考研英语翻译复习

考研翻译的程序 考研翻译的程序 1.​ 划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。 2.​ 缕关系，定词义，按意群翻译。 3.​ 按逻辑调整语序（意群内部的语序），写中文表达。 4.​ 重组合，删多余，核对和检查。 定语从句的翻译 定语从句就是起定语作用的从句。代词主要有which，that，who，where等等 定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类 在翻译时，限定性定语从句就是把定语前置；非限定性定语从句通常要独立成句。 定语从句表示原因，结果，转折等状语关系意思，翻译时要把这种关系表达出来。 定语从句的译法有三种：前置定语，独立成句，译成状语从句。 定语从句在翻译时由于信息量复杂，通常把定语从句从原句中解放出来，译成具有表达能力的独立叙述结构。 1、​ 定语从句的前置 1995年 1.​ All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades research productive, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. 2.​ 划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。 validated，depends， interpreted. 3.​ 缕关系，定词义，按意群翻译。 第一个意群How well the predictions will be validated by later performance 第二个意群depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used 第三个意群and on the skill and wisdom 第四个意群with which it is interpreted. 3. 按逻辑调整语序（意群内部的语序），写中文表达。 第一个意群predictions 预测，validated 证实，performance 表现，how well多大程度 译文：这些预测将在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实。 第二个意群amount 数量，reliability可靠性，appropriateness适合性，appropriate v 拨款，the information used翻译时将定语前置，所用的信息。 “名词 of 名词”结构的译法：后面的名词整个作为前面名词的定语 如 city of Beijing 北京市 depends upon 取决于 译文：取决于所用信息的数量，可靠性以及适合性。 第三个意群 也取决于技巧和智慧。 第四个意群 it指代information 此句还原为It is interpreted with the skill and wisdom with 用于 第三个意群和第四个意群的译文：用来解释信息的技巧和智慧 4.重组合，删多余，核对和检查。 全句的译文：这些预测将在多大程度上会被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所用信息的数量，可靠性以及适合性以及用来解释信息的技巧和智慧。 2002年 It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self － governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning "values." Who will use a technology and to what ends? 1. 划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。动词 are ，are， held ，given 2.​ 缕关系，定词义，按意群翻译。 第一个意群They are the possessions of the autonomous (self － governing) man of traditional theory, 第二个意群and they are essential to practices 第三个意群in which a person is held responsible for his conduct 第四个意群and given credit for his achievements. 指代问题 they指代Freedom and dignity 自由和尊严 3.​ 按逻辑调整语序（意群内部的语序），写中文表达。 第一个意群possess 拥有，占有 possession拥有物，possessions财富 possessive 支配权，控制权 self － governing自我管理 autonomous region 自治区 traditional theory 传统理论 译文：自由和尊严是传统理论所认为的自主人的财富 第二个意群essential 必不可少practices做法 第三个意群hold responsible for：对。。。负责 第四个意群 credit 信任；信用；声望，名誉；赞扬，赞赏 achievements成绩 4.​ 重组合，删多余，核对和检查。 译文：自由和尊严是传统理论所认为的自主人的财富，他们对于那种要求人对他的行为负责并且根据他的成绩给予赞扬的做法来说是必不可少的。 1999年 Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the "technicist fallacy." Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. 75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. It指fallacy谬误、错误 划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。动词applies，view，equate apply to适用于，适合于traditional historians传统的历史学家view sth，as sth把。。。视为。。。external 外部的 internal 内部的 criticism：中性词the action of giving you option about sb. or sth。