = b = c a = (b = c) ? 3.4 ? 3.1 EUHDGWK SULQW$UHDLVDUHD SULQW3HULPHWHULVOHQJWKEUHDGWK 3HULPHWHULV length * breadth area Ё ?? print 2 * (length + breadth) Python 'Area is' area Python ぎ ?? 乬? Python ??? /DPEGD RUDQG QRW[ LQ?QRWLQLV?LVQRW _A Ь ????? a[ [DWWULEXWH [>LQGH[@ [>LQGH[LQGH[@IDUJXPHQWV^NH\GDWXP` Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 15 4.4.1 ?? Python ? Python if ? for while ? 4.2 if if if- ?? ??? else- ?? else 4.2.1 ?? if ? 4.1 ?? if LIJXHVV QXPEHUHOLIJXHVVQXPEHU HOVH SULQW'RQH H[HFXWHG DIWHU WKHLIVWDWHPHQWLV H[HFXWHG (QWHUDQLQWHJHU 'RQH Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 16 (QWHUDQLQWHJHU 'RQH (QWHUDQLQWHJHU &RQJUDWXODWLRQV\RXJXHVVHGLW 'RQH 4.2.2 number ?? 23 raw_input() raw_input raw_input int guess Ё? int ? Python Python if Python elif if else-if else if-elif-else elif else ? if if if ??? elif else if Python if elif else ifprint 'Done' Python Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 17 C/C++ ā ?? ā? ? &&???? 3\WKRQ VZLWFK 4.3 while ? while while while else 4.3.1 ?? while ? 3.2 ?? while HOVH SULQW'RQH (QWHUDQLQWHJHU Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 18 (QWHUDQLQWHJHU(QWHUDQLQWHJHU &RQJUDWXODWLRQV\RXJXHVVHGLW 'RQH 4.3.2 while ??? raw_input if while while running True running True while- running while- else- while False else while else while True False 1 0 1 ? else while while ? &&????ZKLOH HOVH 4.4 for for..in4.4.1 ?? for ? 3.3 ?? for Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 19 HOVH 4.4.2 range range range(1,5) [1, 2, 3, 4] range ???? 1 range range(1,5,2) [1,3] ???? range for for i in range(1,5) ㄝ ?? for i in [1, 2, 3, 4] i i i ??? else else for break ??? for..in range ? 3\WKRQ ? IRU &&? IRU 3\WKRQ ? IRU & Ё? IRUHDFK -DYD Ё? && Ё ??? 3\WKRQ?? IRU L LQ UDQJH?????3\WKRQ ? IRU 4.5 break break ?? False for while ?? else 4.5.1 ?? break ? 3.4 ?? break Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 20 ZKLOH7UXH SULQW'RQH 'RQH 4.5.2 'quit' ??? ?? len ??? break for 4.6 continue continue Python ?? 4.6.1 ?? continue ? 3.5 ?? continue Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 21 ZKLOH7UXH (QWHUVRPHWKLQJD(QWHUVRPHWKLQJ(QWHUVRPHWKLQJDEF ,QSXWLVRIVXIILFLHQWOHQJWK 4.6.2 3 len 3 continue continue for 5.5.1 ?? ?? len range ? def def 5.1.1 ? 5.1 Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 22 +HOOR:RUOG 5.1.2 sayHello 5.2 ? 5.2.1 ? 5.2 SULQW0D[GLUHFWO\JLYHOLWHUDOYDOXHV [ \ Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 23 5.2.2??? printMax a b ? if..else printMax printMax(x, y) x a y b printMax 5.3 ?? ? 5.3.1 ? 5.3 GHIIXQF[ [ IXQF[[LV [LVVWLOO 5.3.2 x ? Python 2 ?? x ? x x x Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 24 print x 5.3.3 ? ? global Python ?? global global ?? global ? 5.4 ?? global GHIIXQF [ IXQF[LV &KDQJHGJOREDO[WR 9DOXHRI[LV 5.3.3.1 global x x Ё ?? x global global x, y, z ? 5.4 ?? = Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 25 5.4.1 ? ? 5.5 GHIVD\PHVVDJHWLPHV VD\+HOOR VD\:RUOG +HOOR :RUOG:RUOG:RUOG:RUOG:RUOG 5.4.2 say times 1 say say 5 ? 5 ?? IXQFD E ??? GHIIXQFD E?? 5.5 ? Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 26 5.5.1 ? ? 5.6 IXQF 5.5.2 func func(3, 7) a 3 b 7 c 10 ? func(25, c=24) a 25 c 24 b 5 ? func(c=50, a=100) a c a c 5.6 return return ? 5.6.1 ? 5.7 GHIPD[LPXP[\ Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 27 5.6.2 maximum if..else return return None ? None Python None return return None print someFunction() ?? someFunction return GHIVRPH)XQFWLRQ pass Python 5.7 DocStrings Python docstrings ? DocStrings ???5.7.1 ?? DocStrings ? 