口腔专业英语2011电子版

口腔医学英语自编教材 Lesson 1 Dental Anatomy The classification of the teeth Human in his whole life has two series of teeth including 20 deciduous teeth as the first series and 32 permanent teeth as the second series. Deciduous teeth can be classified to three kinds: deciduous incisor, deciduous canine and deciduous molor. Permanent teeth can be classified to incisor, canine, premolar and molar. The incisors and canines are called anterior teeth because they are in the front of the corner of the mouth and the premolars and molars are called posterior teeth because they are behind the corner of the mouth. The function of the teeth Mastication. After the food is eaten in the mouth, it undergoes a series of mechanical processes such as cutting by the incisor, laniating by the canine, pounding to pieces by premolar and milling by molar. Meanwhile the food will be mixed with saliva and digested partially by the enzyme. Pronunciation and speech: Teeth, lips and tongue have tight relationship with pronunciation and speech. The correctness of the pronunciation and the clearance of the speech are seriously influenced by the position of the teeth and the positional relationship between tongue, lips and teeth. It is very important to maintain the facial harmony and beauty. The record of the clinic teeth position Recently there are four often used methods to record the teeth position such as position recording method, palmer recording system, universal numbering system and Federation Dentaire International system. With position recording method the dental arch can be divided into A, B, C and D quadrants by two perpendicular lines. The upright line represents the central line used to identify the left and right. The horizontal line represents the occlusal surface. The maxillary teeth are above the line and the mandibular teeth are under the line. The deciduous teeth can be represented by Roman number Ⅰ－Ⅴand the permanent teeth Arabian number 1-8. The following are the recording of the clinic deciduous teeth. Ⅴ　Ⅳ　Ⅲ　Ⅱ　Ⅰ Ⅰ　Ⅱ　Ⅲ　Ⅳ　Ⅴ　 Ⅴ　Ⅳ　Ⅲ　Ⅱ　Ⅰ Ⅰ　Ⅱ　Ⅲ　Ⅳ　Ⅴ For example, I represents the first deciduous incisor in the right part of the maxillary teeth. The following are the recording of the clinic permanent teeth. 8 7 6 5　4　3　2　1 1　2　3　4　5　6 7 8 8 7 6 5　4　3　2　1 1　2　3　4　5　6 7 8 For example,　6 represents the first molar permanent teeth in the left part of the mandibular teeth. Landmarks of the teeth The crowns of the incisors and canines have four surfaces and a ridge. The crowns of the premolars and molars have five surfaces. Those surfaces of the incisors and canines facing toward the lips are called labial surfaces, those surfaces of the premolars and molars facing toward the cheek , buccal surfaces. All surfaces facing toward the tongue are called lingual surfaces. The surfaces of the teeth which come in contact with those in the opposite jaw during the act of closure are called occlusal surfaces. The surfaces of the teeth which are presented toward or lie against adjoining teeth in the same dental arch are called proximal or proximate surfaces. Those proximal surfaces which are faced toward the median line are called mesial surfaces, and those most distant from the median line are called distal surfaces. Other landmarks A cusp is an elevation or mound on the crown portion of a tooth