评论，评价 sources史料 第一意群：这种谬误同样适用于那些把历史仅仅视为是对史料来源的内部外部评论的传统历史学家们。 用中文来看错误不能用适用于来表示，将apply to译为存在于 social science historians社会历史学家 equate：把。。。与。。。相等同equation方程式，等式techniques技术，技巧 第二意群：这种谬误同样存在于那些把他们的活动等同于具体技巧研究的社会历史学家们。 1996年 Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 动词began，came to，wants，foreseen 此句翻译参见（1994年阅读passage 4 第三段第二句The researchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, which are cancer-causing genes, are inactive in normal cells. 动词：made，discovered，are，are 译文：研究者在20世纪70年代早期取得了很大的进步，当时他们发现了癌基因是在正常细胞中没有活性的，癌基因是能导致癌症的基因。） 第一意群：This trend began during the Second World War,这一趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间，during 必须翻译成期间，否则扣分 第二意群：when several governments came to the conclusion当时，一些国家的政府得出这样的结论： establishment 建立，建造；机构scientific establishment科学机构 scientific and research establishment科研机构foreseen预见generally一般来说in detail详细 在句中起副词作用 句中有generally，surprisingly，ironically等词，通常把他们作为一个单独成分提到句子前面去翻译，因为他们修饰的一般是整个句子。 从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.中间插入that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment作specific demands的定语 全文翻译：这一趋势开始于第二次世界大战期间，当时，一些国家的政府得出这样的结论：一个政府对于其科学机构所能做出的具体要求，一般来说是不可能被详细预见的。 几点关于定语从句前置的总结 1.​ 定语从句前置的条件：如果定语从句结构简单，意思清楚，信息负载量较小，则一般把它处理为前置定语放到先行词前面。 2.​ 判断定语从句是否前置，还看定语从句和先行词之间的关系是否密切。 3.​ 定语从句前置时的翻译技巧：a 分拆法 b 增词法 c 词类转译法 2、​ 定语从句独立成句 1994年 According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 72) "In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions." 动词：contends，was， expanded 可分为六个意群 第一意群："In short",简而言之 第二意群：a leader of the new school contends, leader 领导人，领袖 note: 确定一个词的词义一定要看它的搭配 school n 学校，学院，学习，授课，求学，全体学生，学派，一群（鱼） vt 锻炼，教育 a school of fish一群（鱼） 此处school是学派的意思 contend 斗争，竞争，主张，争辩，讨论，坚持认为 此处是坚持认为的意思 译文：一个新学派的领袖坚持认为 第三意群：the scientific revolution科学革命 the scientific and technologic revolution科技革命 第四意群：as we call it,我们所谓的（科学革命） as we name it我们所谓的 第五意群：was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments improvement n 改进，进步，改良invention 发明use n 使用 a series of 一系列largely很大程度上 译文：很大程度上是一系列工具的改良、发明和使用 第六意群：that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."此句是定语从句，其先行词是the improvement and invention and use reach v 到达，达到，伸出，影响 n 影响范围，势力范围，延伸，区域，河段 one reach 手能触及的范围内 within your reach在你力所能及的范围内 beyond your reach 超出能力范围之外 reach of science科学的影响范围 innumerable adj 数不清的，无数的 uncountable无数的 countless无数的 directions方面 extend是种线性拓展 和expanded是种面性拓展 状语翻译成中文时，要么放到整个句子的前面，要么放到谓语动词的前面 译文：它在无数方面拓展了科学影响的范围 全文翻译：一个新学派的领袖坚持认为“简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命在很大程度上是一系列工具的改良、发明和使用，正是这些改良、发明和使用在无数方面拓展了科学影响的范围” 2001 年 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 动词：be， disable，offend 可分为四个意群 第一个意群：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, 第二个意群：and cars with pollution monitors 第三个意群：that will disable them 第四个意群：when they offend. 