5.8 ?? DocStrings Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 28 SULQW0D[ SULQWSULQW0D[BBGRFBB 5.7.2 DocStrings __doc__ printMax ???? Python ????? Python Ё ??? help() ? DocStings ????? __doc__ help(printMax) ??? q help ? Python pydoc help() DocStrings ? 6.6.1 ?? .py Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 29 Python 6.1.1 ? ? sys ? 6.1 ?? sys SULQW7KHFRPPDQGOLQHDUJXPHQWVDUH 7KHFRPPDQGOLQHDUJXPHQWVDUH XVLQJBV\VS\ ZHDUH DUJXPHQWV 6.1.1.1 import sys Python sys Python Python import sys sys.path sys.py ?? ? ??? ā sys system Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 30 sys argv sys.argv argv sys sys.argv sys.argv ? IDE ??? python using_sys.py we are arguments python using_sys.py Python sys.argv ??? sys.argv 'using_sys.py' sys.argv[0] ? 'we' sys.argv[1] ? 'are' sys.argv[2] 'arguments' sys.argv[3] Python ? 0 1 sys.path sys.path sys.path PYTHONPA TH sys.path 6.2 ???? .pyc Python .pyc Python Python .pyc .pyc 6.3 from..importargv sys. ?? from sys import argv sys from sys import * from..import ??? import 6.4 __name__ ?? __name__ 6.4.1 __name__ ? 6.2 __name__ Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 31 HOVH !!!LPSRUWXVLQJBQDPH ,DPEHLQJLPSRUWHGIURPDQRWKHUPRGXOH !!! 6.4.1.1 ?? Python __name__ '__main__' 6.5 Python .py 6.5.1 ? 6.3 GHIVD\KL YHUVLRQ Python Python sys.path Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 32 P\PRGXOHVD\KL 9HUVLRQ 6.5.1.1 Python Python 6.5.2 from..import from..import IURPP\PRGXOHLPSRUWVD\KLYHUVLRQ mymodule_demo2.py mymodule_demo.py 6.6 dir() dir dir() 6.6.1 ?? dir ? 6.4 ?? dir !!!LPSRUWV\V Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 33 >BBEXLOWLQVBBBBGRFBBBBQDPHBBV\V@ !!! >BBEXLOWLQVBBBBGRFBBBBQDPHBBDV\V@ !!!!!! >BBEXLOWLQVBBBBGRFBBBBQDPHBBV\V@ !!! 6.6.1.1 sys dir dir dir a dir del / dir del / del a a Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 34 7.7.1 ?? ? Python 7.2list Python Python 7.2.1 i 5 int i help(int) Python ? list append mylist.append('an item') mylist/ mylist.field ? 7.2.2 ? 7.1 VKRSOLVW >DSSOHPDQJRFDUURWEDQDQD@ Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 35 IRULWHPLQVKRSOLVW SULQW0\VKRSSLQJOLVWLVQRZVKRSOLVWSULQW6RUWHGVKRSSLQJOLVWLVVKRSOLVWSULQW0\VKRSSLQJOLVWLVQRZVKRSOLVW ,DOVRKDYHWREX\ULFH ,ERXJKWWKHDSSOH 7.2.2.1 shoplist shoplist for..inprint print Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 36 append print sort ? del del del shoplist[0] ???? 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H. ??: :shiiuen 40 / Guido del / del items / for..in name address for in / dict ?? has_key help(dict) dict / ?? 7.57.5.1 ? 7.5 VKRSOLVW >DSSOHPDQJRFDUURWEDQDQD@ SULQW,WHPLVVKRSOLVW>@SULQW,WHPLVVKRSOLVW>@SULQW,WHPLVVKRSOLVW>@SULQW,WHPLVVKRSOLVW>@ SULQW,WHPLVVKRSOLVW>@SULQW,WHPLVVKRSOLVW>@ SULQW,WHPWRLVVKRSOLVW>@SULQW,WHPWRHQGLVVKRSOLVW>@SULQW,WHPWRLVVKRSOLVW>@ Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 41 SULQWFKDUDFWHUVWRHQGLVQDPH>@ SULQWFKDUDFWHUVVWDUWWRHQGLVQDPH>@ ,WHPVWDUWWRHQGLV>DSSOHPDQJRFDUURWEDQDQD@ FKDUDFWHUVVWDUWWRHQGLVVZDURRS 7.5.1.1 Python ??? Python ? 0 shoplist[0] shoplist[3] shoplist shoplist[-1] ?? shoplist[-2] Python Python Swaroop, C. H. ??: :shiiuen 42 ? ??? shoplist[1:3] 1 2 3 shoplist[:] shoplist[:-1] ?? Python 7.6 ? 7.6.1 ? 7.6 SULQW6LPSOH$VVLJQPHQW VKRSOLVW >DSSOHPDQJRFDUURWEDQDQD@ SULQWVKRSOLVWLVVKRSOLVWSULQWVKRSOLVWLVVKRSOLVW Swaroop, C. 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