making up a divisional part of the occlusal surface. A tubercle is a smaller elevation on some portion of the crown produced by an overcalcification of enamel. A cingulum is the lingual lobe of an anterior tooth. A ridge is any linear elevation on the surface of a tooth and is named according to its location or form: buccal ridge, incisal ridge, marginal ridge, etc. Marginal ridge are those rounded elevations of the enamel which form the margins of the occlusal surfaces of premolars and molars, mesially and distally, and the mesial and distal margins of the incisors and canines lingually. Triangular ridges are those ridges which descend from the tips of the cusps of molars and premolars toward the central part of the occlusal surfaces. When a buccal and a lingual triangular ridge join, they form a transverse ridge, the union of two triangular ridges crossing transversely the surface of a posterior tooth. The oblique ridge is a variable ridge crossing obliquely the occlusal surfaces of upper molars; it results from the junction of two triangular ridges. A fossa is an irregular, rounded depression or concavity found upon the surface of a tooth. Lingular fossae are found upon the lingual surface of incisors. Central fossae are found upon the occluusal surface of molars, and are formed by the converging of ridges terminating at a central point in the bottom of the depression where there is a junction of grooves. Triangular fossae are found on molars and premolars on the occlusal surfaces mesial or distal to marginal ridges. A sulcus is a notably long depression or valley in the surface of a tooth between ridges and cusps, the inclines of which meet at an angle. A developmental groove is a shallow groove or line denoting evidence of coalescence between the primary parts of the crown or root. Fissures are linear faults in the enamel covering of crowns. New Words and Expressions 1.​ deciduous [] adj. 每年落叶的, 非永久性的 2.​ incisor [] n.门牙 3.​ canine [] n.[解剖]犬齿 adj.犬的, 似犬的, 犬科的, 犬齿的 4.​ molar [] adj.磨碎的, 臼齿的 n.臼齿, 磨牙 5.​ premolar [] n.前臼齿 6.​ mastication n.咀嚼 7.​ laniate [`] v.撕裂, 撕开 8.​ saliva [] n.口水, 唾液 9.​ quadrant [] n.象限, 四分仪 10.​ perpendicular [] adj.垂直的, 正交的 n.垂线 11.​ occlusal [] adj.[医](上下齿)咬合(面)的 12.​ occlusal surface牙合 面 13.​ maxillary [] adj.上颌骨的 n.上颌骨 14.​ mandibular [] adj. 下颌〔骨〕 15.​ ridge n.嵴，脊 16.​ labial [] adj.唇的, 嘴唇的, [语音]唇音的n.唇音, 风琴管labial surface 唇面 17.​ buccal [] adj. (面)颊的, 口的, 口腔的 18.​ lingual [] adj.舌的，舌状的;语言的 lingual surfaces舌面 19.​ proximal ['pr] (proximate ['prksimeit]) adj.最接近的 20.​ median['mdjn] adj.中央的,中线的 n.中部, 当中, [数学] 中线, 中值 21.​ mesial['mzjl] adj.中央的, 中间的 22.​ distal['distl] adj.末梢的,远中的 23.​ elevation [eli'vein]隆突 24.​ mound[maund]耸起,小丘 25.​ divisional[di'vin] adj.分割的, 分区的 26.​ tubercle['tjb(:)kl]结节 27.​ overcalcification[ou'kein] 过度钙化 28.​ cingulum['sigjulm]带, 扣带;舌面隆突 29.​ mesially['mzjli]近中地 30.​ distally['distli] 远中地 31.​ oblique['blk]斜的 32.​ fossa [fs](复 fossae ['fs])窝,凹 33.​ converge [kn'vd]v.聚合,会聚, 集中于一点 34.​ groove[grv]沟 35.​ sulcus['slks]沟 36.​ coalescence[kou'lesns] n.合并, 接合, 联合 37.​ linear ['lini]adj.线的, 直线的, 线性的 参考译文 牙的分类 人一生有两副牙齿，第一副为乳牙，第二副为恒牙。乳牙共20个，恒牙共32个。乳牙分为乳切牙、乳尖牙和乳磨牙三类；恒牙分为切牙、尖牙、前磨牙和磨牙四类。切牙和尖牙位于口角之前，称之为前牙；前磨牙和磨牙位于口角之后，故称为后牙。 牙的功能 咀嚼：食物进入口腔后，经过切牙的切割、尖牙的撕裂、前磨牙的捣碎和磨牙的磨细等一系列机械加工过程，同时与唾液混合，唾液中的酶对食物起部分消化作用。 发音和言语：牙、唇和舌与发音和言语的关系密切。牙的位置以及舌与唇、牙之间的位置关系，对发音的准确性与言语的清晰程度有着重要的影响。 保持面部的协调美观。 临床牙位记录 目前最常用的牙位记录方法有四：部位记录法，palmer记录系统，通用编号系统及国际牙科联合会系统。 部位记录法以两条相互垂直的直线将牙弓分为A、B、C、D４个象限，竖线代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 中线，区分左右；横线表示牙合 面，横线以上为上颌牙，以下为下颌牙。乳牙用罗马字Ⅰ－Ⅴ表示；恒牙用阿拉伯字１－８表示。 乳牙临床牙位记录如下： Ⅴ　Ⅳ　Ⅲ　Ⅱ　Ⅰ Ⅰ　Ⅱ　Ⅲ　Ⅳ　Ⅴ　 Ⅴ　Ⅳ　Ⅲ　Ⅱ　Ⅰ Ⅰ　Ⅱ　Ⅲ　Ⅳ　Ⅴ 例如 I　　表示右上第一乳切牙。 恒牙临床牙位记录如下： 8 7 6 5　4　3　2　1 1　2　3　4　5　6 7 8 8 7 6 5　4　3　2　1 1　2　3　4　5　6 7 8 例如 6　表示左下第一恒磨牙。 牙冠表面解剖标志 切牙和尖牙的牙冠有四个面和一个切嵴，前磨牙和磨牙的牙冠有五个面。切牙和尖牙向着唇部的面叫唇面，前磨牙和磨牙向着颊部的面叫颊面。所有向着舌部的各个面都叫做舌面。上下颌牙齿的接触面叫牙合 面。在同一牙弓中，牙齿面向或紧靠邻牙的面叫邻面。靠近中线的邻接面叫近中面，远离中线的叫远中面。 其他标志： 牙尖：是牙冠高起的部分，它构成牙合 面的一部分。 结节：是牙冠一些部分的较小突起，由于釉质的过度钙化所形成。 舌面隆突：是前牙的舌叶。 嵴：是牙面上任何一种长条形的突起部分，按照它的位置和形状来命名：颊嵴、切嵴、边缘嵴等等。 边缘嵴：是釉质的圆形隆起，它形成前磨牙和磨牙牙合 面的近远中边缘，切牙和尖牙舌面的近远中边缘。 三角嵴：起于磨牙和前磨牙牙尖顶部，向牙合 面的中央部分延伸。当颊尖三角嵴和舌尖三角嵴相连，就形成一个横嵴；二个三角嵴的连接部分横贯于后牙的表面。 斜嵴：是斜向横贯上颌磨牙牙合 面的变异性嵴；它由二个三角嵴连接而成。 窝：牙面上呈不规则圆形的凹下部分叫窝。切牙在舌面有舌窝。磨牙在牙合 面有中央窝，这是由嵴的末端在凹下部分底部中央聚集而成，并有沟连接。磨牙和前磨牙牙合 面边缘嵴的近中侧或远中侧可有三角窝。 沟：是牙面上嵴与牙尖间的长条形凹陷或谷，斜面集合成角。 发育沟：是一线性沟或线，显示牙冠和牙根发育期连接的痕迹。 裂隙：是牙冠面上釉质呈细条状的断裂层。 Supplementary material Useful Questions to Patients Is it getting worse at night or by day? How long have you had the pain? Have you had any pain in the temple or the ear? Where do you feel the pain most? Do you feel the pain when you touch your tooth with your tongue? Do you get more pain with cold or warm water? Do you bleed a lot after extraction? Is the pain more severe when I press here or here? How long does the pain last? Do your gums bleed when you brush your teeth? Have you a feeling of weight in your tooth? Have you been in hospital for anything? Are you taking any medicine? Have you ever had rheumatic fever, kidney disease, chest or lung diseases? Have you any allergies--particularly penicillin allergy? Terms Used in Dentistry To apply a clamp. To arrest bleeding. To brush teeth. To cap a tooth. To cauterize. To drill. To extract a tooth(pull out, remove). To file. To fill. To kill a nerve. To plug a tooth. To polish. To put a gag in the mouth. To remove the saliva by a pump. To rinse the cavity. To scale. An impacted tooth. To scrape. Premature teeth. Dentures/artificial teeth are not my own teeth. To take an impression. To take the bite. To grind off the artificial tooth until there is a perfect fit. You must have a full/top/bottom set. Lesson 2 Oral and Maxillofacial Histology The mucous membrane surrounding the necks of the teeth is the gingiva or gum. The gingiva is firmly attached to the tooth in a cuff-shaped manner, but the arrangement of the tissues is such that a shallow sulcus formed. This gingival sulcus tends to collect food and debris, particularly in the absence of adequate oral hygiene, and this provides a favourable situation for bacterial growth. Even in gingivae that appear completely normal clinically, at least a sparse infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes can be noted in the subepithelial connective tissue in region of the gingival sulcus. The epithelium is normally keratinised, though often in otherwise normal tissues keratinsation is lacking, or there may be parakeratosis .The mucous membrane covering the jaws farther away from the gingiva constitutes the alveolar mucosa. Here the epithelium lacks a stratum corncum and epithelial pegs are poorly developed or absent. The mucous membrane elsewhere in mouth shows some variations in the different areas. The epithelium of the hard palate is well keratinised and has numerous long pegs. Mucous glands are present in the subepithelial connective tissue posteriorly. The palatine papilla contains the blind endings of the nasopalatine ducts, which are lined by columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells. Small islets of cartilage are sometimes found in this area, derived from the paraseptal cartilages. Islets of epithelium may be present, usually close to the papilla but also elsewhere in the midline of the palate. These may show cornification. They are the remnants of the epithelium that coveres the line of fusion of the palatal process. The oral aspect of the soft palate is covered by non-keratinised squamous epithelium. The free borders of the nasal surface are also covered by squmous epithelium but the remainder of this surface is covered by ciliated columnar epithelium. Numerous mucous glands are present in the submucosa. The epithelium of the skin of the lip is normally well keratinised. The epithelial pegs are few and short, and numerous sebaceous glands, hair follicles and sweat glands are present in the subepithelial connective tissue. The epithelium of the red zone of the lip is also keratinised, but here the epithelial pegs are long and numerous. The correspondingly long and numerous dermal papillae carry the rich capillary supply that gives this zone its red colour. Hair follicles are absent here though occasional sebaceous glands are seen. The mucous membrane proper of the lip is not keratinised. The epithelial pegs are short and blunt, and the labial mucous glands are present in the subepithelial connective tissue. The epithelium of the cheek lacks keratinisation. Mucous are present in the submucosa, sebaceous glands are also not infrequently found, In the area lateral to the corner of the mouth. These appear to the naked eyes as small yellow spots (Fordyce spots). The mucosa of the floor of the mouth is not keratinised. The epithelial pegs are short. Mucous glands are present in the submucosa. The greater part of the tooth consists of dentine. The root dentine is covered by a thin layer of cementum and dentine of the crown is covered by enamel. Internally, the dentine contains the dental pulp in the pulp chamber. The root of the tooth occupies a socket in the alveolar bone to which it is attached by the connective tissue fibres of the periodontal membrane. The pulp consisits of loose connective tissue and carries the blood , lymphatic and nerve supply to the tooth. The dentine consists of 30 percent organic material and water, and 70 percent inorganic material. The inorganic material of enamel is an apatite and small organic fraction is mainly of keratinous nature. Enamel consists of rods or prisms in an interprismatic substance that is slightly less mineralized than the rods themselves. The rods have a “fish-scale” appearance in cross-section. The cemetum covers the dentine of the tooth root in a thin layer. The principal function of cementum is to give attachment to fibres of the periodontal membrane. New Words and Expressions 1.​ histology [his't] n.组织学 2.​ remark [ri'mk] n.陈述 3.​ cuff-shaped ['kfeipt] a.呈袖套状的 4.​ sulcus['slks] n.沟 5.​ debris ['debri:] n.碎片, 残骸 6.​ sparse [sps] a.稀少的, 稀疏的 7.​ macrophage ['mkrfeid] n.巨噬细胞 8.​ subepithelial [sbepi'lil] a.上皮下的 9.​ keratinise['kertinaiz] vt.角化 10.​ keratinisation[kertinai'zein] n.角化 11.​ parakeratosis[prker'tousis] n.角化不全 12.​  peg n.钉 13.​ dermal a.皮肤的, 真皮的 14.​ papilla[p'pil] n.乳头 15.​ stratum['streitm] n.层 16.​ corneum['knim] n.角质层 17.​ palatine['pltain] n.腭 18.​  blind endings n. 盲端 19.​  columnar [k'lmn] a.柱形的, 筒形的 20.​ goblet['gblit] n.高脚玻璃杯, 酒杯 21.​ islet ['ailit] n.小岛 22.​ paraseptal [pr'septl] a.中隔旁的 23.​ cornification[knifi'kein] n.角（质）化 24.​  fusion['fjn] n.熔化, 熔解, 熔合 25.​ squamous['skweims] a.有鳞片的，鳞片状的 26.​ sebaceous[si'beis] a.皮脂腺的，分泌脂质的 27.​ follicle['flikl] n.小囊, 滤泡，卵泡 28.​ naked eyes n.肉眼 29.​ cementum[si'mentm]n.牙骨质, 水门汀 30.​  dentine['dentin]牙本质 31.​  socket['skit] n.窝, 穴, 孔, 插座, 牙糟 v.给...配插座 32.​ periodontal membrane n.牙周膜 33.​ apatite ['ptait] n.磷灰石 34.​  keratinous[k'rtins] a.角质的, 角(质)蛋白的 35.​  interprismatic[intpriz'mtik] a.棱柱间的 36.​  mineralize['mintlaiz] vt.使矿物化, 使含无机化合物 vi.采集矿物 37.​ fish-scale[fiskeil] a.鱼鳞状的 38.​ cross-section (transverse section) n.横切面 参考译文 口腔颌面部组织学 围绕牙颈部的粘膜是牙龈。牙龈呈袖套状紧紧的附着于牙齿，但是与牙齿之间有一浅沟。牙龈沟容易积聚食物及各种碎屑，特别是在口腔卫生差的情况下，便提供了易于细菌生长的环境。甚至临床上完全正常的牙龈，在牙龈沟的上皮下结缔组织中均能发现少量巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞。虽然在其他部位的正常组织，上皮常常没有角化，但是牙龈上皮在正常情况下有角化和不全角化。上皮钉和真皮乳头长而狭窄。覆盖在离牙龈远一点颌骨上的粘膜为牙槽粘膜。这里的上皮缺乏角质层，上皮钉较少或无。 口腔其他部位的粘膜在不同的区域表现不同。硬腭的上皮有较好的角化及许多长的上皮钉。在后部上皮下结缔组织中许多粘液腺。腭乳头内包含有鼻腭管的盲端，此管内衬柱状上皮，其中有大量杯状细胞。在此区内有时可见起源于中隔旁软骨的软骨小岛。在靠近腭乳头处常常有上皮小岛。但此小岛也可见于腭中缝的任何部位。这些小岛可能出现角化。它们是覆盖在腭突融合线上的上皮残余。软腭的口腔面覆盖着无角化的鳞状上皮。鼻腔面的游离缘也覆盖着鳞状上皮，但鼻腔面的其他地方覆盖着纤毛柱状上皮。在内膜下层有许多粘液腺。 唇的皮肤上皮正常时角化较好。上皮钉少而短。在皮下结缔组织中有大量皮脂腺、毛囊和汗腺。唇红的上皮也有角化，但这里的上皮钉长而多。真皮乳头也相应的长而多，并含有丰富的毛细血管，因此使该区呈红色。虽然偶尔可见到一些皮脂腺，但是没有毛囊。唇部的固有粘膜没有角化。上皮钉短而宽，在上皮下结缔组织中有唇粘液腺。 颊上皮没有角化。在粘膜下层有粘液腺。口角旁区的皮脂腺并非罕见。肉眼观为小的黄色斑（福代斯氏斑）。口底粘膜没有角化。上皮钉较短。粘膜下层有粘液腺。 牙齿的大部分由牙本质构成。根部牙本质外面覆盖着薄层的牙骨质。冠部牙本质外面覆盖着釉质。在内部，牙本质含有牙髓腔，内有牙髓。牙根位于牙槽窝内，借牙周膜的结缔组织附于牙槽骨。牙髓由疏松结缔组织构成，给牙齿带来血液、淋巴和神经。牙本质含有30％的有机物和水，70％的无机物。釉质的无机物是磷灰石，少量的有机物主要是角质性的。釉质由釉柱和釉间质组成，后者的钙化程度比釉柱本身稍低。釉柱横切面呈“鱼鳞状”。牙骨质薄薄的覆盖在牙本质表面，其主要功能是于牙周膜的原纤维附着。 Supplementary material Instructions to Patients and Explanations of Procedures Lean back. Open your mouth wide. Spit out. Rinse your mouth well. Please don't swallow. Please keep still for a moment. Unclench your teeth. Clench your teeth. Take out your plate/dentures. Please don't close your mouth. Your tooth is decayed. This won't hurt you. Take care not to touch the wound. I want you to paint the gums with... This may make you feel a little unpleasant. This tooth is decayed. It needs filling. Your teeth are crowded. I'll have to... You must gargle every hour. This tooth will have to have a temporary/permanent filling. An abscess has formed. I'll have to open it up. I'm going to remove the tartar from your teeth now. I'm going to scrape your teeth and then polish them. It must come out/be extracted.(It must be extracted.) “Your gums are in poor condition. I want you to massage them and use dental floss or sticks.” “Please don't have any solid food for three or four days. You must come every six months for a check-up and removal of tartar.” Language needed for anaesthesia Local anaesthesia Generally called: needle in the gum / prick in the gum. You'll just feel a little prick in the gum. General anaesthesia Generally called: gas (inhalation anaesthesia). prick in the arm (intravenous anaesthesia). Sometimes referred to as "go-to-sleep anaesthesia." Lesson 3 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING(1) Diagnosis and treatment planning are activities that separate and distinguish professional from auxiliary personnel. Expanded-duty personnel have been trained to perform routine endodontic technical procedures. However, only the the dentist has training in basic and clinical sciences; this entitles the dentist alone to first, perform all diagnostic tests; second, interpret differentially the test results ; third, psychologically manage the patient during testing procedures; and fourth, formulate an appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan. Differential diagnosis of orofacial disorders is demanding and may confuse both patient and clinician because there is a tendency to equate a complaint of pain with an endodontic problem. In addition to teeth, other structures and organs such as the periodontium, jaws, sinuses, ears, temporomandibular joints, masticatory musculature nose, eyes, and blood vessels can induce pain that may mimic dental pain. Other pathologic conditions such as neuralgiar multiple sclerosis, myocardial ischemia, or psychiatric disorders may produce the same symptoms. To avoid misdiagnosis and to rule out orofacial pain of nonpulpal or periapical origin, a step-by-step systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment planning must be followed: Ascertain the chief complaint. Take pertinent information related to the patient's medical and dental history. Conduct thorough(but not unnecessary)subjective, objective, and radiographic examinations. Analyze the data obtained. Formulate an appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan. This chapter suggests a systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment planning primarily as related to root canal treatment. 1.Chief Complaint The chief complaint is generally the first information obtained. These are symptoms or problems expressed by the patient in his or her own words relating to the condition that prompts the patient to seek treatment. The chief complaint should be recorded in nontechnical language; for example, "I have an infected tooth and a gum boil, "or I have a toothache that may be causing my sinus infection. " 2.Health History Taking a comprehensive health history for new patients and reviewing and updating the data of prior patients are mandatory and constitute the first step in diagnosis. A complete health history for a new patient consists of routine demographic data, medi- cal history, dental history, chief complaint and present illness. 3.Subjective Examination 1).Present Condition Some routine information related to personal data, medical history, and dental history as well as the chief complaint may be obtained by staff. However, the dentist should review and be familiar with the data before proceeding further. Often, the first contact between patient and dentist takes place during collection of data about the present illness. Most patients with endodontic pathoses are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. If pulp or periradicular pathosis is suspected because of other findings, the dentist notes the absence of significant symptoms and moves on to objective tests. However, often patients do express notable levels of