第一个意群：robots机器人 host主持 television chat shows电视谈话节目talk show 脱口秀 There will be将来会出现 译文：将来会出现机器人主持的电视访谈节目 第二个意群：monitors监控器，监听器，监视器 ；班长pollution monitors 污染监测器，污染监控装置 有实际含义的介词一般翻译成实体动词 with 装有 译文：而且还会出现装有污染监控装置的汽车 第三个意群：them指代cars，disable使某人残废 to deliberately make a machine or a piece of equipment impossible to use. 译文：使汽车不能运行。 第四个意群：offend触怒，冒犯they指代pollution 全文翻译：将来会出现机器人主持的电视访谈节目，而且还会出现装有污染监控装置的汽车，当汽车排污超标时，这种监控器就会使汽车无法行驶。 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 动词：pieced together， gives，can expect 第一个意群：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world 第二个意群：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 第三个意群：that gives the latest dates 第四个意群：when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 第一个意群：around the world世界各地 Around the world in 80 days Pearson皮尔森 pieced together 汇集 the work 工作成果 译文：皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百个研究人员的工作成果 第二个意群：millennium n 千僖年 在这个句子中翻译成千年 millennium technology calendar 千年技术日历 unique a 独一无二的，唯一的 注意：根据上下文确定词义，此处produce译为编制，编订。因为在中文中日历是被编订的，而不是生产 译文：编订一个千年技术日历 第三个意群：that指代calendar 第四个意群：key 重要的，关键的 breakthroughs突围，突破 全文翻译：皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百个研究人员的工作成果来编制一个千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们能够看到的数百个关键性突破和发现发生的最近日期 Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. "By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck," he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: "It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century." That指代breakthrough 动词points out，is，be，lead to 可分为五个意群： 第一个意群：But that, 第二个意群：Pearson points out, 第三个意群：is only the start of man-machine integration: 第四个意群：It will be the beginning of the long process of integration 第五个意群：that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century." 第一个意群：译文：但是这种突破 第二个意群：译文：皮尔森指出 第三个意群：integration ：the combination of two or more things so that they become a united one整合，一体化 the integration between western and eastern culture:中西方文化一体化 man-machine integration 人机一体化 译文：仅仅是人机一体化的开端 第四个意群：long 漫长的 process 进程 译文：这个突破将会是漫长的人机一体化进程的开始。 第五个意群：electronic human电子人fully完全地lead to导致before the end of the next century.在下世纪末之前 译文：这个一体化进程将最终在下世纪末之前导致一个完全的电子人的诞生。 全文翻译：皮尔森指出，但是这种突破仅仅是人机一体化的开端，这个突破将会是漫长的人机一体化进程的开始，这个一体化进程将最终在下世纪末之前导致一个完全的电子人的诞生。 几点关于定语从句独立成句的总结 1.​ 当定语从句结构复杂，信息负载量大，放到先行词前会造成句子臃肿、妨碍理解的时候，则将其单独分拆成句。 2.​ 定语从句中，关系副词前的介词，通常被译为动词。 3.​ 使用技巧：重组法，增词法，分拆法。 4.​ 独立成句时，如果先行词是定语从句的主句，则必须重复先行词，或者使用代词。 3、​ 定语从句转译为状语从句 1997年 Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. 71)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 动词：is，assumes，is 第一个意群：Actually， it isn't 第二个意群：because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, 第三个意群：which is something the world does not have. 第一个意群：事实并非如此 第二个意群：assumes假设 human rights人权 accountant会计师 on a account of something由于 account 账户，描述，解释 agreed 前置的形容词 公认的agree on对某件事情达成共识 译文：因为它假设有一个对人权的公认的解释 第三个意群：which修饰account 翻译中要出现“然而”，表示转折，否则，这一句没有分 译文：然而，世界上并没有此物。 全文翻译：事实并非如此，因为它假设有一个对人权的公认的解释，然而，世界上并没有此物。 