1 1. American Puritanism it comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言） and salvation（拯救） were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职）， thrift and sobriety（清醒） were praised. 代
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关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
作家：约翰·弥尔顿John Milton
约翰·班扬 John Bunyan 其他作家： Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华滋(1703-1758) . Immateriality 《发怒上帝手中的罪人》（Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God）。 论原罪》(the great Christian doctrine of original sin) Benjamin Franklin(本杰明·富兰克林) materialism 《poor Richard’s Almanac》穷理查德历
书
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《Autobiography》自传 John de Crevecoeur约翰·克雷福科 《Letters from an American Farmer》美国农夫的来信 2. Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury who stimulated（刺激） the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》 A History of New York 纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作； The Sketch Book见闻札记_收录了The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说 Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄； Talks of Travelers旅客谈； The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉 2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀 ②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子
故事
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集》， The Spy 间谍 The Pilot 领航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿 3. Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论): Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe; they stress the importance of the individual; and they offered a fresh perception of the nature as symbolic of the spirit of God. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生 ③作品：“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、 “The American Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。 ④his most important works are “Representative Men ”《代表》and “English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》 Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗 ②“ Walden”《瓦尔登湖》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《论公民的不服从》essay 随笔。非暴力不合作 其他重要作家： 1.Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑 “Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”《玉石神像》 “The Scarlet Letter”《红字》 2.Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔——— “Moby Dick”《白鲸》 3.Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集: Song of Myself自我之歌 O Captain! My Captain(哦船长我的船长) When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时; Democratic Vistas民主的前景; There was a child went forth有个小孩走过 Out of the cradle endlessly rocking 走出不休止摇动的摇篮 Lonesome love孤独的爱 4. Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集 ”I taste a liquor never brewed”《我品味未经酿造的饮料》 ”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”《我意识到一场葬礼 《“A Bird Came Down the Walk-“鸟儿沿着小径过来》 ”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”《我为美而死》 I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》： Because I Could not Stop for Death-“《我不能等候死神》” To make a prairie要描绘一片草原 Success is counted sweetest 最美妙的胜利感觉 I’m nobody 我是无名之辈 3、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡 “The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”《乌鸦》 The title poem of a collection, “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》 4. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience 5. Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s, local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor. The most representative colonist is Mark Twain and his masterpiece The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. 6. Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变） that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. 7. Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. 8. Modernism： It was a complex and diverse （复杂多样的） international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术）， originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现） the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面）， such as symbolism， surrealism （超现实主义）， cubism （立体主义）， expressionism， futurism （未来主义）， ect 9. The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals （知识分子） who came back from war， were injured （受伤害） both physically （身体上） and mentally （精神上）. They lived by indulging （放任） themselves in the Bohemian （波西米亚） way of life. Their American dream was disillusioned （破灭了）. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway. 10. Beat Generation: beat writers, in the second half of the 1950s, shared a set of social attitudes—antiestablishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, opposed to reigning cultural and moral values, and in favor of unfettered无拘无束的 self-realization and self-expression. “beat” signifies both “beaten down” and “beatific”, Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl” is a central Beat achievement. 11. Black Humor. In contemporary literary criticism, black humor is a term applied to a large group of American novels beginning in the 1950s. originally it refers to a type of coarse humor in which tragic events like death and serious wounds are made fun of. It is represented by Catch-22. 12. The Confessional School: is one distinct group of poets in the postwar period. They share common features such as ruthless, excruciating self-analysis of one’s own background and heritage, one’s own most private desires and fantasies etc, and the urgent “I’ll-tell-it-all-to-you” impulse.
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