下面给出两个例句： 1.The thief who was about to escape was caught by the police, 按照定语从句的思维翻译：一个即将逃跑的贼被警察抓住了。但此句强调的是about to 正确的译法：小偷正要逃跑时被被警察抓住了 2.they turn a deaf ear to our demands which enraged all of us. turn a deaf ear to置若罔闻 turn a blind ear to视而不见 enraged 使某人很愤怒 en是一个表示动词的词头 rage愤怒 entrap 使某人掉入陷阱 trap陷阱 错误：他们对我们的很生气的需求置若罔闻。 正确：他们对我们的需求置若罔闻，这让我们非常生气。 翻译时关键要根据句子去判断是何种逻辑结构 1995年 The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. 71. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill － informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. 动词：is，divert ，lies，分为四个意群 第一个意群：The target is wrong, 第二个意群：for in attacking the tests, 第三个意群：critics divert attention from the fault 第四个意群：that lies with ill informed or incompetent users 第一个意群：选这个东西当目标是错误的 第二个意群：因果状语，因为在攻击这个测试的时候 第三个意群：fault错误 表示错误的词有mistake小错误； fault 严重错误；defect；天生的缺陷 divert：本义是转移critics divert attention from the fault评论家把人们的注意力从这些错误上转移走 第四个意群：lies with谁犯的错误ill － informed一知半解incompetent：没能力的 定语从句前置的译文 定语从句独立成句的译文 英汉的三点差异： 1.​ 英语的中心一般在前，中文的中心一般在后 从文章角度来说英文文章的主题句一般出现在文章第一句或者是前半部分，上面一个总结概括概念，下面再去分述，而我们中国人恰好颠倒过来，中国人是前面先进行分述，最后再总结。 2.​ 英文这种语言是一种逻辑性语言，英文和中文最大的差异是：英文是形合式语言，中文我们叫意合性语言。英文倾向于使用词的手段把这个逻辑的意境体现出来，中文却很少这样，中文是意思和意思之间的连接，不是词与词之间的连接。所以，英语适合于法律，而中文适合于写诗。 3.​ 英文语言重分析而中文语言重说理，从文化方面可以看的非常清楚，英文这种逻辑性的语言适合作描述实验过程和试验结果的语言。而中文的语言象诗一般的语言则不可以，所以近代自然科学在西方兴起，而中文的总体趋势就是研究大的东西，所以写英文文章越具体越细越好。 状语从句的翻译 翻译的顺序采用顺译 2002年 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 动词：have been，seem to be，have been可分为三个意群 第一个意群：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change 第二个意群：partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed 第三个意群：and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 第一个意群：behavioral sciences行为科学 slow to change：实际上是一个形容词加上一个不定式to do ，这种结构通常把这个形容词处理成do后面的副词，所以译为：变化缓慢 译文：行为科学一直以来都变化缓慢。 第二个意群：explanatory解释性的items解释行为所用的证据或论据observed表示观察或遵守（某种习俗） 译文：部分原因是因为解释行为所用的证据通常似乎是被直接观测到的。 第三个意群：explanations解释方式 译文：部分是因为其它的解释方式一直都难以找到 全句翻译：行为科学一直以来都变化缓慢，部分原因是因为解释行为所用的证据通常似乎是被直接观测到的，另外一部分是因为其它的解释方式一直都难以找到。 2001 年 Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. but he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder——kitchen rage. 动词： become , result 可分为二个意群： 第一个意群：And home appliances will also become so smart 第二个意群： that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder——kitchen rage. 第一个意群：home appliances家用电器 译文：家用电器将变的如此聪明 第二个意群： psychological 专业术语指心理方面的疾病 mental通常与一个人的智商有关breakout爆发rage愤怒kitchen rage厨房狂暴 译文：对他们的控制和操作将会导致一个新的精神紊乱的爆发－厨房狂暴 全文翻译：家用电器将变的如此聪明，对他们的控制和操作将会导致一个新的精神紊乱的爆发－厨房狂暴。 1996年 Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 动词：is，are 第一个意群：However, the world is so made 第二个意群：that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 第一个意群：译文：然而，世界已经是这样了 第二个意群：in principle从 原则 组织架构调整原则组织架构设计原则组织架构设置原则财政预算编制原则问卷调查设计原则 上说deal with处理问题 drug dealer 毒贩drug trafficking贩毒fascinating吸引人的，迷人的 译文：从原则上说完美的体系不能处理世界上一些更加吸引人让人高兴的方面 全文翻译：然而，世界就是这样，其中那些完美的系统从原则上来说是不能够处理那些更加吸引人让人高兴的方面 该句是结果状语从句，翻译时按意思翻译，不要按句式翻译 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 动词：must arise 主语New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought as well as和 New forms of thought新的思维方式subjects for thought思考的对象 giving rise to产生，作伴随状语 也可用 giving birth to standards of elegance产生新的衡量完美的 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 全句翻译：就象过去一样新的思维方式新的思考对象将来一定会出现，从而产生新的衡量完美的标准。 更好的翻译：新的思维方式以及新的思考对象将来一定会一如既往的出现，从而产生新的衡量完美的标准。 强调两点 1.​ 判断一个词的具体含义，根据后面搭配的词判断； 2.​ 评判标准：符合习惯性说法的译文最好 2000年 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. 主要考时态以及并列的时间句 动词：are，are，are 第一个意群：mass-communications: 大众传媒 mass做名词表示群众；做形容词表示“大规模的，大量的” communications本义指交流，交通 remarkable：显著的，影人注目的 Owing to：相当于because of 同义词组due to 译文：由于大众传媒领域的显著发展 第二个意群：feeling new wants感觉到，产生新的需求customs群体的习俗habit个人的习惯ideas理念exposed to受到影响are feeling正在做某事，一般进行时态 译文：各地的人们正在感到新需求同时受到新习俗和新理念的影响 第三个意群introduce：引进 innovations：革新，在已有的基础上invention发明，以前没有 further：第一指比以前更新，第二指数量是否增多由于innovations是复数所以在这里further指数量增多for the reasons given above由于上述原因while同时；与此同时 译文：由于上述原因，政府经常被迫引进更多的技术革新 全文翻译：由于大众传媒领域的显著发展，各地的人们正在感到新需求同时受到新习俗和新理念的影响，与此同时，由于上述原因，政府经常被迫引进更多的技术革新。 状语从句翻译中省略的成分： 连接词的省略 例句：.As the desert is like a sea，so it is the camel like a ship。如果说沙漠是海，那么骆驼就是航行在海上的一只船。更好的译法：沙漠似海，骆驼如舟。 Most comets are so dim that they can not be seen by the naked eye。彗星很暗淡，肉眼看不见。 Everybody like him because he is a good man。他是个好人，大家都喜欢他 He is mad to such an extent that he beat his father。他疯的竟然打他父亲 删多余：将连接词删掉，使句子更紧凑，更符合中文习惯。 总结状语从句的翻译： 1.​ 英语中状语从句从结构和内涵上与汉语状语从句基本相同；翻译时采用“顺译法”即可。 2.​ 只要能够表意清楚，状语从句中连接词能省则省，以便发挥汉语中“意合”的优势。 3.​ 状语从句在翻译时位置没有定式，可前，可后，可中。只要能使译文顺畅即可。补充a具有概括性的状语或副词要提到句子前去翻译；b时间状语，方式状语，地点状语放到谓语动词前； 4.​ 状语从句的常见译法：a词类转义法；b顺译法c增词法 词类考点……分词的译法 1998 年 Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. 73)Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon. 动词are ，report Astrophysicists天体物理学家working引导部分相当于定语从句 ground-based detectors：陆基探测器 air－based missile：天基导弹 sea－based missile 海基导弹 balloon-borne instruments球载探测器 air-borne troop：空降部队borne：bear的过去分词，忍受，承受，承担，运载air－borne radar：机载雷达 work with：和……一起工作 closing in包围closing in on合力观察 翻译：一群天体物理学家们使用在南极附近的陆基探测器及球载探测器正在合力观察这些结构，不久就会报告他们的发现。 分词译成句子的一个成分，即主谓结构，是一种比较好的方式，翻译时不宜单独成句。 2000年 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements－themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. Additional social stresses新的社会压力，此处不可译为“额外的” problems arising from mass migration movements分词结构，做定语 mass migration movements大规模的人口流动 mass destruction weapon 大规模武器 因为人口爆炸以及由大规模人口流动所带来的问题 themselves指代movements 译文：新的社会压力很可能是由于人口爆炸和大规模人口流动所产生的，今天现代化的交通方式使的这种人口流动相对更加容易。 分词的译法：分词在 考研英语 考研英语大纲5500词汇考研英语常用词根词缀考研英语二真题及答案考研英语词汇大全英语考研高频词汇 中通常做状语和定语，翻译时根据其信息负载量的大小来确定它的方式和位置，如果信息负载量比较小，可以做前置定语，负载量比较大，可以单独成句。此方法还适用于过去分词的翻译。 被动语态 被动语态第一种译法：将其译为被字结构或者相近似的结构 2002年 The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction b